Biological Activities Of Essential Oils Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Chemical Profiles and Biological Activities of Essential Oils Derived from Torreya grandis Arils and Leaves: In Vitro and In Silico Studies.

Torreya grandis (T. grandis, Taxaceae) is a well-known nut tree species. Its fruit aril and leaves possess a unique aroma, making it an ideal natural raw material for extracting essential oils (EOs). This study aims to comprehensively compare the composition, biological activities, and pharmacological mechanism of EOs extracted from the arils (AEO) and leaves (LEO) of T. grandis. The results revealed that the chemical composition of the two EOs was highly consistent, with α-pinene and D-limonene as the main components. Both EOs significantly reduced cellular melanin production and inhibited tyrosinase activity in α-MSH-stimulated B16 cells (p < 0.05). AEO and LEO suppressed inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, significantly inhibiting cellular NO production and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 (p < 0.05). A network pharmacology analysis reveals that AEO and LEO share similar molecular mechanisms and pharmacological pathways for treating skin pigmentation and inflammation. Regulating inflammatory cytokines may be a critical pathway for AEO and LEO in treating skin pigmentation. These findings suggest that AEO and LEO have potential for cosmetic applications. The leaves of T. grandis could be a valuable source of supplementary materials for producing T. grandis aril EO.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Oreocallis grandiflora

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Oreocallis grandiflora

Lipids, Profile, and Biological Activity of Essential Oil from Roots of Ferula kyzylkumica

Lipids, Profile, and Biological Activity of Essential Oil from Roots of Ferula kyzylkumica

Possibility of Combined Use of Thymol and Carvacrol to Control the Number of Peach Aphids Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776)

The wide range of biological activity of essential oils in relation to pests gives reason to consider them as additional plant protection products and in other measures aimed at reducing the number of harmful arthropods. This paper presents the results of a study of the biological activity of a mixture of thymol and carvacrol, which are part of the essential oils of many plants, including oregano Origanum vulgare L. for the peach aphid Myzus persicae. The use of essential oil and a mixture of its components as fumigants has demonstrated their high aphidocidal potential. When processing the leaves of a forage plant (beans), the ability of a mixture of thymol and carvacrol to reduce the viability of female aphids and the number of offspring was established, and on vegetative plants (pepper) to negatively affect the survival of individuals of the daughter generation in the preimaginal period. The short duration of action allows the use of oils and individual components in conjunction with biological control agents and pollinators, and assumes a slight or complete absence of residues in food products. Preparations based on essential oils of plants can be used immediately before harvesting, due to the minimum waiting period.

Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils in the family Lamiaceae

Abstract The family Lamiaceae, commonly known as the mint family, comprises a diverse group of aromatic plants known for their rich essential oil content. This systematic review aims to comprehensively evaluate the chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils derived from various species within the Lamiaceae family. A thorough literature search was conducted across reputable scientific databases, resulting in a meticulous selection of studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The review synthesizes findings from a wide range of investigations, highlighting the chemical constituents present in Lamiaceae-derived essential oils. Major components such as monoterpenes (e.g., limonene, menthol) and sesquiterpenes (e.g., caryophyllene, germacrene) are commonly identified across various species. Moreover, this review provides an extensive overview of the diverse biological activities associated with these essential oils, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and insecticidal properties. Furthermore, the systematic review discusses potential applications and implications of Lamiaceae-derived essential oils in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and food preservation. The comprehensive analysis presented in this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and industries interested in harnessing the immense potential of essential oils from the Lamiaceae family for a wide array of applications. Future research directions are also suggested based on identified knowledge gaps in the existing literature.

