Biological Characteristics Of Water Research Articles

Mapping of Soil Macronutrient Status and Analysis of Quality of Irrigation Water of Adhiyamaan College of Agriculture and Research Farm

Abstract: Macronutrients such as N,P,K Play a vital role in increase crop yield by and enhance soil fertility. It is well known that a balanced nutrient supply ensures high crop yields and stable cropping system. Water Quality can be defined as the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water, usually in respect to its suitability for a designated use. Water can be used for recreation, drinking, fisheries, agriculture or industry. Each of these designated uses has different defined chemical, physical and biological standards necessary to support that use. For example, there are stringent standards for water to be used for drinking or swimming compared to that used in agriculture or industry. Water quality analysis is required mainly for monitoring purpose. Some importance of such assessment includes: To check whether the water quality is incompliance with the standards, and hence, suitable or not for the designated use, To monitor the efficiency of a system, workingfor water quality maintenance, To check whether upgradation / change of anexisting system is required and to decide what changes should take place and To monitor whether water quality is incompliance with rules and regulations.

Comparing the variation and influencing factors of CO2 emission from subsidence waterbodies under different restoration modes in coal mining area

Subsidence waterbodies play an important role in carbon cycle in coal mining area. However, little effort has been made to explore the carbon dioxide (CO2) release characteristics and influencing factors in subsidence waterbodies, especially under different restoration modes. Here, we measured CO2 release fluxes (F(CO2)) across Anguo wetland (AW), louts pond (LP), fishpond (FP), fishery-floating photovoltaic wetland (FFPV), floating photovoltaic wetland (FPV) in coal mining subsidence area, with unrestored subsidence waterbodies (SW) and unaffected normal Dasha river (DR) as the control area. We sampled each waterbody and tested which physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water and sediment related to variability in CO2. The results indicated that F(CO2) exhibited the following patterns: FFPV > FPV > FP > SW > DR > LP > AW. Trophic lake index (TLI) and microbial biomass carbon content (MBC) in sediment had a positive impact on F(CO2). The dominant archaea Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota, and dominant bacteria Proteobacteria promoted F(CO2). This study can help more accurately quantify CO2 emissions and guide CO2 future emission reduction and subsidence waterbodies estoration.

Affordable Water Quality Monitoring System Using IOT RC Boat

In the last few decades, water contamination has become a serious problem that everyone is concerned about. Personal Water Satisfaction is now a standout for individuals who have significant influence over their wellbeing and the state of ailments “among relatives, what are more animals." The principal supplies of drinking water are lakes and other waterways, which rely significantly on water flow (which includes the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water). This IoT based water quality monitoring system's main goal or objective is to detect water quality, and how the pH content of water varies, and send notifications to the necessary organizations for that specific or specific water body. This system will be installed in water supply tanks and drinking storage tanks. We're using an Arduino board to compute pH and the same GSM module for message transfer in that case. Finally, the user receives an alert stating the water's pH value. This concept can be developed further by uploading data from sensors to the cloud for global water quality monitoring.

Spring water quality and assessment of associated health risks around the urban Tuirial landfill site in Aizawl, Mizoram, India

Water is an essential and integral part of living; it provides recreation and livelihood for thousands of living beings. Water bodies include rivers, lakes, groundwater, oceans, and mountain spring water plays a dynamic role in India's most hilly regions, including the Mizoram of India. Water quality includes all the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water. Access to safe water is vital for health, livelihoods, security, and quality of life—the study area is located around 25 km from Aizawl city, Mizoram. Landfill receives waste from Aizawl city in vast quantities. There is no proper arrangement to secure the stream, which is just near the dumping ground, due to which spring water is getting affected by toxic substances. The TDS value was found to be between 670 and 690 mg/L, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in the range of 2–5.2 mg/L, chloride level between 263.3 and 268.2 mg/L, calcium 109.6–113.6 mg/L, hardness in the range of 326–340 mg/L, conductivity higher than 1000 US/cm, ammonia in between 0.165 and 0.849 mg/L in the three sample sites. A reduced amount of dissolved oxygen affects the self-purification of spring, which leads to deteriorating the condition of the water quality. Water quality is dependent on the type of pollutant added and the nature of the self-purification of water. WQI at 215.52 suggests that water is not suitable for drinking.

