Biological Carriers Research Articles

LI DOR ZAYEND Û NETEWE(TÎ)YÊ JINA KURD DI BERHEMÊN ELIYÊ EVDILREHMANÎ DA

Nationalism is a masculine field and is based on “the unity of brothers”. However, there is an important participation of women in national projects. Women play an important role in the construction, strengthening and continuity of nationalism, both through active participation and through cultural and ideological involvement. Therefore, women attract the attention of national movements and discourses and become an indispensable subject of nationalism. This situation is also seen in the works of Eliyê Evdilrehman. In this context, in order to verify this claim, three works of Eliyê Evdilrehman, named Xatê Xanim, Şer Li Çîya, Gundê Mêrxasan, in which he tries to create a national identity with nationalist discourse and equip his readers with a Kurdish consciousness, have been examined. As a result, it was seen that the author presented the Kurdish woman as a national representation with her different roles and characteristics. The author characterises Kurdish women as rulers, leaders, warriors, resisters, advisors to men, biological carriers, carriers of culture and honour and idealises them as strong, free, intelligent and visionary. The author has glorified the Kurdish woman greatly, but he has done so by using sexist language and attributing masculine behavior and characteristics to women. Therefore, ironically and paradoxically, the glorification of Kurdish women in the works studied served to reproduce the patriarchy embedded in the Kurdish language and society.

Bioinspired Artificial Intelligent Nociceptive Alarm System Based on Fibrous Biomemristors.

With the advancement of modern medical and brain-computer interface devices, flexible artificial nociceptors with tactile perception hold significant scientific importance and exhibit great potential in the fields of wearable electronic devices and biomimetic robots. Here, a bioinspired artificial intelligent nociceptive alarm system integrating sensing monitoring and transmission functions is constructed using a silk fibroin (SF) fibrous memristor. This memristor demonstrates high stability, low operating power, and the capability to simulate synaptic plasticity. As a result, an artificial pressure nociceptor based on the SF fibrous memristor can detect both fast and chronic pain and provide a timely alarm in the event of a fall or prolonged immobility of the carrier. Further, an array of artificial pressure nociceptors not only monitors the pressure distribution across various parts of the carrier but also provides direct feedback on the extent of long-term pressure to the carrier. This work holds significant implications for medical support in biological carriers or targeted maintenance of electronic carriers.

Tuning The Intracellular Distribution of [3+2+1] Iridium(III) Complexes In Bacterial And Mammalian Cells By iClick Reaction With Biomolecular Carriers Functionalized With Alkynone Groups.

Three iridium(III) triazolato complexes of the general formula [Ir(triazolatoR,R')(ppy)(terpy)]PF6 with ppy=2-phenylpyridine and terpy=2,2':6',2''-terpyridine were efficiently prepared by iClick reaction of [Ir(N3)(ppy)(terpy)]PF6, with alkynes and alkynones, which allowed facile introduction of biological carriers such as biotin and cholic acid. In contrast to the precursor azido complex, which decomposed upon photoexcitation on a very short time scale, the triazolato complexes were stable in solution for up to 48 h. They emit in the spectral region around 540 nm with a quantum yield of 15-35 % in aerated acetonitrile solution and exhibit low cytotoxicity with IC50 values >50 μM for most complexes in L929 and HeLa cells, demonstrating their high suitability as luminescent probes. Cell uptake studies with confocal luminescence microscopy in prokaryotic Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli bacteria as well as eukaryotic mammalian L929 and HeLa cells showed significant uptake in particular of the cholic acid conjugates iridium(III) moiety and distinct intracellular distribution modulated by the nature of the peripheral functional groups that can easily be modified by the iClick reaction.

