Biohydrogenation Of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

In vitro Study of Neem Bark Extract on Rumen Fermentation and Biohydrogenation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

In vitro Study of Neem Bark Extract on Rumen Fermentation and Biohydrogenation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

In vitro assessment of ruminal biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets with different types and levels of protected fat and diverse sources of fibre.

The objective was to assess the in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics, methane production, and biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids of diets with two protected fat (PF) sources from soybean or linseed oil, two levels of PF (0 and 6%) and two forage sources (canola silage (CS) or alfalfa hay (AH)) in a factorial 2x2x2 completely randomised design. Only fatty acids content at final incubation was affected (P<0.05) by triple interaction, where C18:2 was highest with AH plus 6% soybean PF (4.41mg/g DM), while C18:3 was with CS plus 6% linseed oil protected (1.98mg/g DM). C18:2 cis-9 trans-11 had high concentration (308 mg/g DM; P<0.05) with AH plus 6% PF regardless PF type, and C18:1 trans-11 was higher with 6% PF than without PF (13.41 vs 7.89 mg/g DM). Cumulative methane production was not affected by treatments (0.9973 ± 0.1549 mmol/g DM; P>0.05). Gas production and in vitro NDF digestibility were lower with 6% PF of linseed than soybean (160.88 vs 150.97 ml; and 69.28vs 62.89 %, respectively P<0.05). With linseed PF the NH3-N concentration was highest in CS than AH (41.27 vs 27.95 mg/dL; P<0.05) but IVDMD had the opposite result (78.54 vs 85.04). In conclusion, although methane production was not affected and in vitro digestibility and gas production were reduced with linseed PF, the concentration of C18:3 and C18:1 trans-11 was increased, which could improve the lipid profile of milk. The negative effects on digestibility were less with AH than of CS regardless of PF type and level.

Effects of sunflower oil infusions of Asparagopsis taxiformis on in vitro ruminal methane production and biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids

Asparagopsis taxiformis inhibits ruminal methane (CH4) production due to its bromoform (CHBr3) content. The immersion of A. taxiformis in edible vegetable oils allows the extraction and stabilization of the highly volatile CHBr3 in the oil phase. The objectives of this study were to explore the effects of adding sunflower oils with increasing concentrations of CHBr3 on in vitro ruminal methanogenesis and biohydrogenation. Five batches of 48-h in vitro incubations were performed in 14 fermentation bottles, using rumen inocula collected shortly after the slaughter of young crossbred bulls and 1 g of dry matter (DM) from a total diet of mixed feed without added oil (control) or with 60 μL of sunflower oil per gram of DM as the substrate. The treatments were the CHBr3 content in the oil added: 0 μg (B0), 25 μg (B25), 50 μg (B50), 75 μg (B75), 100 μg (B100), and 150 μg (B150) of CHBr3 per gram of substrate DM. Organic matter (OM) degradability, total gas, CH4, volatile fatty acids (VFA), long-chain fatty acids, and dimethyl acetals (DMA) were analyzed at the end of each incubation. Data were analyzed with a model considering the treatments as the fixed effect and the run as a random block and using orthogonal contrasts. Degradability of OM was higher in the control group and was unaffected by CHBr3 concentration. Total gas production per gram of degraded OM was unaffected by treatments and averaged 205 ± 29.8 mL/g. Methane (mL) production decreased linearly with increasing CHBr3 concentrations, with 33%, 47%, and 87% reductions for B75, B100, and B150, respectively. Total VFA concentration was unaffected by oil inclusion but was reduced by 20% in CHBr3-containing treatments, although without any dose-response pattern. The molar percentage of acetate decreased linearly, whereas propionate and butyrate increased linearly with the increasing CHBr3 dosage. Including oil in the diet decreased the branched-chain fatty acids and DMA content. Increasing CHBr3 concentrations did not affect branched-chain fatty acids, but linearly increased most of the identified DMA. Adding oil to the control diet increased the 18:2n-6, whereas increasing the concentration of CHBr3 had no effect on 18:2n-6 but decreased linearly the 18:0 and increased the trans-18:1 isomers. The results obtained provide evidence that oil immersions of A. taxiformis can successfully inhibit ruminal production of CH4 in vitro at doses of 100 and 150 μg/g DM, and simultaneously modulate biohydrogenation.