Microbial and Physico-Chemical Quality Assessment of Rivers of Kathmandu Valley

Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological characteristics of water. It is a measure of condition of water relative to requirement of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. The main objective of the study is to detect the physio-chemical and microbiological parameters of water sample from the Bagmati river and its tributaries of Kathmandu valley along with antibiotic susceptibility. In physico-chemical parameters, turbidity, temperature, pH, Electrical conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, Ammonia, Alkalinity, Hardness, Chloride, Phosphate, Iron, Nitrate, Total Dissolved solids, and color were analyzed. Iron and Turbidity was found to be above the World health organization and Nepal Standard guideline in all the samples (100%), while Ammonia was found to be above the WHO guideline in 10(90%) samples. Among 11 samples, 10(90%) showed a low Dissolved oxygen level. Most Probable Number method was followed for counting total load of coliform and fecal coliform. Escherichia coli was isolated from the sample and subjected to Antibiotic susceptibility. Coliform was detected in all the samples and E. coli was identified as highly resistant towards Gentamicin (81.8%) and sensitive towards Chloramphenicol (81.8%). High value of ammonia, turbidity and low value of Dissolved Oxygen in the lower belts of river was due to large inputs of wastewater and organic loads caused by anthropogenic activities. High value of Coliform in all the samples indicates bacterial contamination in river water. The comparative study for the water quality variables in the urban areas showed that the main rivers and its tributaries were equally polluted.

Quality of Soil in Gossaigaon Sub-Division and Its Impact on Environmental Degradation

People on Earth are under tremendous threat due to undesired changes in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water and soil. Due to increased human population, industrialization, use of unwanted amounts of fertilizers and man-made activities, water and soil is highly polluted with different harmful contaminants. Natural water and soil contaminates due to weathering of rocks and leaching of soils, mining processing etc. It is necessary that the quality of drinking water and soil should be checked at regular time interval, because due to use of contaminated drinking water, human population suffers from variety of water borne diseases. The study area, Gossaigaon sub-division of Kokrajhar district, Assam lies on the north bank of the Brahmaputra river and is slowly sloping towards south from the foothills of Bhutan upto an average height of 42 MSL. The tributaries of the Brahmaputra- Sankosh, Ripu, Dambra, Bura chara, Gadadhar, Gurufella, Madati, Hel, Gongea are flowing southward which have their sources in the Himalayas. In this paper an attempt has been made to assess the quality of soil of 10 different stations by considering the parameters like Colour, Temperature, pH value, Conductance, Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Hardness, TS, TDS, Chlorine, Fluorine, Sulphur, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Iron, Calcium and Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Zinc, Nickel, Lead and Copper which have direct correlation with human health.

Water quality analysis of ground water from locations in North Bangalore

Water quality can be defined as the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water, usually in respect to its suitability for a designated use. Water has many uses, such as for recreation, drinking, fisheries, agriculture and industry and the quality of the water for each of the above-mentioned uses have different defined chemical, physical and biological standards necessary to support that use. We expect higher standards for water we drink and swim in comparison to that used in agriculture and industry. Water quality standards are put in place to ensure that the water is safe to use and also supports efficient utilisation of water for that specific purpose. Water quality analysis is to measure the required parameters of water, following standard methods, to check whether they are in accordance with the standard and provides us an opportunity to monitor the water quality on a regular basis. Groundwater is generally an excellent source of water for drinking, cleaning, bathing, irrigation and industrial purposes. The quality of water invariably is contaminated in many ways by natural, agricultural and anthropogenic activities with the release large number of pollutants into the water bodies. The objective of this study is to perform qualitative analysis of some physicochemical parameters of groundwater in study area. This may be considered as reference for the society to get cautious about the impending deterioration of their environment and health.