Natural hydrogen gas and engineered microalgae prevent acute lung injury in sepsis

BackgroundHydrogen gas and microalgae both exist in the natural environment. We aimed to integrate hydrogen gas and biology nano microalgae together to expand the treatment options in sepsis. MethodsPhosphoproteomics, metabolomics and proteomics data were obtained from mice undergoing cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) and inhalation of hydrogen gas. All omics analysis procedure were accordance with standards. Multi R packages were used in single cell and spatial transcriptomics analysis to identify primary cells expressing targeted genes, and the genes’ co-expression relationships in sepsis related lung landscape. Then, network pharmacology method was used to identify candidate drugs. We used hydrophobic-force-driving self-assembly method to construct dihydroquercetin (DQ) nanoparticle. To cooperate with molecular hydrogen, ammonia borane (B) was added to DQ surface. Then, Chlorella vulgaris (C) was used as biological carrier to improve self-assembly nanoparticle. Vivo and vitro experiments were both conducted to evaluate anti-inflammation, anti-ferroptosis, anti-infection and organ protection capability. ResultsAs a result, we identified Esam and Zo-1 were target phosphorylation proteins for molecular hydrogen treatment in lung. Ferroptosis and glutathione metabolism were two target pathways. Chlorella vulgaris improved the dispersion of DQB and reconstructed morphological features of DQB, formed DQB@C nano-system (size = 307.3 nm, zeta potential = −22mv), with well infection-responsive hydrogen release capability and biosafety. In addition, DQB@C was able to decrease oxidative stress and inflammation factors accumulation in lung cells. Through increasing expression level of Slc7a11/xCT and decreasing Cox2 level to participate with the regulation of ferroptosis. Also, DQB@C played lung and multi organ protection and anti-inflammation roles on CLP mice. ConclusionOur research proposed DQB@C as a novel biology nano-system with enormous potential on treatment for sepsis related acute lung injury to solve the limitation of hydrogen gas utilization in clinics.

Study on synergistic effect of carrier combined with micro-aeration on anaerobic digestion of food waste

Enhancing the conversion efficiency of methane production from food waste (FW) is always a hot issue. Biological carriers and micro-aeration had demonstrated notable advantages in enhancing anaerobic digestion (AD) efficiency, but their synergistic potential remained largely untapped. This study introduced polyurethane carriers into micro-aeration assisted AD, trying to explore their synergism in enhancing the digestive efficiency of FW. Results revealed that an optimal blend of carriers and micro-aeration pose significant improvement to the digestive performance. Their combination enhanced microbial metabolic activity, accelerated the consumption or conversion of dissolved organic matter (DOM) molecules, promoted the aggregation of microorganisms, which improved their tolerance capacity under the oxygen stress brought by the micro-aeration, ensuring the system stability. It also enriched methane-producing microorganisms, and balanced methane-producing pathways. Additionally, the combination of micro-aeration and carriers promoted key enzyme expression in metabolic pathways, providing ample support for methane production. These findings held significance for optimizing FW treatment, improving methane production efficiency, and reducing the burden of organic waste treatment.

THE ROLE OF PERICYTES IN BONE TISSUE REGENERATION AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS

The regeneration of massive bone defects poses a significant challenge in traumatology and orthopedics, often requiring bone grafting procedures following tumor resection, surgery, or severe injury. Current treatment methods include autologous and allogeneic bone grafts, as well as bone substitutes. While autologous transplantation is considered the standard, it is limited by donor site morbidity and availability. Allogeneic transplantation presents risks such as graft rejection and disease transmission. Bone substitutes may not fully restore bone defects. Tissue-engineered biomaterials offer promise for effective regeneration, utilizing stem cells, growth factors, and scaffolds. Adipose tissue, rich in mesenchymal stem cells and perivascular stem cells (pericytes), is a promising cell source for tissue engineering. This thesis explores the therapeutic potential of pericytes combined with various biological carriers and stimulating factors to enhance bone tissue regeneration. Pericytes, contractile cells surrounding small blood vessels, are crucial for vessel integrity and blood flow regulation. They express markers like α-SMA and PDGFR-β and participate in angiogenesis, immune function, and tissue repair. Interactions with endothelial cells via signaling pathways involving molecules like VEGF and TGF-β are vital for vessel formation and stability. With their multipotent nature, pericytes show promise for regenerative medicine. Ongoing research is essential to address challenges in pericyte biology, including identification and understanding their roles in tissue regeneration. Studies highlight the potential of adipose tissue-derived pericytes in bone regeneration, particularly CD146+ pericytes, showing efficacy in spinal fusion and nonunion fracture treatment when combined with DBM. Preclinical studies confirm their effectiveness, especially when incorporated into various scaffold materials. Clinical studies using adipose-derived stem cells and autologous microfragmented adipose tissue have shown promise, with pericyte-enriched fractions holding potential for improved outcomes. Future research into pericyte application, combined with growth factors and scaffolds, could significantly advance bone tissue regeneration and regenerative medicine. Human pericytes show promise for bone tissue regeneration due to their mesenchymal stem cell properties and role in vascular stabilization. Injectable hydrogels are crucial for bone tissue engineering, with various biomaterials developed for this purpose. Studies using injectable hydrogels with pericytes have demonstrated their efficacy in accelerating bone regeneration in different models. Further advancements in injectable hydrogel technology incorporating stem cells and osteoinductive factors are needed for more efficient bone tissue restoration.

