Biological Control Technology Research Articles

Host adaptability of Microplitis manilae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Noctuidae.

Biological control is an effective and sustainable method of integrated pest management. Microplitis manilae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a common internal parasitoid wasp of the order Lepidoptera. To determine a suitable host species for the reproduction of parasitoids, it is essential to assess host suitability and parasitic potential of the parasitized pests. Herein, we investigated host selection and exploitation of M. manilae. We evaluated the parasitic efficacy of M. manilae in 4 pest species in the Spodoptera and Mythimna genera of the Noctuidae family. The results indicated that the parasitism rate of M. manilae on 3 species in the Spodoptera genus is higher than on Mythimna separata in the Mythimna genus, with M. manilae exhibiting a higher parasitism rate and shorter development duration on Spodoptera litura compared to other species. The parasitism rate for 1st instars hosts was 86.67 ± 0.04%, while the development duration was 14.1 ± 0.03 days. However, when parasitizing the 3rd instar of Spodoptera frugiperda, parasitoids showed a higher sex ratio, of 0.71 ± 0.05. Additionally, M. manilae had parasitic effect on M. separata, providing a new choice for its parasitism. The results identify the optimal host, which could enhance and reproduction rate and survival rate of M. manilae, thus facilitating their large-scale propagation. Understanding the parasitic effects of M. manilae on pests can further its field application, also plays a major role in promoting the development of biological control technologies and sustainable agricultural production.

Adoption of green production technologies by farmers through traditional and digital agro-technology promotion–An example of physical versus biological control technologies

Traditional and digital agro-technology promotion are two critical methods for disseminating agricultural technology information, which effectively encourages farmers to employ green production technologies. This paper empirically examines the effects of traditional and digital agro-technology promotion on the adoption of green production technologies by 619 apple producers in the primary apple production area of Guanzhong Plain, China, using micro-survey data. The study's findings suggest that both promotion models significantly influence the adoption of green production technologies by farmers. This conclusion remains valid after the instrumental variables approach and a series of robustness tests are implemented to address endogeneity concerns. The heterogeneity analysis revealed that the impact of the two promotion modes on the adoption behavior of green production technologies by farmers varied by scale. Specifically, digital agro-technology promotion had a greater impact on the adoption of physical control technologies by small-scale farmers, while traditional agro-technology promotion had a greater impact on the adoption of biological control technologies by large-scale households. In addition, the technological differences between traditional agrotechnology promotion and digital agrotechnology promotion result in clear complementary and substitution effects. The two modes of promotion have evident complementary effects for biological control technologies. The two modalities of promotion for physical control technologies exhibit complementary effects between social communication-type promotions and traditional agro-technology promotions, as well as substitution effects between short-video promotions and traditional agro-technology promotions.

The response of microbiome assembly within different niches across four stages to the cultivation of glyphosate-tolerant and conventional soybean varieties.

Plants are inherently connected with the microbiome, which plays a crucial role in regulating various host plant biological processes, including immunity, nutrient acquisition, and resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses. Many factors affect the interaction between plants and microbiome. In this study, microbiome samples were collected from five niches (bulk soil, rhizoplane, root endosphere, phylloplane, and leaf endosphere) across four developmental stages (seedling, flowering, podding, and maturity) of various soybean varieties. Composition and structure of bacterial and fungal communities were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene and ITS (Internally Transcribed Spacer) region amplicon sequencing. It was observed that both niches and developmental stages significantly impact on the assembly and composition of soybean microbiome. However, variety, presence of a transgene, and glyphosate application had minimal effects on microbial communities. The dominant microbiome varied across the five niches, with most containing beneficial microbial communities capable of promoting plant growth or increasing disease resistance. Types and abundance of the dominant microbes affected network stability, potentially resulting in functional changes in different ecological niches. This study provides theoretical evidence for microbial protection of plants against diseases and demonstrates that systematic analysis of the composition and diversity of soybean microbiomes can contribute to the development of biological control technologies.

A novel antifungal peptide, SP1.2, from Rhodopseudomonas palustris against the rice blast pathogen.