The Dose-Dependent Role of Sage, Clove, and Pine Essential Oils in Modulating Ruminal Fermentation and Biohydrogenation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Promising Strategy to Reduce Methane Emissions and Enhance the Nutritional Profile of Ruminant Products

The livestock industry significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, with ruminant animals, including cows, sheep, and goats, being responsible for a substantial share of these emissions due to methane production. Reducing methane emissions from ruminants is crucial for mitigating the environmental impact of livestock production. Additionally, there has been a growing interest in improving the nutritional quality of ruminant products through modifying their profile of fatty acids. The current study aimed to investigate the potential of sage (SAG), pine (PIN), and clove (CLO) essential oils as natural additives for modulating in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Within the current experiment, three dose levels (300, 600, and 900 mg/L) of essential oils were evaluated using rumen inoculum from three mature Dalagh ewes (58 ± 2.84 kg body weight). The results revealed that the essential oils had a significant impact on gas production, methane and carbon dioxide production, ruminal fermentation parameters, and ruminal biohydrogenation of dietary PUFAs. The essential oil treatments resulted in reduced gas production compared with the control group. Methane production was significantly reduced by all doses of the essential oils, with the highest dose of CLO resulting in the lowest methane production. In addition, the essential oils affected ruminal fermentation parameters, including pH, ammonia concentration, and production of total volatile fatty acids. Promising modifications in ruminal biohydrogenation of PUFAs and the profile of fatty acids were also observed in the current study. These findings suggest that SAG, Pin, and CLO hold promise in mitigating methane emissions and improve the nutritional value of ruminant products. Further investigation is required to evaluate their effectiveness in practical feeding strategies for livestock.

Modulatory effects of dietary tannins on polyunsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation in the rumen: A meta-analysis

BackgroundTannins are a group of phenolic compounds that can modify the rumen biohydrogenation (BH) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), but to date results obtained have been inconsistent. This study therefore aims to conduct a meta-analysis of the scientific literature related to the effects of tannins on rumen BH and fermentation. MethodsA total of 28 articles were collected from various scientific databases, such as Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar, and the data were analysed using a random effects model and meta-regression for rumen BH. The publication bias on the main variables of rumen fermentation was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger's test. ResultsAn increase in tannin levels significantly reduced methane production (p < 0.001) and the population of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (p < 0.05). Dietary tannins also decreased the SFA proportion (p < 0.001) and increased (p < 0.001) the rumen monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) proportions. In additions, there were negative relationships between dietary tannin levels and BH rates of C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 (p < 0.05). ConclusionDietary tannins modulate the rumen fermentation profile, mitigate methane emissions, and inhibit rumen BH of PUFA.