Assessment of the Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics of Water in Hand Dug Wells within Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria

Assessment of the Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics of Water in Hand Dug Wells within Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria

Analyzing of water quality at Ooty for drinking purpose

Analyzing of water quality at Ooty town and to provide clean and safe water. The water quality is analyzed and tabulated in this paper. So we are able to know the quality of water available in the sample taken. The water analyzed about the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water. It is used to measure the appearance of sample water for the need of living. Water samples are collected from the open well (Latitude and longitude coordinates are 11.410000, 76.699997). The samples were tested for parameters like pH, turbidity, total hardness, fluoride, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, acidity, and alkalinity. The values which are obtained from each parameter were compared with the Indian Standards: 10500 (Drinking water specifications). During the summer season the water demand is very high hence from the result the water was found to be safe for drinking.

Spatial and temporal variation of physicochemical parameters in northern Persian Gulf

Today, there are undesired changes in the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water which impose a tremendous threat on aquatic species. Knowing the details of physical and chemical parameters and their behaviors such as temperature, salinity, density, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, and chlorophyll-a for survivability of the aquatic ecosystem is essential. This paper discusses these parameters through a time series analysis of observation for the year 2007. The spatial and temporal variations of water chemical and physical parameters are investigated in nine stations in the northern part of the Persian Gulf. While many investigations have been carried out on the Persian Gulf, the innovation of this research is focusing on the northern part which is not or little discussed in the previous, historical studies, and barely data are available for this region. Analyses of the data in the study area show that the water is well mixed during the year due to the shallowness and tidal effects. Water is alkaline and tends to have a stable pH and relatively high salinity and temperature. pH is an important factor in determining the amount of toxic dissolved heavy metals in water. Turbidity and chlorophyll-a are low at the surface and increased toward the water bed as depth increases. The results of this paper are of the interest of the academic, business, and industrial communities and from a management point of view help the policymakers and environment managers to propose effective–strategic decisions that both help coastal communities and save aquatic life.

Qualidade das águas em resposta aos efeitos do uso da terra na área de influência direta de reservatório pelo emprego da análise multivariada

The process of water degradation in a reservoir is directly related to the exchange of organic and inorganic matter between the river, the plain and its basin, whose effects are the alteration of the abiotic and biotic patterns and processes of aquatic ecosystems. The present work aimed to apply the “PCA - Principal Components Analysis” for analise the interrelationship between the types of land use and land cover related with the water quality of “Barra dos Coqueiros Reservoir”. The samples of water were collected in July 2016, dry season, at 39 different points of the reservoir. The Principal Component Analysis Model was defined using only 18 of the 36 variables on physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. The results obtained by the “PCA” demonstrated that the first axes explain 42,60% of the total variation of the physical-chemical characteristics of the water in the reservoir. The plot of PCA show a separation between the points that are influenced by the urbanized area and agriculture / pastures. The first axis of the “PCA” is under the influence of organic pollution and ions dissolved in water. The second axis of the “PCA” indicates a component associated with the distribution of solids inside the reservoir. The method employed using “PCA” demonstrate a great value for the explanation of the influence of land use and cover on the water quality of reservoir. Keywords: PCA, multivariate statistical, reservoir, physical-chemical variables of water.

Comparative assessment of surface and ground water quality using geoinformatics

Water quality demonstrates physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. The quality of surface and groundwater is currently an important concern with population growth and industrialization. Over exploitation of water resources due to demand is causing the deterioration of surface water and ground water. Periodic water quality testing must be carried out to protect our water resources. The present research analyses the spatial variation of surface water and groundwater in and around the lakes of Hyderabad. Twenty-Seven lakes and their neighboring bore water samples are obtained for water quality monitoring. Samples are evaluated for specific physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Cl, SO4, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Total Hardness (TH). The spatial variation of water quality parameters for the 27 lakes and groundwater were analysed. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were carried out to determine comparative study of lake and ground water. The study found that most of the lakes were polluted and this had an impact on surrounding ground water.