Rice blast has a significant detrimental impact on rice yields, so developing efficient biological control technologies is an effective means for rice blast prevention and control. The GroEL protein has proven to be effective at preventing and managing the pathogenicity of rice blast. Here, we analyzed the amino acid sequence of the GroEL protein and synthesized the '60 kDa chaperonin signature' (350-373 amino acids) peptide SP1.2, which has potent antifungal activity. Notably, the SP1.2 peptide exhibited potent fungicidal activity against Magnaporthe oryzae, effectively inhibiting appressorium germination. Electron microscopy revealed that SP1.2 disrupted the fungal plasma membrane and bound to multiple bioactive phosphoinositides in vitro, triggering the production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, it also caused an increase in the acetylation of M. oryzae and induced autophagy in cells. The spray application of SP1.2 significantly reduced the number of disease spots caused by the fungal pathogen M. oryzae in rice, enhancing the defense response of rice plants. Field trials showed that the control effect was 64.59% after spraying SP1.2. Our study illustrates the antifungal activity of the structurally unique SP1.2 peptide against plant fungal pathogens and paves the way for the future development of this class of peptides as antifungal agents. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Mycobiome mediates the interaction between environmental factors and mycotoxin contamination in wheat grains

Environmental factors significantly impact grain mycobiome assembly and mycotoxin contamination. However, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the wheat mycobiome and the role of fungal communities in the interaction between environmental factors and mycotoxins. In this study, we collected wheat grain samples from 12 major wheat-producing provinces in China during both the harvest and storage periods. Our aim was to evaluate the mycobiomes in wheat samples with varying deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination levels and to confirm the correlation between environmental factors, the wheat mycobiome, and mycotoxins. The results revealed significant differences in the wheat mycobiome and co-occurrence network between contaminated and uncontaminated wheat samples. Fusarium was identified as the main differential taxon responsible for inducing DON contamination in wheat. Correlation analysis identified key factors affecting mycotoxin contamination. The results indicate that both environmental factors and the wheat mycobiome play significant roles in the production and accumulation of DON. Environmental factors can affect the wheat mycobiome assembly, and wheat mycobiome mediates the interaction between environmental factors and mycotoxin contamination. Furthermore, a random forest (RF) model was developed using key biological indicators and environmental features to predict DON contamination in wheat with accuracies exceeding 90 %. The findings provide data support for the accurate prediction of mycotoxin contamination and lay the foundation for the research on biological control technologies of mycotoxin through the assembly of synthetic microbial communities.

Removal of weed algal contamination in cultures of Botryococcus braunii with enlarged colonies using rotifers

We proposed a biological contamination control technology that preyed on and removed only invading weed algae by introducing rotifers into the culture ponds of Botryococcus braunii that had enlarged colonies. Botryococcus braunii strains Showa and Sanshiro belonging to race B were used, and the colonies were grown on a high-salt medium containing 3 g L−1 NaCl. Brachionus calyciflorus, a freshwater rotifer with large prey size, was used as the predator, and Westella sp. was used as the model weed algae. In the mixed culture of B. braunii and B. calyciflorus, the growth rate of B. braunii cultured in Chu13, a freshwater medium, was reduced due to predation by B. calyciflorus. However, enlarged B. braunii cultured in a high-salt concentration medium escaped predation and maintained a growth rate equivalent to or higher than that of the control. In the three trials combining B. braunii, B. calyciflorus, and Westella sp., B. calyciflorus was initially applied such that the ratio of the number of rotifers to the algal density of Westella sp. was 2.0 × 10−6. Under these conditions, the initial growth of Westella sp. was suppressed when using the Showa strain, which showed significant growth. The larger colony size of the Sanshiro strain showed greater proliferation of Westella sp. because its optical density was lower than that of the Showa strain. The growth of the Sanshiro strain was suppressed until day 6, when predation reduced Westella sp. density, but the growth rate recovered thereafter. A model for the optimum number of rotifer inputs, considering the optical density and the number of rotifers remaining in the future, and technology for outdoor cultivation must be developed in the future. We demonstrated the potential of an eco-friendly weed-algae-removal technology that uses a predation ecosystem without using special culture environments or pesticides.

Dynamics of the natural enemy community of Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in Dandong, China.