Innovative application of basalt fibers as biological carrier in constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell for improvement of performance under perfluorooctanoic acid exposure

Basalt fiber (BF) was filled in constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) as bio-carrier for enhancement of operation performance under perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure. In this study, although PFOA caused significant decline of ammonium removal by 7.5–7.7 %, slight promotion on nitrogen and phosphorus removal was observed with BF filling, compared to control. PFOA removal also increased by 1.7–3.4 % in BF filling group. Besides, improved electrochemical performance was discovered with BF filling, in which the highest power density increased by 86.6 % than control, even under PFOA stress. Enhanced stability and performance of CW-MFC resulted from stimulation of functional bacteria on electrodes like Dechloromonas, Thauera, Zoogloea, Gemmobacter, and Pseudomonas, which were further enriched on BF carrier. Higher abundance of nitrogen metabolism and related genes on electrodes and BF carrier was also discovered with BF filling. This study offered new findings on application of BF in CW-MFC systems with PFOA exposure.

New Perspectives and Prospects of microRNA Delivery in Diabetic Wound Healing.

The remarkable potential of microRNAs (miRNAs) as a class of biotherapeutic agents in the treatment of diverse pathological conditions has garnered significant interest in recent years. To heal both acute and chronic wounds, miRNAs work by post-transcriptionally controlling various proteins and the pathways that are linked to them. Diabetes mellitus predisposes to several macro- and microvascular defects of end organs such as atherosclerosis, peripheral artery disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and impaired wound healing. Here, miRNAs emerge as a beacon of hope, with the capacity to heal diabetic wounds by precisely modulating the expression of genes involved in the healing process. Despite the therapeutic promise, the journey to realizing the full potential of miRNAs is fraught with challenges. Their intrinsic instability and the inefficient delivery into target cells pose significant barriers to their clinical application. Consequently, a major focus of current research is the discovery of novel miRNAs and the development of innovative delivery systems that can effectively transport these nucleic acids into the cells where they are needed most. This review delves into the intricate roles that miRNAs play at various stages of diabetic wound healing, providing a comprehensive overview of the latest research findings. The review also addresses the obstacles and opportunities that come with translating miRNA-based strategies into clinical practice, offering a critical assessment of the field's advancements and the hurdles that remain to be overcome. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The potential of microRNA delivery using new biological or nonbiological carriers may create a revolutionary treatment method for chronic wounds of diabetes.