Chemical composition and biological activity of essential oil from anise hyssop

Anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze) is a perennial plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family mainly used in folk medicine to treat various ailments. This study determined the chemical composition of the essential oil and evaluated its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The essential oil was obtained from plants cultivated in the experimental field at the Institute of Roses, Essential and Medical Plants, Kazanlak, Bulgaria. The plants were processed by steam distillation, with the essential oil yielding 0.37%, and its main components being methyl chavicol (82.03%) and limonene (9.90%). The most potent antimicrobial action was observed against the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (25.7 mm inhibition zone) and Bacillus cereus (12.3 mm), the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (16.3 mm) and Candida albicans (16.5 mm). The remaining gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis), gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella ebony), and fungi (Aspergillus brasiliensis and Fusarium moniliforme) were resistant to the action of the essential oil. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was ABTS (32.36 µmol TE/mL), DPPH (21.61 µmol TE/mL), CUPRAC (19.94 µmol TE/mL), and FRAP (29.56 µmol TE/mL) in vitro. Overall, the results from this study revealed the biological potential of anise hyssop as a source in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic applications.

Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil of the Malaysian endemic Syzygium variolosum (King) Chantar. & J.Parn

This study was designed to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil of Syzygium variolosum (King) Chantar. & J.Parn. and their cytotoxicity, acetylcholinesterase, antityrosinase, and anti-inflammatory activities. In total, 32 chemical components were identified in the essential oil, which made up 98.9%. The essential oil is mainly composed of β-elemene (20.2%), bicyclogermacrene (13.5%), viridiflorol (11.1%), globulol (8.6%), and selin-11-en-4α-ol (5.3%). Acetylcholinesterase, antityrosinase, and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated with the Ellman method, mushroom tyrosinase, and lipoxygenase enzymes, respectively, while cytotoxicity was assessed using an MTT assay. The results showed that essential oil gave significant percentage inhibition (I%: acetylcholinesterase 35.2%, antityrosinase 42.5%, lipoxygenase 48.6%). Furthermore, the essential oil exhibited cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines, HepG2, MCF7, and A549, with IC50 values ranging from 90.2 to 95.2 μg/mL. The current study highlights the potential of the use of essential oils as an alternative to the development of pharmaceutical antichemopreventives or cosmetics.

Phytochemical Characterization and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Satureja montana L., a Medicinal Plant Grown under the Influence of Fertilization and Planting Dates.

The rising demand for safe plant compounds and herbal products that contribute positively to human health is in line with current market trends. Plants belonging to the Satureja genus, particularly the aromatic medicinal S. montana L. from the Lamiaceae family, are well suited to these trends as they serve as pharmaceutical raw materials. This research aimed to assess the influence of sowing date and fertilization doses, as well as their interaction, on the fresh weight, essential oil content, and composition of S. montana. Experimental cultivation involved varying nitrogen and phosphorus levels. The second cut had the highest fresh weight and oil production compared to the first cut. The highest total plant biomass was achieved with autumn sowing and fertilization at 55 kg N/ha and 37 kg P/ha, whereas Spring sowing exhibited higher essential oil production, with the maximum oil % with 74 kg P/ha and oil yield after applying 55 kg N/ha and 74 kg P/ha. The GC-MS analysis revealed that carvacrol was the predominant compound, with it being recommended to grow S. montana in Spring at doses of 55 kg N/ha and 74 kg P/ha for the superior oil yield. Additionally, S. montana essential oil demonstrated notable biological and antimicrobial activity, positioning it as a potential alternative to chemical food preservatives.

Biological activity of essential oils of Calocedrus decurrens and Cupressus arizonica on Lymantria dispar larvae and Phytophthora root pathogens