This study aims to explore the composition of natural enemy species in the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) population and the dynamics of its natural enemy community in Dandong, Liaoning Province, China, where it was first reported. We collected the natural enemy of eggs, larvae, and pupae of H. cunea on host trees at 12 survey sites from June 2019 to October 2020. The results showed that the community consists of 34 species: 20 predatory species, including 15 spiders and 5 insects, and 14 parasitic species, including 10 parasitic wasps and 4 parasitic flies. The top 3 dominant species based on the importance value index for both parasitic and predatory species were Pediobius pupariae > Chouioia cunea > Cotesia gregalis in the natural enemy community of H. cunea. Analysis of all 3 principal components by principal component analysis showed that Clubionidae sp. 1, Parena cavipennis, or other predators were the main factors affecting the natural enemy community. Analysis of the community structure parameters of the H. cunea natural enemy community in different developmental stages across generations revealed the following: (i) Compared with the degree of complexity of the egg and pupal stages, the larval stage was the highest. (ii) The complexity was determined by means of comprehensive evaluation: first-generation larvae in 2020 > first-generation larvae in 2019 > second-generation larvae in 2020 > second-generation larvae in 2019. These results clarify the dynamics of natural enemy species, coevolution with the host in the invaded habitat of H. cunea and development of biological control technologies.

Advancing Plant Pathology and the Innovative Methods for Enhancing Disease Resistance

Plant diseases pose significant threats to global food security, necessitating innovative approaches for disease management and crop protection. This abstract provides an overview of the evolving field of plant pathology and highlights innovative methods aimed at enhancing disease resistance in crops. Traditional disease management strategies, including chemical pesticides and cultural practices, have limitations such as environmental pollution and pesticide resistance. In response, advancements in plant pathology have led to the development of sustainable and effective solutions for combating plant diseases. Biological control, genetic engineering, marker-assisted selection, RNA interference, and omics technologies are among the innovative methods revolutionizing disease resistance in crops. Biological control utilizes beneficial microorganisms to suppress plant pathogens, while genetic engineering enables the development of disease-resistant crop varieties through gene manipulation. Marker-assisted selection facilitates the breeding of disease-resistant crops, while RNA interference technology allows for the targeted suppression of genes involved in plant-pathogen interactions. Omics technologies provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying disease resistance, guiding the development of targeted interventions. Challenges in enhancing disease resistance include the emergence of new pathogens, pesticide resistance, regulatory hurdles, and socio-economic constraints. Interdisciplinary collaboration, education, and technology transfer initiatives are essential for addressing these challenges and promoting sustainable agriculture, advancing plant pathology and embracing innovative methods for enhancing disease resistance are critical for building resilient agricultural systems and ensuring global food security. Through collaborative efforts and shared commitment, we can develop effective strategies to mitigate the impact of plant diseases and safeguard crop productivity for future generations. Plant diseases pose significant challenges to global food security, impacting crop yields, economic stability, and livelihoods worldwide. As agricultural systems face increasing pressures from climate change, globalization, and emerging pathogens, the need for effective disease management strategies has never been more critical. In response to these challenges, plant pathology has evolved rapidly, embracing innovative methods to enhance disease resistance and mitigate the impacts of plant pathogens.

Enhancing Coccinella Beetle Biological Pest Control via a Floral Approach in Cucumber Greenhouse.

Flower-rich habitats are crucial for promoting biodiversity and ecosystem services within agricultural ecosystems, such as pollination and pest control. The present study investigates the efficacy of employing floral structures as a criterion for the selection of plant species in order to enhance the attraction of natural enemies within cucumber greenhouses, consequently augmenting floral resources. The results of our study provide evidence that flower strips have a beneficial effect on the fitness of critical natural predators, while not facilitating the proliferation of detrimental insect species. These findings exhibit potential for enhancing pest-management services in the agricultural sector. The findings of our study demonstrate that pest levels within greenhouse environments closely resemble those observed in real-world commercial cropping systems. As a result, the introduction of Coccinella septempunctata and Menochilus sexmaculatus biocontrol agents is confirmed to be a reliable and efficient method for pest management. The phenomenon of predator-prey density dependency is recognized as a crucial element in the implementation of biological control strategies. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of floral resources on the reproductive capacity of indigenous predators. The impact of Coriandrum sativum on fertility is substantial, indicating that the presence of a varied plant assortment with overlapping flowering periods can prolong the availability of floral resources. This study highlights the significance of flower-rich habitats and deliberate plant selection in augmenting biodiversity, ecosystem services, and pest management within agricultural settings. The implementation of conservation biological control technologies presents supplementary ecological advantages, thus offering practical implications for the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices.