Polyurethane-based three-dimensional printing for biological mesh carriers

Repair and reconstruction of the myopectineal orifice area using meshes is the mainstay of surgical treatment of inguinal hernias. However, the limitations of existing meshes are becoming increasingly evident in clinical applications; thus, the idea of using three-dimensionally (3D)-printed biological meshes was put forward. According to the current level of the 3D printing technology and the inherent characteristics of biological materials, the direct use of the 3D printing technology for making biological materials into finished products suitable for clinical applications is not yet supported, but synthetic materials can be first printed into 3D form carriers, compounded with biological materials, and finally made into finished products. The purpose of this study was to develop a technical protocol for making 3D-printed biomesh carriers using polyurethane as a raw material. In our study: raw material, polyurethane; weight, 20–30 g/m2; weaving method, hexagonal mesh; elastic tension aspect ratio, 2:1; diameters of pores, 0.1–1 mm; surface area, 8 × 12 cm2; the optimal printing layer height, temperature and velocity were 0.1 mm, 210–220 °C and 60 mm/s. Its clinical significance lies in: (1) applied to preoperative planning and design a detailed surgical plan; (2) applied to special types of surgery including patients in puberty, recurrent and compound inguinal hernias; (3) significantly improve the efficiency of doctor-patient communication; (4) it can shorten the operation and recovery period by about 1/3 and can save about 1/4 of the cost for patients; (5) the learning curve is significantly shortened, which is conducive to the cultivation of reserve talents.

Simultaneous removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter from oligotrophic water in a system containing biochar and construction waste iron: Performances and biotic community analysis

The issue of combined pollution in oligotrophic water has garnered increasing attention in recent years. To enhance the pollutant removal efficiency in oligotrophic water, the system containing Zoogloea sp. FY6 was constructed using polyester fiber wrapped sugarcane biochar and construction waste iron (PWSI), and the denitrification test of simulated water and actual oligotrophic water was carried out for 35 days. The experimental findings from the systems indicated that the removal efficiencies of nitrate (NO3–−N), total nitrogen (TN), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total phosphorus (TP) in simulated water were 88.61%, 85.23%, 94.28%, and 98.90%, respectively. The removal efficiencies of actual oligotrophic water were 83.06%, 81.39%, 81.66%, and 97.82%, respectively. Furthermore, the high−throughput sequencing data demonstrated that strain FY6 was successfully loaded onto the biological carrier. According to functional gene predictions derived from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, the introduction of PWSI enhanced intracellular iron cycling and nitrogen metabolism.

Stem cells derived exosomes as biological nano carriers for VCR sulfate for treating breast cancer stem cells

Due to vincristine sulfate’s (VCR sulfate) toxicity and non-specific targeting, which might adversely damage healthy cells, its clinical application is restricted. In this study, we loaded VCR sulfate on exosomes generated from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to enhance its targeted distribution. Exosomes are able to deliver molecules to specific cells and tissues and have therapeutic potential. In this study, we isolated exosomes from MSCs, and using probe-sonication approach loaded them with VCR sulfate. Using SRB assay, the cytotoxicity of VCR sulfate-Exo was assessed in T47D breast cancer cells, and the results were contrasted with those of free VCR sulfate. Then We labeled markers (CD44+/CD24−) in the cell line to assess the targeting effectiveness of VCR sulfate-Exo using flow cytometry. Our results showed that the cytotoxicity of VCR sulfate-Exo was nearly the same as that of VCR sulfate. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that VRC sulfate-Exo was more effectively targeted to MSCs than free VCR sulfate. Our study shows that loading VCR sulfate to MSCs-derived exosomes can improve their targeted delivery and lessen their side effects. Additional research is required to determine VCR sulfate-Exo’s in vivo effectiveness and safety and improve the loading and delivery strategies.

Electropositive Citric Acid-Polyethyleneimine Carbon Dots Carrying the PINK1 Gene Regulate ATP-Related Metabolic Dysfunction in APP/PS1-N2a Cells.