Composition of Calocedrus decurrens and Cupressus arizonica essential oils (CDEO and CAEO, respectively), their antifeedant activity on spongy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae, as well as their antimicrobial activity on three Phytophthora species were investigated. In leaves of these two conifers from the Cupressaceae family, monoterpenes strongly dominated (90.5 and 85.0%, respectively), but their terpene profiles were different. The dominant compound of CDEO was δ-3-carene (49.5%), followed by myrcene (9.4%), terpinolene (8.6%) and α-pinene (7.0%). In CAEO, the most dominant compounds were limonene (23.3%) and α-pinene (20.5%), followed by umbellulone (12.0%) and terpinen-4-ol (9.5%). CDEO showed a strong antifeedant activity, while leaf discs treated with CAEO had phagostimulatory effect on spongy moth larvae. CAEO had no significant effect on relative consumption and larval growth rate, while CDEO reduced consumption and stimulated growth at the lowest EO concentration (0.05%). Both EOs significantly affected the growth of colonies of the Phytophthora species tested. At concentrations of 0.5% and 1%, a 100% inhibition was observed in almost all experimental groups, with the exception of P. plurivora on 0.5% CDEO. At a concentration of 0.1% inhibition rate varied from 15% in P. ×cambivora treated with CDEO to 90% in P. quercina treated with CAEO. These findings indicate that these two EOs could be used to control tree pests.

Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils of seven Cultivated Apiaceae species

The Apiaceae family contains many species used as food, spice and medicinal purposes. Different parts of plants including seeds could be used to obtain essential (EO) oils from members of the Apiaceae family. In the present study, EOs were components obtained through hydrodistillation from the seeds of anise (Pimpinella anisum), carrot (Daucus carota), celery (Apium graveolens), dill (Anethum graveolens), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), and cumin (Cuminum cyminum). EO constituents were determined with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) and Gas Chromatography/Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and their antioxidant capacities were determined with the cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) methods. The antimicrobial activity of EOs were tested against four pathogenic bacteria. Phenylpropanoids in anise (94.87%) and fennel (92.52%), oxygenated monoterpenes in dill (67.59%) and coriander (98.96%), monoterpene hydrocarbons in celery (75.42%), mono- (45.42%) and sesquiterpene- (43.25%) hydrocarbons in carrots, monoterpene hydrocarbon (34.30%) and aromatic hydrocarbons (32.92%) in cumin were the major compounds in the EOs. Anethole in anise and fennel, carotol in carrot, limonene in celery, carvone in dill, linalool in coriander, and cumin aldehyde in cumin were predominant compounds in these EOs. The high hydrocarbon content in cumin EO gave high CUPRAC activity (89.07 µmol Trolox g−1), and the moderate monoterpene hydrocarbon and oxygenated monoterpene content in dill EO resulted in higher DPPH activity (9.86 µmol Trolox g−1). The in vitro antibacterial activity of EOs against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli was evaluated using the agar diffusion method and the minimum bactericidal concentration was determined. Coriander, cumin and dill EOs showed inhibitory effect against all tested strains except P. aeruginosa. While fennel and celery EOs were effective against E. coli and B. cereus strains, respectively, anise and carrot EOs did not show any antibacterial effect against the tested bacteria. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) produced four groups based on EO constituents of seven species. The potential adoption of the cultivated Apiaceae species for EO extraction could be beneficial for the wild species that are endangered by over collection and consumption.

Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils and extract of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook

In this study, the leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook (Lemon-Scented Eucalyptus) were harvested and collected from Üzümlü neighborhood of Fethiye district of Muğla in 2021. Chemical content analysis of steam distillation and hydrodistillation of essential oils were determined by GC-MS, while phenolic content of methanol extract was determined by HPLC-DAD. Antioxidant activities of essential oils and methanol extracts were determined by DPPH radical removal, ABTS cation removal, β-carotene linoleic acid, and CUPRAC activity methods; Anticholinesterase activity against AChE and BChE enzymes was determined by Ellman method; and tyrosinase inhibition associated with melanin hyperpigmentation, α-amylase inhibition, and α-glucosidase inhibition activities associated with diabetes were determined as an in vitro. The bioactivities and chemical contents of E. citriodora species, a great value of, Türkiye, were determined, bringing new natural products to organic chemistry. As a result of the study, new bioactive extracts would be obtained and thus, they can effectively reveal the potential of new business opportunities. Since methanol extract is effective against incurable diseases such as Alzheimer's and diabetes, it will also be possible to develop therapeutics of such diseases by investigating the advanced chemistry and in vivo activities of the extracts with new projects.

