Biological Activities Of Chitosan Research Articles

Development of Chitosan-Based Films Incorporated with Chestnut Flower Essential Oil That Possess Good Anti-Ultraviolet Radiation and Antibacterial Effects for Banana Storage

New and valuable packaging materials, with high biocompatibility and biodegradability, have garnered attention in recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characterization and biological activities of chitosan (CH)-based composite films with the incorporation of chestnut flower essential oil (CFEO). The composite films were prepared by the casting method and characterized in terms of structural, morphological, and mechanical properties via FT-IR, XRD, UV, SEM, AFM, and TGA. Antibacterial properties were investigated using Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Calletotrichum musae. Antioxidant capabilities were measured by DPPH assay. The results proved the significantly increased water vapor permeability (WVP), heat resistance, and antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities of CH-CFEO films. The incorporation of CH and CFEO enhanced UV blocking, which made the film shield almost all UV light. Films with a tensile strength of 6.37 ± 0.41 MPa and an elongation at break of 22.57 ± 0.35% were obtained with 6 mg mL−1 of CFEO. Subsequently, banana preservation experiments also confirmed that the composite films could effectively extend shelf life through reducing weight loss. These desirable performances enable our newly developed composite films to be a remarkable packaging material to become alternatives to traditional petroleum-based food-packaging materials and solve the fresh fruit preservation dilemma.

Chitosan-Based Materials: An Overview of Potential Applications in Food Packaging.

Chitosan is a multifunctional biopolymer that is widely used in the food and medical fields because of its good antibacterial, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibiting activity and its degradability. The biological activity of chitosan as a new food preservation material has gradually become a hot research topic. This paper reviews recent research on the bioactive mechanism of chitosan and introduces strategies for modifying and applying chitosan for food preservation and different preservation techniques to explore the potential application value of active chitosan-based food packaging. Finally, issues and perspectives on the role of chitosan in enhancing the freshness of food products are presented to provide a theoretical basis and scientific reference for subsequent research.

A Novel Approach of Chitosan and Its Derivatives Bioactivity Against The Pinworm Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) مقاربة جديدة للنشاط الحيوي للشيتوزان ومشتقاته ضد الدودة الدبوسية توتا أبسلوتا

The present study was carried out to evaluate the relative insecticidal and biological activity of chitosan and its derivativesagainst the 2nd larval instar of T. absoluta compared to the unprecedented insecticide chloroanatrilprole (Coragen) using standardized method of bioassay under laboratory conditions. The larvacidal activity for the different treatments against 2nd instar larvae of T. absoluta were predestined. Also, effect of the tested agents on growth inhibition, antifeedant and life-cycle of the tested insect were determined. The results revealed that chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) was the most effective treatment against 2nd larval instar and eggs deposited per gravid female of T. absoluta. while, chitosan hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (NPs) was the highest effective treatment on growth inhibition and antifeedant. All tested agents disrupted life cycle of the tested insect under laboratory conditions. Therefore, this study suggests the possible using of chitosan and its derivativesas safe alternatives to conventional insecticide and compatible with integrated pest management practices.

Biological activities of chitosan and prepared chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles using ionic gelation method against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi strains

Chitosan is a cationic natural polymer which has been widely used in various areas. Present study focused on the preparation of the chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) throughout ionic gelation method and using tripolyphosphate (TPP), as non-toxic polyanion counter-ions. Chitosan NPs solutions were prepared by mixing of the 10 mL chitosan solutions, with different concentrations (1, 2 and 3 mg/mL), and different amounts of the TPP (4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 mL) at 35 °C. Physico-chemical characteristics of prepared chitosan NPs solutions were evaluated using FT-IR, DLS, TEM and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Achieved results indicated that optimum conditions to prepare opalescent chitosan NPs suspension achieved by using 10 mL of chitosan solution (3 mg/mL) and 14 mL TPP. The provided chitosan NPs at these conditions had highest turbidity (0.317 a.u.) and zeta potential (+15.9 mV) values. The formed spherical chitosan NPs in the solution had minimum mean particle size of 20 nm. Antibacterial activities analysis against both Gram positive and negative bacteria strains indicated that the formed chitosan NPs had higher bactericidal effects as compared to the chitosan solution. Obtained results also revealed that both chitosan solution (3 mg/mL) and its prepared NPs had strong fungicidal activity against Aspergillus flavus.