(1) Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction during the early stage of disease. PINK1 regulates the balance between mitochondrial homeostasis and bioenergy supply and demand via the PINK1/Parkin pathway, Na+/Ca2+ exchange, and other pathways. (2) Methods: In this study, we synthesized positively charged carbon dots (CA-PEI CDs) using citric acid (CA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) and used them as vectors to express PINK1 genes in the APP/PS1-N2a cell line to determine mitochondrial function, electron transport chain (ETC) activity, and ATP-related metabolomics. (3) Results: Our findings showed that the CA-PEI CDs exhibit the characteristics of photoluminescence, low toxicity, and concentrated DNA. They are ideal biological carriers for gene delivery. PINK1 overexpression significantly increased the mitochondrial membrane potential in APP/PS1-N2a cells and reduced reactive-oxygen-species generation and Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 levels. An increase in the activity of NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and cytochrome C oxidase (complex IV, CIV) induces the oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria, increasing ATP generation. (4) Conclusions: These findings indicate that the PINK gene can alleviate AD by increasing bioenergetic metabolism, reducing Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, and increasing ATP production.

Bacteria-driven nanosonosensitizer delivery system for enhanced breast cancer treatment through sonodynamic therapy-induced immunogenic cell death

BackgroundSonodynamic therapy (SDT) has shown promise as a non-invasive cancer treatment due to its local effects and excellent tissue penetration. However, the limited accumulation of sonosensitizers at the tumor site hinders its therapeutic efficacy. Although nanosonosensitizers have improved local tumor accumulation through passive targeting via the enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR), achieving sufficient accumulation and penetration into tumors remains challenging due to tumor heterogeneity and inaccurate targeting. Bacteria have become a promising biological carrier due to their unique characteristic of active targeting and deeper penetration into the tumor.MethodsIn this study, we developed nanosonosensitizers consisting of sonosensitizer, hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME), and perfluoro-n-pentane (PFP) loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanodroplets (HPNDs). These HPNDs were covalently conjugated onto the surface of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) using carbodiimine chemistry. EcN acted as an active targeting micromotor for efficient transportation of the nanosonosensitizers to the tumor site in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment. Under ultrasound cavitation, the HPNDs were disrupted, releasing HMME and facilitating its uptakes by cancer cells. This process induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cell apoptosis and immunogenic cell death (ICD) in vitro and in vivo.ResultsOur bacteria-driven nanosonosensitizer delivery system (HPNDs@EcN) achieved superior tumor localization of HMME in vivo compared to the group treated with only nanosonosensitizers. This enhanced local accumulation further improved the therapeutic effect of SDT induced-ICD therapeutic effect and inhibited tumor metastasis under ultrasound stimulation.ConclusionsOur research demonstrates the potential of this ultrasound-responsive bacteria-driven nanosonosensitizer delivery system for SDT in TNBC. The combination of targeted delivery using bacteria and nanosonosensitizer-based therapy holds promise for achieving improved treatment outcomes by enhancing local tumor accumulation and stimulating ICD.Graphical

Superiority of basalt fibers with different modifications in contact oxidation reactor for wastewater treatment: Exploration of microbial community and underlying mechanism

Modified basalt fiber (MBF) has been employed as biological carrier to strengthen wastewater treatment. However, few studies focused on the superiority of different MBFs and their microbial mechanisms. In this study, after surface coating and chemical grafting, four MBFs and BF were applied as carriers in contact oxidation reactors. Surface roughness and area of MBFs increased in relation to original BF. Compared to BF group, MBFs could improve nutrients removal performance and stability, probably owing to impacts on microbial community structure. Specifically, calcium coating (Ca-MBF) contributed to the highest ammonium removal in average (72.25%), due to the relative more stimulation on Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira. Improvement on nitrification in Ca-MBF group resulted in the most significant increase of total nitrogen removal by 9.72% (p < 0.05) compared to BF. In contrast, chemical grafting was more inclined to enhance denitrification, particularly in PEI-MBF group, which was 34.62% higher (p < 0.05) than BF. The most enrichment on denitrification bacteria was also observed in PEI-MBF group (51.29%), including Zoogloea, Flavobacterium, and Acinetobacter, causing promotion on microbial denitrification. Besides, chemical grafting brought about more phosphate accumulating organisms like Thauera, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas, increasing total phosphorus removal compared to BF by 4.27–18.53%. Nevertheless, the highest phosphorus removal was discovered with Ca modification, inconsistent to the lowest microbial abundance, suggesting that more physical absorption sites by Ca modification was the major reason for enhancement on phosphorus removal. This work provided insights into application potential of different modified BFs for wastewater treatment.