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils and Crude Extracts of &lt;em&gt;Dittrichia viscosa maritime&lt;/em&gt; (L.), an Aromatic and Medicinal Plant from Northern Morocco

Dittrichia viscosa, a perennial herb belonging to the Asteraceae family, was collected in a coastal site located in northern Morocco. This study focused on exploring the phytochemical composition and biological activities of essential oils (EOs) and solvents (methanol and acetone) extract of leaves, stems, and flowers. Total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents were determined, and the result showed a high level of TPC and TFC in leaves with the values of 127.61 mg GAEs/g and 117.82 mg CEs/g, respectively. HPLC-MS analysis highlighted 18 phenolic acids and flavonoids, with notable quantities of apigenin 7-glucoside (2233 μg/g) and chlorogenic acid (1429 μg/g). GC‒MS analysis of EOs allowed the identification of 27 biologically active compounds, dominated by decanoic acid (20.98%) and toluene (19.66%). Regarding the biological activities, antioxidant activity was evaluated through the DPPH test, while antifungal activity was tested using the microdilution method. The most potent antioxidant effect was observed in the methanol extract of leaves, with a value of 0.18 mg/mL, while the weakest effect was noted in the acetone extract of flowers, registering a value of 1.63 mg/mL. Similarly, the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts surpassed that of acetonic extracts in each part of D. viscosa. Concerning antifungal activity, the findings reveal that all extracts demonstrated important capacity against the tested pathogens. The methanolic extract displayed high efficacy compared to the acetonic one, with MFC values ranging between 1.94-3.38 mg/mL and 2.88-4.75 for Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Trichophyton rubrum, respectively. However, for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, the MFCs were higher (7.5-8.5 mg/mL). Regarding EOs, the MFCs were more favorable for the three human pathogenic fungi, ranging between 1.88 and 3.35 µL/mL, compared to F. oxysporum, which has an MFCs of 3.5 µL/mL. In summary, the findings demonstrated that D. viscosa could be considered a useful alternative and reliable source of bioactive compounds for the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries.

Investigation of biological activities of essential oil obtained from peel of wild orange in Quang Ngai by steam distillation

Wild orange abundantly and naturally occuring in mountainous regions of Western Quang Ngai (Vietnam) has been commonly collected and consumed as a unique fruit with a low economic value. In this study, to propose the healthy benefits from this wild fruit, steam distillation was applied to extract essential oil from its peel with an extraction efficiency of approx. 3.85 wt.%. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to evaluate the chemical makeup of the essential oil obtained, in which, D-limonene (78.4%) and β-myrcene (2.4%) were found to be the most significant among 44 detected compounds. The in vitro antifungal activity of the essential oil against Candida Albicans (C.albicans) and Malassezia Furfur (M.furfur) was discovered using the zone-of-inhibition (ZOI) method. The experimental result showed that the inhibition to C.albicans was significant at a high concentration of the essential oil while the inhibition to M.furfur was better even at a low concentration (2.5 mg/mL) with an inhibitory ring diameter of 27 ± 0.3 mm, proving the great potential of this essential oil towards pharmaceutical and biological applications.

In Vitro Antiviral and Anticancer Effects of Tanacetum sinaicum Essential Oil on Human Cervical and Breast Cancer.