Study on the Design and Experiment of Trichogramma Ball Delivery System Based on Agricultural Drone

Trichogramma-based biological control technology is of great significance to the development of green agriculture. Agricultural drones have the advantages of low-altitude and high-speed operations and have been well applied and widely recognized in the field of Trichogramma delivery. Drone-based Trichogramma ball delivery not only utilizes the efficiency and flexibility of drones but also enables remote precision control. However, existing delivery devices are relatively rudimentary, leading to reliability and precision issues. It is necessary to develop an efficient and accurate drone delivery device to improve the effect of drone delivery of Trichogramma. In this study, a device consisting of a rotary storage mechanism and a rotating hammer-type delivery mechanism was developed. The delivery port of the delivery device should be set in the airflow outlet area 50 cm below the drone’s body. The storage mechanism is equipped with eight storage tube units with a diameter of Φ38 mm, capable of delivering a total of 56 balls in a single mission. The reliable delivery speed ranges from 2 to 6 m/s, with the remote position of the lever serving as the optimal starting position. The release test results showed that 3 m/s flight speed and 4 m/s delivery speed resulted in a small coefficient of variation for the delivery deviation (29%), making it the best operating parameter set. The performance of the developed UAV-based Trichogramma delivery device meets the requirements of field delivery when the appropriate operating parameters are optimized. This study provides reference for further optimization and design of this delivery device prototype.

Assessment of the Biocontrol Potential of Bacillus velezensis WL-23 against Kiwifruit Canker Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae.

Kiwifruit canker disease, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), is the main threat to kiwifruit production worldwide. Currently, there is no safe and effective disease prevention method; therefore, biological control technologies are being explored for Psa. In this study, Bacillus velezensis WL-23 was isolated from the leaf microbial community of kiwifruit and used to control kiwifruit cankers. Indoor confrontation experiments showed that both WL-23 and its aseptic filtrate had excellent inhibitory activity against the main fungal and bacterial pathogens of kiwifruit. Changes in OD600, relative conductivity, alkaline proteinase, and nucleic acid content were recorded during Psa growth after treatment with the aseptic filtrate, showing that Psa proliferation was inhibited and the integrity of the cell membrane was destroyed; this was further verified using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In vivo, WL-23 promoted plant growth, increased plant antioxidant enzyme activity, and reduced canker incidence. Therefore, WL-23 is expected to become a biological control agent due to its great potential to contribute to sustainable agriculture.

Modern trends for the application of biological control and modern technologies in agricultural projects

Modern trends for the application of biological control and modern technologies in agricultural projects

Diversity and Dynamics of Bacterial Communities in the Digestive and Excretory Systems across the Life Cycle of Leafhopper, Recilia dorsalis.

Recilia dorsalis is a notorious rice pest that harbors numerous symbiotic microorganisms. However, the structure and dynamics of bacterial communities in various tissues of R. dorsalis throughout its life cycle remain unclear. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the bacterial communities in the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems of R. dorsalis at different developmental stages. The results showed that the initial microbiota in R. dorsalis mostly originated from vertical transmission via the ovaries. After the second-instar nymphs, the diversity of bacterial communities in the salivary gland and Malpighian tubules gradually decreased, while the midgut remained stable. Principal coordinate analysis revealed that the structure of bacterial communities in R. dorsalis was primarily influenced by the developmental stage, with minimal variation in bacterial species among different tissues but significant variation in bacterial abundance. Tistrella was the most abundant bacterial genus in most developmental stages, followed by Pantoea. The core bacterial community in R. dorsalis continuously enriched throughout development and contributed primarily to food digestion and nutrient supply. Overall, our study enriches our knowledge of the bacterial community associated with R. dorsalis and provides clues for developing potential biological control technologies against this rice pest.