Silver nanoparticles adsorption by the synthetic and natural adsorbent materials: an exclusive review

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used in a wide range of industrial products. The release of AgNPs as antimicrobial agent into the river or lake can raise the ecological concern because they have been proven to be associated with toxicity of the aquatic animals. An exclusive review of AgNPs adsorbed by the various synthetic and natural adsorbent materials is important to understand the behaviour of AgNPs in the complex environmental conditions. The transformation of AgNPs into various forms in an aquatic environment depends on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water. Many types of natural materials can be used to fabricate the adsorbents because pore structure, surface area, and active sites of functional groups of the adsorbent can be developed during the carbonisation and activation stages. The mass transfer factor and modified mass transfer factor models would be considered tools that can be used to describe the mechanism and kinetics of AgNPs adsorption onto the natural adsorbents influenced by the electrostatic and van der Waals forces. This exclusive review provides the valuable insights into future challenges of AgNPs adsorption to contribute to sustainable improvement in the management of aquatic ecosystems.

The response of a shallow hypertrophic lake to innovative restoration measures – Uzarzewskie Lake case study

The aim of nitrate treatment as a restoration method is to bring about a reduction of the high potential reactivity of sediments by the oxidation of biodegradable organic matter. As a consequence, oxygen uptake by sediments is reduced, sulphate reduction is lowered, hydrogen sulphide formation diminished and iron present in sediments binds phosphorus (P) effectively. This approach was applied in Uzarzewskie Lake, where innovative nitrate treatment of sediments was proposed through the diversion of subsurface waters to the lake hypolimnion. Nitrate-rich and oxygenated water from two tributaries was directly delivered to the hypolimnion through pipelines in order to increase redox potential and eliminate sediments as a P source. Research on selected physico-chemical and biological water characteristics was conducted in the years 2005–2015 to determine the results of restoration measures.P concentrations in lake waters were reduced both in surface water layers and the hypolimnion, hence epilimnetic chlorophyll-a content was diminished as well. Statistically significant changes in phytoplankton community structure were noted as the biomass of cyanobacteria had decreased in 2010 and 2013–2014 in comparison to 2006, while cryptophytes biomass increased in 2011–2013 in relation to 2007. Unfortunately, planktivorous fish domination in fish fauna exert a distinct pressure on zooplankton, thus Rotifera dominated and Cladocera were rarely noted. Additionally, the morphometric lake features (steep slopes, small surface surrounded by forest) create unfavorable conditions for submerged macrophyte development, and hinder the effectiveness of the restoration. Long-term studies revealed that the reconstruction of the phytoplankton community was not permanent, hence further restoration activity is required, with the inclusion of new techniques.

Analysis of physicochemical and biological water characteristics of Phuleli canal

Analysis of physicochemical and biological water characteristics of Phuleli canal

Towards Monitoring the Water Quality Using Hierarchal Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Water is a limited resource and essential for agriculture, industry and creatures existence on earth including human beings. Water quality monitoring is essential to control physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. In addition, water quality monitoring can help with water pollution detection and discharge of toxic chemicals and contamination in water. A large number of inexpensive sensor nodes using hierarchical communication structure can be deployed to cover a large monitoring area with enough density. The paper provides a hierarchical routing protocol to reduce the communication overhead and increase the life time of wireless sensor network (WSN) suitable for river/lake water quality monitoring. The proposed routing protocol is compared with its predecessor LEACH. Experiments conducted using our custom simulator shows that the proposed routing protocol, power by genetic algorithm, create an energy balance in the network, save the node energy and thus increase the lifetime of the network by 25% in comparison to LEACH.