Cervical cancer has been linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18. Essential oils (EOs) are vital natural products of plants with various therapeutic and biological properties. The purpose of this study is to investigate and assess Tanacetum sinaicum essential oil's possible antiviral and anticancer properties, with a focus on its in vitro effects on human cervical cancer and human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines. Tanacetum sinaicum EO was extracted via hydrodistillation (HD) and characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). MTT assay was used to determine the cell viability of Hela (a human epithelial cervical cancer) and MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) cell lines. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was utilized to assess the antiviral efficacy of EO against HPV-16 and 18, and anti-metastatic characteristics. The biological activity of EO was assessed using Autophage and Cell genotoxicity via the comet assay. EO is mostly composed of chrysanthenyl acetate, thujone, and verbenol. The cell viability was reduced after 24 hours of incubation at doses from 100 to 400 µg/ml. Concentrations of 800 to 3,200 µg/ml significantly inhibit cell growth. After a 24-hour incubation period, doses ranging from 100 to 400 µg/ml reduced cell viability from 62 to 72%. Concentrations of 800 to 3,200 µg/ml significantly suppress cell growth by over 95%. In MCF7 and HeLa cell lines, EO lowered virus copy numbers in a dose-dependent manner, with higher concentrations of the oil inhibiting virus replication more effectively. EO treatment increased the number of autophagosomes/autolysosomes and acidic vesicular organelles in both cell lines. On the HeLa and MCF7 cell lines, EO demonstrated antiproliferative and antimetastatic effects. The results demonstrated that EO had dose-dependent genotoxic effects on both cancer cell lines, as evidenced by DNA damage. Tanacetum sinaicum EO is a prospective source of natural bioactive compounds that can be employed in pharmaceutical and medicinal applications due to its antiviral, antiproliferative, anti-metastatic and genotoxic properties.

Biological activity of essential oils from Ferulago angulata and Ferula assa-foetida against food-related microorganisms (antimicrobial) and Ephestia kuehniella as a storage pest (insecticidal); an in vitro and in silico study

Misuse of synthetic pesticides and antimicrobials in agriculture and the food industry has resulted in food contamination, promoting resistant pests and pathogen strains and hazards for humanity and the environment. Therefore, ever-increasing concern about synthetic chemicals has stimulated interest in eco-friendly compounds. Ferulago angulata (Schltdl.) Boiss. and Ferula assa-foetida L., as medicinal species with restricted natural distribution and unknown biological potential, aimed at investigation of their essential oil (EO) biological properties, were subjected. Z-β-Ocimene and Z-1-Propenyl-sec-butyl disulfide molecules were identified as the major composition of the essential oil of the fruits of F. angulata and F. assa-foetida, respectively. In vitro antimicrobial activity and membrane destruction investigation by scanning electron microscopy imaging illustrated that F. angulata EO had potent antibacterial activity. Besides, the EOs of both plants exhibited significant anti-yeast activity against Candida albicans. In relation to insecticidal activity, both EOs indicated appropriate potential against Ephestia kuehniella; however, the F. assa-foetida EO had more toxicity on the studied pest. Among several insecticidal-related targets, acetylcholinesterase was identified as the main target of EO based on the molecular docking approach. Hence, in line with in vitro results, in silico evaluation determined that F. assa-foetida has a higher potential for inhibiting acetylcholinesterase and, consequently, better insecticide properties. Overall, in addition to the antioxidant properties of both EO, F. angulata EO could serve as an effective prevention against microbial spoilage and foodborne pathogens, and F. assa-foetida EO holds promise as a multi-purpose and natural biocide for yeast contamination and pest management particularly against E. kuehniella.

Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Natural Populations of Artemisia scoparia Collected at Different Altitudes: Antibacterial, Mosquito Repellent, and Larvicidal Effects.

The current study aimed to evaluate the presence of chemical variations in essential oils (EOs) extracted from Artemisia scoparia growing at different altitudes and to reveal their antibacterial, mosquito larvicidal, and repellent activity. The gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of A. scoparia EOs revealed that the major compounds were capillene (9.6-31.8%), methyleugenol (0.2-26.6%), β-myrcene (1.9-21.4%), γ-terpinene (1.5-19.4%), trans-β-caryophyllene (0.8-12.4%), and eugenol (0.1-9.1%). The EO of A. scoparia collected from the city of Attock at low elevation was the most active against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration of 156-1250 µg/mL) and showed the best mosquito larvicidal activity (LC50, 55.3 mg/L). The EOs of A. scoparia collected from the high-altitude areas of Abbottabad and Swat were the most repellent for females of Ae. aegypti and exhibited repellency for 120 min and 165 min, respectively. The results of the study reveal that different climatic conditions and altitudes have significant effects on the chemical compositions and the biological activity of essential oils extracted from the same species.