Evaluation the biological activities of chitosan and O-carboxymethyl chitosan extracted from crab shell waste

The main objective of this study is to prepare chitosan and O-carboxymethyl chitosan and evaluate their biological activities in vitro. In this study, twenty crab shells were collected from locally fish restaurant in the city of Tanta, Egypt. Chitosan has been produced from crab waste by chemical method then modified by introducing carboxymethyl group into its back bone. The antibacterial activity of chitosan and O-carboxymethyl chitosan was tested against multidrug-resistant bacteria by cut-plug method. It was found that the antibacterial activity of modified chitosan was better than the native one. On the other hand, the cytotoxicity of chitosan and O-carboxymethyl chitosan was tested on liver carcinoma cell line HEPG-2 and normal human fibroblast cells (WISH 38). They recorded cytotoxic activities on liver carcinoma cell line, while their toxicities on normal human fibroblast cells were negligible. Finally, their antibacterial activity was evaluated in vivo; the results showed that they were highly active and safe in the treatment of wound infection.

Chitosan/hollow silica sphere nanocomposites for wound healing application

Abstract

Chitosan Hydrogels and Bionanocomposites Formed through the Mineralization and Regulated Charging.

The account presents survey of our systematic studies on chitosan. Only this polysaccharide bears cationic charges, possesses antimicrobial activity and wound healing ability that make it highly appropriate for using in medicine, biomedical engineering, cosmetics, food, packaging. However, its application meets with severe limitation. Chitosan belongs to polysaccharides that do not jellify solutions. Main approaches are based on the chemical modifications and cross-linking, but these treatments impairs therewith the biocompatibility and biological activity of chitosan. We have developed approaches in which monolithic hydrogels are fabricated via the mineralization of polysaccharide by method of green sol-gel chemistry and via the formation of polyelectrolyte complex with oppositely charged counterparts in the regime of its charging by means of regulated acidification. The latter approach was also extended for the preparation of chitosan bionanocomposites and films with nanoparticles.

β-Chitin and chitosan from squid gladius: Biological activities of chitosan and its application as clarifying agent for apple juice

Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in biomass after cellulose and the term chitosan usually refers to a family of polymers obtained after chitin deacetylation. The aim of this work was the preparation and the characterization of chitin and chitosan from the gladius (pen) of the European squid (Loligo vulgaris). A high level of deproteinization (more than 80%) was recorded using Alcalase® with an enzyme/protein ratio of 10U/mg. The demineralization of the gladius was completely achieved within 8h at room temperature in HCl. 13C NMR, FTIR, and XRD diffractograms of prepared chitin and chitosan were taken and then degree of deacetylation of chitosan was calculated using 13C CP/MAS-NMR Spectroscopic. Further, in vitro antioxidant capacity of chitosan was evaluated on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method (IC50=3.2mgmL−1) and the β-carotene bleaching assay (IC50=3.3mgmL−1). Antimicrobial activity was also investigated and assays indicated that prepared chitosan exhibited marked inhibitory activity against all microbial strains tested. Additionally, chitosan was tested such as clarifying agent for apple juice and showed powerful clarification capability, without affecting nutritional value. Furthermore, the results suggested that prepared chitosan could be used as alternative additive in pharmaceutical preparations and food industry.

CHITOSAN: A REVIEW ON ITS VARIED NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

Chitosan and its nanoparticles, which are being studied extensively to understand their varied and unique functional properties, have attracted considerable interest due to their biological activities and potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical and environmental industries. This review focuses on the biological activities of Chitosan and its nanoparticles, based on others’ latest research results, including antitumor and anticancer effects, antimicrobial, wound healing activities, food preservative and so on, which are all correlated with their structural and physiological properties. The objective of this review is to give in-depth and comprehensive insights into the functionality of chitosan and its nanoparticles and a study of their inherent industrial and therapeutic applications. Key words- Chitosan, nanoparticles, wound healing, antitumor, antimicrobial

Production of bioactive chitosan oligosaccharides using the hypertransglycosylating chitinase-D from Serratia proteamaculans

The biological activities of chitosan and its oligosaccharides are greatly influenced by properties such as the degree of polymerization (DP), degree of acetylation (DA) and pattern of acetylation (PA). Here, structurally diverse chitosan oligosaccharides from chitosan polymers (DA=35% or 61%) were generated using Serratia proteamaculans wild-type chitinase D (SpChiD) and the W114A mutant which lacks transglycosylase activity. The crude oligosaccharide mixtures and purified fractions with specific DP and DA ranges were tested for their ability to induce an oxidative burst in rice cell suspension cultures. The crude mixtures were more active when produced by the W114A mutant whereas the purified fractions were more active when produced by wild-type SpChiD. Neither hydrolysis nor transglycosylation by SpChiD was inhibited in the presence of fully-deacetylated oligosaccharides, suggesting that SpChiD could be exploited to generate oligosaccharides with defined DA and PA values.