Water Quality Study at Sembrong Dam Reservoir in Johor

Rivers play a major role for communities especially in fisheries and as a source of water for people residing within the vicinity. Water quality is of utmost importance and it covers a wide range of approaches and conflicts. Water is super abundant on the planet, as whole, but fresh potable water is not always available at the right time or the right place for human or ecosystem use [3]. Water quality refers to the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance can be assessed. Sembrong dam reservoir was built by damming a river. When a reservoir is built along a river’s flow, the physical, chemical and biological conditions of the river are disrupted to some degree [2]. Since Sembrong dam reservoir is constructed on large lowland rivers with gradually sloping banks, it can be characterized by inundation of large areas, extreme horizontal variability with extensive shallows riparian vegetation and shallow reservoir. Such reservoir is usually eutrophic and high natural organic load are likely to contribute to the formation of an anoxic hypolimnion [9]. Shallow reservoir is usually well mixed by wind, and this leads to non-stratified condition [7]. Therefore, Sembrong dam reservoir can be categorized as shallow unstratified reservoir.

Continuous Monitoring of Water Quality Using Portable and Low-Cost Approaches

Water quality refers to the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water, and it is a measure of the condition of water relative to any human need or purpose. A particular problem with measuring the condition of water quality at drinking water reservoirs is the requirement of collecting a large number of samples. To handle this problem, we focus on the practical use of two different portable and low-cost approaches for continuous monitoring of water quality: miniboats loaded with sondes with probes and wireless sensor network- (WSN-) based monitoring system. These approaches bring several advantages over traditional monitoring systems in terms of cost, portability, and applicability. Our simulation studies show that these systems can be used to monitor water quality at drinking water reservoirs such as dams and holding ponds. Field tests to prove the effectiveness of the proposed systems are in progress.

Water quality analysis of surface water: a Web approach

The chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water with respect to its suitability describe its quality. Concentration of pesticides or fertilisers degrades the water quality and affects marine life. A comprehensive environmental data information system helps to perform and complete common tasks in less time with less effort for data verification, data calculations, graph generation, and proper monitoring, which helps in the further mitigation step. In this paper, focus is given to a web-based system developed to express the quality of water in the imprecise environment of monitoring data. Water samples were analyzed for eight different surface water parameters, in which four parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and fecal coliform were used for the water quality index calculation following MPCB Water Quality Standards of class A-II for best designated use. The analysis showed that river points in a particular year were in very bad category with certainty level of 0-38% which is unsuitable for drinking purposes; samples in bad category had certainty level that ranged from 38 to 50%; samples in medium to good category had certainty levels from 50 to 100%, and the remaining samples were in good to excellent category, suitable for drinking purposes, with certainty levels from 63 to 100%.

Water quality and avian inputs as sources of isotopic variability in aquatic macrophytes and macroinvertebrates

Different factors can affect the isotopic values of aquatic organisms. Nevertheless, water quality may be very important for aquatic organisms because they directly depend on it. In this article, we aimed to investigate if variations in the chemical and biological water characteristics affect the stable isotope values of aquatic organisms. We also wished to discuss alternative sources of isotopic variability. We analysed the water chemical characteristics, the input of extra nitrates from bird guano, and the δ15N and δ13C values for the macroinvertebrates and macrophytes present in freshwater irrigation ponds. Variability in the values of the analysed stable isotopes was high, even for the same species in different ponds. Water conductivity, nitrates, ammonium, organic nitrogen concentrations and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) directly correlated with the isotopic values. Besides, the input of extra nitrates from Larids’ (gulls and terns) guano might also increase the δ15N values at the ponds which these birds most intensively use. Nevertheless, the high δ15N values are difficult to explain in terms of water characteristics and excrements inputs and only general processes of denitrification could explain these values. Longer water residence times could cause extremely enriched isotopic values in both DIC (Dissolved Inorganic Carbon) and dissolved nitrates. This study shows different sources of isotopic variability which can prove useful to interpret stable isotopes studies.