Synthesis of palladium nanoparticles utilizing biotemplates and investigation of their synergistic catalytic performance

AbstractBACKGROUNDPalladium nanoparticles can act as a shuttle to accelerate the extracellular electron transfer (EET) by exoelectrogens. Through the EET process, microorganisms drive the redox cycle of many substances. The palladium nanoparticle has a variety of catalytic activities and activities can be significantly improved by combining with the active effects of microorganisms.RESULTSIn this study, Staphylococcus saprophyticus JJ‐1 was utilized as a biological template carrier to synthesize palladium nanoparticles that were immobilized on the bacterial surface. The morphology and composition of palladium were characterized by various techniques including transmission electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the hydrogenation activity of the synthesized Pd was tested at room temperature and atmospheric pressure using methyl orange as a model pollutant. Electrochemical characterization was carried out by cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic measurements. The research demonstrated that palladium nanoparticles acted as both electronic mediators and catalysts in the dye reduction process, while S. saprophyticus JJ‐1 contributed to stabilizing nanoparticles and electrochemical activity. The synergistic effect between these two components significantly enhances MO degradation efficiency.CONCLUSIONThis study presented an energy‐saving method to synthesize an integrated catalyst based on the synergistic interaction between biomass and nanoparticles, offering a novel approach for developing environmentally friendly, cost‐effective, and efficient integrated catalysts. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Poly (γ) glutamic acid: a unique microbial biopolymer with diverse commercial applicability.

Microbial biopolymers have emerged as promising solutions for environmental pollution-related human health issues. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a natural anionic polymeric compound, is composed of highly viscous homo-polyamide of D and L-glutamic acid units. The extracellular water solubility of PGA biopolymer facilitates its complete biodegradation and makes it safe for humans. The unique properties have enabled its applications in healthcare, pharmaceuticals, water treatment, foods, and other domains. It is applied as a thickener, taste-masking agent, stabilizer, texture modifier, moisturizer, bitterness-reducing agent, probiotics cryoprotectant, and protein crystallization agent in food industries. γ-PGA is employed as a biological adhesive, drug carrier, and non-viral vector for safe gene delivery in tissue engineering, pharmaceuticals, and medicine. It is also used as a moisturizer to improve the quality of hair care and skincare cosmetic products. In agriculture, it serves as an ideal stabilizer, environment-friendly fertilizer synergist, plant-growth promoter, metal biosorbent in soil washing, and animal feed additive to reduce body fat and enhance egg-shell strength.

Drug-Loaded Biomimetic Carriers for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Therapy: Advances and Perspective.

Chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for the lymphoma patient population, despite its relatively poor therapeutic results, high toxicity, and low specificity. With the advancement of biotechnology, the significance of drug-loading biomimetic materials in the medical field has become increasingly evident, attracting extensive attention from the scientific community and the pharmaceutical industry. Given that they can cater to the particular requirements of lymphoma patients, drug-loading biomimetic materials have recently become a potent and promising delivery approach for various applications. This review mainly reviews the recent advancements in the treatment of tumors with biological drug carrier-loaded drugs, outlines the mechanisms of lymphoma development and the diverse treatment modalities currently available, and discusses the merits and limitations of biological drug carriers. What is more, the practical application of biocarriers in tumors is explored by providing examples, and the possibility of loading such organisms with antilymphoma drugs for the treatment of lymphoma is conceived.