Effect of quaternization degree on physiochemical and biological activities of chitosan from squid pens

Chitosan was prepared by alkaline N-deacetylation of β-chitin from squid pens, and N-(2-hydroxy) propyl-3-trimethyl ammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC) derivatives, with different degrees of quaternization (DQ) ranging from 0.77 to 1.06, were synthesized. It was identified by FT-IR, 1H NMR and XRD analysis. All of the HTCC showed good water solubility in a wide pH range. The moisture absorption and retention abilities of all the HTCC were much better than that of the chitosan. The moisture absorption and retention values of all the HTCC at 43% RH for 24h were above 49% and 92%, respectively. The scavenging ability of HTCC against hydroxyl and ABTS radicals improved with increasing concentration. The effectiveness of HTCC against hydroxyl radicals was lower than that of chitosan. These results indicated that HTCC, which has a much better moisture absorption and retention capacity, may act as a potential moisturizer in vitro.

Endotoxins affect diverse biological activity of chitosans in matters of hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility.

Chitosan is used in several pharmaceutical and medical applications, owing to its good cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility. However, there are conflicting reports regarding the biological activities of chitosan with some studies reporting anti-inflammatory properties while others report pro-inflammatory properties. In this regards we analyzed the endotoxin content in five different chitosans and examined these chitosans with their different deacetylation degrees for their hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility. Therefore, we incubated primary human endothelial cells or whole blood with different chitosan concentrations and studied the protein and mRNA expression of different inflammatory markers or cytokines. Our data indicate a correlation of the endotoxin content and cytokine up-regulation in whole blood for Poly-Morpho-Nuclear (PMN)-Elastase, soluble terminal complement complex SC5b-9, complement component C5/C5a, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, Interleukin-8 (IL), IL-10, IL-13, IL-17E, Il-32α and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. In contrast, the incubation of low endotoxin containing chitosans with primary endothelial cells resulted in increased expression of E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion protein-1, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in endothelial cells. We suggest that the endotoxin content in chitosan plays a major role in the biological activity of chitosan. Therefore, we strongly recommend analysis of the endotoxin concentration in chitosan, before further determining if it has pro- or anti-inflammatory properties or if it is applicable for pharmaceutical and medical fields.

Topological modeling of the reactive capacity and biological activity of some amino-polysaccharides

The work is devoted to a microscopic analysis of the reactive capacity of chitin. An algorithm for modeling the deacetylation reaction in a monomeric unit of chitin is described. The reaction coordinate and the potential energy surface topography are determined taking into account the electron-vibrational interaction and low-symmetry perturbations within Jahn-Teller theory. Based on this algorithm, the topological modeling of the deacetylation process is performed for the first time and a mechanism of the biological activity of chitosan is proposed.

Chitooligosaccharides decreases plasma lipid levels in healthy men

Chitosan, which is derived from chitin, has drawn much attention due to its low toxicity and potential use in medical and pharmaceutical applications. The biological activities of chitosan have been shown to depend on its molecular weight (MW) and degree of deacetylation. In this study, we investigated whether oral chitooligosaccharides, which are easily absorbed into the body, can reduce the plasma level of lipid in smokers and non-smokers because smoking is a high-risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. All healthy men (11 smokers and 8 non-smokers) consumed 500 mg of chitooligosaccharides in water twice daily before a meal (breakfast and dinner) over a 6-week period. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly decreased in both the smoker group and non-smoker group when compared with baseline. These results suggest that low MW chitooligosaccharides would be an effective dietary supplement for lowering cholesterol level.

Biological activities of chitosan and chitooligosaccharides

Chitosan and its oligosaccharides, which are known to possess multiple functional properties, have attracted considerable interest due to their biological activities and potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, agricultural and environmental industries. Many researchers have focused on chitosan as a potential source of bioactive materials in the past few decades. This review focuses on the biological activities of chitosan and chitooligosaccharides based on our and others’ latest research results, including hypocholesterolemic, antimicrobial, immunostimulating, antitumor and anticancer effects, accelerating calcium and iron absorption, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities and so on, which are all correlated with their structures and physicochemical properties. The bioactivities summarized here may provide novel insights into the functions of chitosan, its derivatives or oligosaccharides and potentially enable their use as functional-food components and additives.