Factors influencing the adoption of biological control technology against the pearl millet head miner in the Southern band of Niger

Factors influencing the adoption of biological control technology against the pearl millet head miner in the Southern band of Niger

Insecticidal Potentials and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Extracts of Bacopa Floribunda and Ludwigia Decurrens Plants

The negative impact of insecticides used to combat insect-borne plant ailments cannot be emphasized, as they have had a major influence on plant yields throughout time, and the side effect of insecticide residue on consumers cannot be overstated either. Callosobrochus maculatus is an insect that attacks cowpeas and has the potential to significantly reduce crop productivity. This research developed from investigations into the utilization of biological control technologies that have little or no harmful influence on humans or the environment. The leaves of Bacopa Floribunda (BFL) and Ludwigia Decurrens (LDL) were air dried, powdered, and extracted with n-hexane. The insecticidal activities were carried out according to protocol, and the LC50 was determined using online software from AAT Bioquest, Inc. The presence of bioactive compounds was detected using GC-MS. The Callosobrochus maculatus mortality rate was found to be a function of exposure time and concentration of the extracts, with the maximum mortality rate (66.67±8.82 percent) occurring after 72 hours at 0.5 mg/ml for BFL extract. The highest mortality rate (70.00 ±5.77 percent) was obtained for the LDL extract at 72 hours at 0.5 mg/ml of the extract concentration, which was better than the other extract (BFL) at 0.5 mg/ml. The lethal concentration LC50 for BFL varies from 0.251 (24 hours), 0.276 (48 hours), and 0.223 (72 hours), while the LC50 for LDL extract is 0.228 (24 hours), 0.039 (48 hours), and 0.663 (72 hours) (72 hrs). The presence of chemicals found could be linked to the extracts’ insecticidal properties. The excellent potential of the extracts as insect biocontrol agents against Callosobrochus maculatus can be recommended for future research as insect biocontrol agents.

Hierarchical Linkage between the Basic Characteristics of Smallholders and Technology Awareness Determines Small-Holders’ Willingness to Adopt Green Production Technology

As a collection of technologies that match the carrying capacity of resources and the environment, harmonize ecology and life, and balance the quantity and quality of agricultural products in agricultural production, green production technologies are regarded as an important means to help promote sustainable agricultural production. It includes scientific fertilization technology, water-saving irrigation technology, biological control technology, and conservation tillage technology. However, the smallholders’ low level of awareness and application of green production technology has become a key factor limiting the sustainable development of Chinese agriculture. Several technological innovations have been implemented to address these problems while many studies have been conducted on the smallholders’ willingness to adopt the technology. However, the correlation and the hierarchical structure among different factors are not clear. Therefore, to clarify these issues, we used the logit model and interpretative structural modeling (ISM) to analyze the factors influencing the adoption of green production technologies by smallholders and the hierarchical linkage between them based on a sample of 709 from 16 provinces in China. Our results revealed that scientific fertilization and biological control technology were most preferred by smallholders. Compared with wheat (38.8%, 43.2%) and maize (29.3%, 39.4%), rice smallholders (66.7%, 82.5%) were more willing to adopt the two technologies. In addition, the technology awareness and technology benefits were expected to significantly affect the smallholders’ willingness to adopt the technology directly. Household characteristics and land characteristics are the root factors affecting the smallholders’ willingness to adopt green production technology. Family characteristics and land characteristics also changed the willingness of smallholders to adopt green production technologies by changing their awareness of production technology and the technological benefits expected. Therefore, accelerating the promotion of green production technologies through the implementation of policies such as increasing the promotion of high-value-added agricultural products and cultivation techniques, increasing out-of-school knowledge education, and enhancing the construction of agricultural production infrastructure can be potentially viable ways to promote green transformation in agriculture. This study provides case support for increasing the smallholders’ adoption of green production technology.

Study on the Algae Lysis Method of White Rot Fungi Algae Control System

At present, there are few studies on known bacterial species and even less on fungi in biological algae control technology. In this paper, the green eutrophic shallow water lake Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turpin) was used as the research object, and white rot fungi, which has a high removal effect on water pollutants, algae and biological toxins, was used for algae control. The extent of the removal effect, physiological characteristics and the internal functional groups of the algae cells in the white rot fungi solution, the supernatant of the white rot fungi solution after centrifugation and the sterilized white rot fungi solution were investigated. The results showed that the best algae solubilization effect of the algae control system was achieved at 250 mg/L, with 8 mg/L of dissolved oxygen and a hydraulic retention time of 48 h. The average algae lysis rate was 85.48%, the average dehydrogenase activity reduction rate was 59.23%, the average soluble protein reduction rate was 65.16% and the average malondialdehyde content increased to 0.128 umol/L. After treatment with the white rot algae control system, the spatial structure of the Turpin cells was severely disrupted, and significant lysis occurred within the algal cells, forcing the release of intracellularly soluble substances, and reducing the dehydrogenase activity of the Turpin cells, thus inhibiting the growth activity of the algae cells. A further reduction in the soluble protein content reduces the nutrients required for the growth of Turpin, exacerbating the rate of reduction in the physiological metabolic activity of the Turpin cells and, ultimately, the inhibition or killing of the algal cells. The results of this research may provide theoretical guidance for the microbial control of water eutrophication; however, whether there will be secondary pollution after the algae dissolution of this process is worthy of further study.