Operating performance of sequential batch system with calcium-modified basalt fiber bio-nest exposed to two typical perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFOA and PFBA)

The effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on the application of sequential batch system with basalt fiber as a biological carrier material have been rarely reported. This study explored the decontamination performance, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and microbial community structure of sequencing batch system with calcium-modified basalt fiber (Ca-MBF) bio-nest exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA). The results showed that 0.5 mg/L PFOA and PFBA both inhibited nitrification by 24.67 % and 19.47 %, while promoted denitrification by 16.54 % and 11.15 %, respectively. Overall, compared to PFBA, PFOA inhibited the removal of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) by 11.27 % and 9.49 %, respectively. Further analysis of EPS showed that under PFOA exposure, the total EPS and polysaccharide (PS) content decreased by 34.57 % and 40.78 %, respectively. In addition, PFOA and PFBA exhibited a phenomenon of initially promoting by 89.21 % and 55.29 %, and subsequently inhibiting on protein (PN) content by 50.22 % and 51.37 %, respectively. Analyses of Illumina Miseq sequencing showed that PFOA and PFBA exposure for 50 days both inhibited the richness and diversity of microbial communities, and the inhibitory effect of PFOA was greater than that of PFBA. In addition, PFOA and PFBA respectively domesticated the resistant bacteria Meganema and Acinetobacter. These results may provide valuable information for ecological restoration and biodegradation of PFOA and PFBA.

Magnetic fibrin nanofiber hydrogel delivering iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles promotes peripheral nerve regeneration.

Peripheral nerve injury is a debilitating condition that have a profound impact on the overall quality of an individual's life. The repair of peripheral nerve defects continues to present significant challenges in the field. Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (IONPs) have been recognized as potent nanotools for promoting the regeneration of peripheral nerves due to their capability as biological carriers and their ability to template the hydrogel structure under an external magnetic field. This research used a fibrin nanofiber hydrogel loaded with IONPs (IONPs/fibrin) to promote the regeneration of peripheral nerves in rats. In vitro examination of PC12 cells on various concentrations of IONPs/fibrin hydrogels revealed a remarkable increase in NGF and VEGF expression at 2% IONPs concentration. The biocompatibility and degradation of 2% IONPs/fibrin hydrogel were assessed using the in vivo imaging system, demonstrating subcutaneous degradation within a week without immediate inflammation. Bridging a 10-mm sciatic nerve gap in Sprague Dawley rats with 2% IONPs/fibrin hydrogel led to satisfactory morphological recovery of myelinated nerve fibers. And motor functional recovery in the 2% IONPs/fibrin group was comparable to autografts at 6, 9 and 12 weeks postoperatively. Hence, the composite fibrin hydrogel incorporating 2% IONPs exhibits potential for peripheral nerve regeneration.

Zeolite enhanced iron-modified biocarrier drives Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycle to achieve nitrogen removal from eutrophic water

The problem of nitrogen removal in eutrophic water needs to be solved. Two new autotrophic nitrogen removal technologies, ammonia oxidation coupled with Fe(III) reduction (Feammox) and Nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation (NDFO), have been shown to have the potential to treat eutrophic water. However, the continuous addition of iron sources not only costs more, but also leads to sludge mineralization. In this study, nano-sized iron powder was loaded on the surface of K3 filler as a solid iron source for the extracellular metabolism of iron-trophic bacteria. At the same time, due to the high selective adsorption of zeolite for ammonia can improve the low nitrogen metabolism rate caused by low nitrogen concentrations in eutrophic water, three kinds of modified functional biological carriers were prepared by mixing zeolite powder and iron powder in different proportions (Z1, Zeolite:iron = 1; Z2, Zeolite:iron = 2; Z3, Zeolite:iron = 3). Z3 exhibited the best performance, with removal efficiencies of 54.8% for total nitrogen during 70 days of cultivation. The chemical structure and state of iron compounds changed under microorganism activity. The ex-situ test detected high NDFO and Feammox activities, with values of 1.02 ± 0.23 and 0.16 ± 0.04 mgN/gVSS/h. The enrichment of NDFO bacteria (Gallionellaceae, 0.73%-1.43%–0.74%) and Feammox bacteria (Alicycliphilus, 1.51%-0.88%–2.30%) indicated that collaboration between various functional microorganisms led to autotrophic nitrogen removal. Hence, zeolite/iron-modified biocarrier could drive the Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycle to remove nitrogen autotrophically from eutrophic water without carbon and Fe resource addition.