Ability of the polysaccharide chitosan to inhibit proliferation of CD4+ lymphocytes from mucosal inductive sites, in vitro and in vivo

After oral administration of chitosan (a copolymer of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine), mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymphocytes exhibited traits of anergy, a process coupled with inability of mature T cells to proliferate. We wondered whether biological activity of chitosan could be affecting division of lymphocytes at the mucosal inductive sites. We studied the effect of chitosan on proliferation of carboxyfluorescein diacetate-labelled MLN lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A in vitro. We assessed expression of CD25 and CD71 activation markers and pro-apoptotic molecule CD95L. Moreover, we studied the effect of chitosan ex vivo, in carboxyfluorescein diacetate-labelled MLN cells isolated after feeding single or repetitive doses of the polysaccharide, and we evaluated cell cycle parameters. Chitosan suppressed cell proliferation and down-modulated expression of CD25 in these MLN CD4+ cells isolated from normal rats. After in vivo contact, chitosan inhibited proliferation of MLN cells and reduced secretion of interferon-gamma. Furthermore, sustained feeding produced reduction in percentage of CD4+ cells in S phase of the cell cycle. Here we demonstrate the ability of chitosan to suppress proliferation of CD4+ lymphocytes from mucosal inductive sites in vivo and in vitro This effect could be relevant in modulatory activity of chitosan in the intestinal microenvironment.

Chitosan as a MAMP, searching for a PRR

Chitosan, a deacetylated chitin derivative, behaves like a general elicitor, inducing a non-host resistance and priming a systemic acquired immunity. The defence responses elicited by chitosan include rising of cytosolic H* and Ca2+, activation of MAP-kinases, callose apposition, oxidative burst, hypersensitive response (HR), synthesis of abscissic acid (ABA), jasmonate, phytoalexins and pathogenesis related (PR) proteins. Putative receptors for chitosan are a chitosan-binding protein, recently isolated, and possibly the chitin elicitor-binding protein (CEBiP). Nevertheless, it must be pointed out that biological activity of chitosan, besides the plant model, strictly depends on its physicochemical properties (deacetylation degree, molecular weight and viscosity), and that there is a threshold for chitosan concentration able to switch the induction of a cell death programme into necrotic cell death (cytotoxicity).

Preparation and biological activities of chitosan from the larvae of housefly, Musca domestica

Many studies have indicated that the larvae of housefly possess excellent nutritional and pharmacological value. In the present study, the chitosan was isolated from the larvae of housefly, Musca domestica. Its antioxidant potencies were examined employing various established in vitro systems, such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, reducing power and metal ion chelating activity, and inhibitory effects against human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) and mouse sarcoma-180 (S-180) tumor cells were also tested. The results showed that the chitosan had stronger scavenging activity on DPPH radical than ascorbic acid. The half effective concentration on DPPH radical was approximately 0.373 mg/mL. The chitosan showed efficient reducing power and considerable ferrous ions chelating potency in this study. Moreover, chitosan from housefly larvae also exhibited significant antitumor activity against HeLa and S-180 tumor cell lines in vitro. The inhibitory effects of showed a dose-dependent manner and reached 50.8%, 52.9% at 1 mg/mL, respectively. These in vitro results suggested that the chitosan from the larvae of housefly could be effectively used as a natural antioxidant to protect the human body from free radicals and retard the progress of many chronic diseases. Furthermore, the chitosan with antitumor activity from the larvae of housefly might provide useful information for the development of antitumor drugs.

An in vitro cellular analysis of the radical scavenging efficacy of chitooligosaccharides

Despite extensive study on biological activities of chitosan and chitooligosaccharides (COS), there is no experimental evidence available as to COS mediated inhibition of free radical damage in cellular oxidizing systems. In this study, radical scavenging efficacies of different molecular weight bearing COS were assessed and their intracellular radical scavenging effects were tested employing B16F1, murine melanoma cell line. The results exhibited appreciable suppression in occurrence of intracellular radical species in the presence of low molecular weight bearing COS (<1 kDa) confirming low molecular weight is important for observed activities in biological systems. However, DNA oxidation carried out in the presence of COS clearly exhibited that COS exert protective effect on oxidative damage of purified genomic DNA regardless of molecular weight. Low molecular weight bearing COS was observed to be successively participated in suppression of NF-κB gene promoter activity suggesting its capability to prevent oxidative stress related disease complications. Moreover, induction of intracellular glutathione (GSH) level in the presence of COS promoted the effectiveness of COS to act against cellular oxidative stress.

Effect of Chitosan on Cucumber Plants: Suppression ofPythium aphanidermatumand Induction of Defense Reactions

Biological activity of chitosan on Pythium rot of cucumber was investigated. Growing cucumber plants in the presence of chitosan (100 or 400 μg/ml) controlled root rot caused by Pythium aphanidermatum and triggered several host defense responses, including the induction of structural barriers in root tissues and the stimulation of antifungal hydrolases (chitinase, chitosanase, and β-1,3-glucanase) in both the roots and leaves. Whereas chitosan did not cause any apparent phytotoxicity to cucumber plants, it adversely affected the growth of P. aplnanidermatum. A close examination of hyphal cells revealed that chitosan caused wall loosening, vacuolation, and, in some cases, protoplasm disintegration [...]