Identification and Pathogenicity of a New Entomopathogenic Fungus, Mucor hiemalis (Mucorales: Mucorales), on the Root Maggot, Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae).

Bradysia odoriphaga Yang and Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae), the Chinese chive root maggot, is a destructive pest of Allium vegetables and flowers that causes severe losses in northern China. Novel biological control technologies are needed for controlling this pest. We identified a new entomopathogenic fungus isolated from infected B. odoriphaga larvae and evaluated the susceptibility of the biological stages of B. odoriphaga and the effects of temperature on fungus growth and pathogenicity. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogeny, the fungus was identified as Mucor hiemalis BO-1 (Mucorales: Mucorales). This fungus had the strongest virulence to B. odoriphaga larvae followed by eggs and pupae, while B. odoriphaga adults were not susceptible. A temperature range of 18–28°C was optimum for the growth and sporulation of M. hiemalis BO-1 and virulence to B. odoriphaga larvae. At 3 and 5 d after inoculation with 105 spores/ml at 23°C, the survival rates were 24.8% and 4.8% (2nd instar larvae), respectively, and 49.6% and 12.8% (4th instar larvae), respectively. The potted plant trials confirmed that M. hiemalis BO-1 exerted excellent control efficiency against B. odoriphaga larvae, and the control exceeded 80% within 5 d when the spore concentration applied exceeded 107 spores/ml. In conclusion, these findings supported the hypotheses that this fungus could serve as an effective control agent against B. odoriphaga larvae and is worth being further tested to determine its full potential as a biocontrol agent.

Innovation Development of Coffee Berry Borrer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferr.) Pest Control Technology and Their Effectiveness

The Coffee Berry Borer (CBB) (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari)(Coleoptera:Curculionidae:Scolytinae) is a major pest of coffee plants. It caused damage to coffee berries and economic losses for farmers. Various technologies have been carried out to control CBB, including cultural biological, chemical, and sanitation. However, of the technology control of CBB, only a few literature that discussed the effectiveness and efficiency, both socially, economically and their impact on the environment. Thus, this paper aimed to: 1) review research CBB control technology based on characteristics; and 2) assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of the technology in controlling CBB based on compatibility, applicability, availability, safety, sustainability, affordability and economic. This study was conducted using a systematic review of the literature from the search engine Science.direct, Google.scholar, which was identified from 1996 to 2020. The search resulted showed that there were 59 articles related to CBB control technology and were divided into several types, namely 22 articles that discuss technology in cultural, 31 articles that discuss biological control, 5 articles that discuss technology chemically, and 1 articles that discusses orchard sanitation technology. CBB control technologies that are considered to have compatibility, safety, sustainability, affordability and economic are cultural, biological control and sanitation. However, if it is related to applicability and availability, cultural and sanitation can be the main choice. Many studies on biological technology showing advantages compared to other technologies, thus, biological control technology as a preventive and monitoring effort is still being developed. One of them is developing biological technology with a landscape approach.

Effects of antifouling technology application on Marine ecological environment

Resolving the contradiction between Marine economic development and Marine ecological environment protection has become an unavoidable and sharp problem. The uncontrolled use of Marine antifouling technology will bring uncontrollable and even irreversible damage to the Marine biosphere, which will lead to ecological disaster and threaten the survival of human beings. Therefore, it is an urgent task to find antifouling technology with lower environmental toxicity under the premise of considering economy. More attention should be paid to the long-term impact of mature and new technologies on the Marine ecological environment. This paper introduces the development status of antifouling technology, its influence on Marine ecological environment and puts forward the design strategy of comprehensive biological fouling prevention and control technology.