Volatiles from French and Croatian Sea Fennel Ecotypes: Chemical Profiles and the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiageing Activity of Essential Oils and Hydrolates.

Sea fennel is a halophytic plant rich in valuable nutritional components and is characterized by pleasant organoleptic properties. While its essential oils (EOs) are well investigated, there are no reports on the volatiles from their corresponding hydrolates, which are the main by-products of EO isolation, as well as on their biological activity. Therefore, the composition and biological activities of EOs and corresponding hydrolates of sea fennel from Atlantic (French, FRA) and Mediterranean (Croatian, CRO) ecotypes were investigated and compared. The EO from the CRO sample was characterized by an abundance of sabinene and limonene, while that from the FRA ecotype was rich in dillapiol and carvacryl methyl ether. The CRO hydrolate was rich in terpinen-4-ol and 10-(acetylmethyl)-3-carene, while dillapiol, thymyl methyl ether and γ-terpinene were the main compounds in the FRA sea fennel hydrolate. The biological activities of the EOs and hydrolates were evaluated for their antioxidant (with DPPH, NO, FRAP and ORAC bioassays), antimicrobial (against some Gram+ and Gram- spoilage bacteria) and antiageing (tyrosinase, elastase and collagenase inhibition) activities. Both EOs showed low reducing powers and antiradical activities while the ability of both hydrolates to quench NO was slightly higher (35-39% if inhibition). The FRA EO showed low activity against Staphylococcus aureus (8 mm), while CRO moderately inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa (8 mm), but strongly inhibited the other two bacterial strains. While the French EO showed no antityrosinase and anticollagenase activity, the Croatian oil significantly inhibited both enzymes (IC50 of 650 µg/mL and IC50 of 2570 µg/mL, respectively) probably due to the dominance of limonene and sabinene. Neither EO exhibited antielastase properties, while the hydrolates from both ecotypes showed no antiageing activity, regardless of the enzyme tested. The EOs from the aerial parts of sea fennel from FRA and CRO differed greatly in composition, resulting in different activities. The Croatian samples appeared to have better biological properties and are therefore good candidates for applications as preservatives or antiageing agents.

Pharmacological activities of essential oils from some flowers, plants and aromatic seeds – A review

Volatile oils or essential oils are the secondary plant metabolites producing from different plant parts like flowers, leaves, fruits, seeds, stem, roots and their barks. These are chemically classified as terpenoids, which are hydrocarbons with a hydroxyl or carbonyl group. These are having different organic exercises and utilized as cure in Gastrointestinal issues, cold, hack, skin illnesses and so forth. These oils revealed for their pharmacological impacts like enemy of oxidant, hostile to bacterial, mitigating exercises and as Carminative. Ayurveda's founding country is India. There are numerous plants in India that can produce essential oils, which are frequently used in our daily lives. In this review, we want to talk about the biological activities of essential oils that come from flowers (like rose, jasmine, chrysanthemum, marigold), plant leaves (like marjoram, coriander, and mentha), and aromatic seeds (like fennel, caraway, cumin, and coriander), all of which are consumed on a daily basis and contribute to the cleanliness of our environment and health.

Volatile Compounds and Potential Biological Activities of Essential Oil of Citrus amblycarpa Hassk. Ochse

Volatile Compounds and Potential Biological Activities of Essential Oil of Citrus amblycarpa Hassk. Ochse

Biological activities of essential oils: A mini-review

Essential oils (EOs) are derived from plants and exhibit diverse biological activities, including antiviral, anticancer and antimicrobial effects. This review offers a thorough examination of their chemical composition and biological properties, which are crucial for pharmaceutical, medical, and agricultural applications. EOs exhibit potent antimicrobial action against various bacteria and fungi, including drug-resistant strains, and display promising antiviral activity against influenza, herpes, and HIV. Additionally, they show potential as anticancer agents, inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. Despite their benefits, challenges such as low solubility and stability limit their use. Innovative strategies such as nanoencapsulation aim to enhance their efficacy.