213 Nutritional and Genetic Influences on Fatty Acid Composition of Beef and Lamb

Abstract There is increased competition in the protein market with the entrance of cell-based and plant-based products. Consumers issues with consumption of red meat typically center around saturated (SFA) fatty acid content and environmental impacts associated with production. Nutritional system used for finishing beef and lamb alters fatty acid composition of the meat product. Forages and grasses that are utilized in a grass-fed finishing system increases the animal’s intake of a-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3), the main fatty acid present in plants (57%) that can be converted to eicosapentaenoic (C20:5 n-3), docosapentaenoic (C22:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6 n-3) acids in animal tissues. Grain-fed finishing systems increases the animal’s intake of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6), the main fatty acid present in corn grain (57%), that can be converted to arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) and docosatetraenoic acid (C22:4 n-6) in animal tissues. Biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is extensive in the rumen (&amp;gt; 80% of dietary PUFA) and rumen protected supplements are needed to enhance PUFA content of ruminant meat products. Saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids are the majority (&amp;gt;75% of total fatty acids) of fatty acids present in ruminant meat products. Therefore, finding approaches to attain greater desaturation of palmitic and stearic acids to their MUFA products, palmitoleic and oleic acids, would be most beneficial. The content of oleic acid and MUFA in beef is highly heritable and some breeds have high levels of MUFA. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) is the rate limiting enzyme in the production of MUFA. More research is needed to find ways of altering SCD1 expression in meat animal tissues to enhance MUFA and lower SFA content.

Modulatory Effects of Dietary Tannins on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Biohydrogenation in the Rumen: A Meta-Analysis

Modulatory Effects of Dietary Tannins on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Biohydrogenation in the Rumen: A Meta-Analysis

Changes in the fatty acid composition of steer subcutaneous fat, including biohydrogenation products, are minimal when finished on combinations of corn and barley grains and silages

Corn production in Western Canada has increased with development of short-season varieties partially offsetting the use of barley as a silage and grain source. The current study evaluated effects of silage and cereal-grain source on subcutaneous fat (SCF) composition of finishing cattle. Steers (465 ± 28.0 kg) were assigned to 24 pens (12 steers per pen) in a 2 × 3 factorial design for an 89 d finishing study. Diets contained corn silage or barley silage at 8% [dry matter (DM)] combined either dry-rolled barley grain (BG; 86% of DM), corn grain (CG; 85% of DM), or an equal blend of BG and CG (85% of DM). Bone-in ribeyes were collected from four steers per pen, and subcutaneous fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Feeding dry-rolled CG increased dietary fat and 18:2n-6 concentrations, resulting in small increases in 18:2n-6, total n-6 fatty acids, and n-6/n-3 ratios in SCF (P &lt; 0.05). There were no changes in proportions of major trans-18:1 isomers (t10-18:1 or t11-18:1), the main natural isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (cis9,t11–18:2), or n-3 fatty acids. Substitution of dry-rolled CG for BG in finisher diets can, therefore, be done without substantially altering the fatty acid composition of beef fat, including polyunsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation products.

Sheep and Goats Respond Differently to Feeding Strategies Directed to Improve the Fatty Acid Profile of Milk Fat.

Simple SummarySheep and goat milk, as well as dairy products, are considered good sources of high-quality nutrients, particularly proteins and fats. Many positive effects on human health have been attributed to the consumption of dairy containing specific fatty acids, including some compounds originating from the polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) biohydrogenation operated by rumen microbes. In this bibliographic review, several nutritional strategies able to improve the milk fatty acids (FA) profile, in terms of an increase in the concentration of fatty acids considered beneficial to human health, are presented and discussed, with special attention to the differences between the two species.This bibliographic review presents and discusses the nutritional strategies able to increase the concentration of beneficial fatty acids (FA) in sheep and goat milk, and dairy products, with a particular focus on the polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), and highlights differences between the two species. In fact, by adopting appropriate feeding strategies, it is possible to markedly vary the concentration of fat in milk and improve its FA composition. These strategies are based mostly on the utilization of herbage rich in PUFA, or on the inclusion of vegetable, marine, or essential oils in the diet of lactating animals. Sheep respond more effectively than goats to the utilization of fresh herbage and to nutritional approaches that improve the milk concentration of c9,t11-conjugated linoleic acid (c9,t11-CLA) and α-linolenic acid. Dietary polyphenols can influence milk FA profile, reducing or inhibiting the activity and growth of some strains of rumen microbes involved in the biohydrogenation of PUFA. Although the effectiveness of plant secondary compounds in improving milk FA composition is still controversial, an overall positive effect has been observed on the concentration of PUFA and RA, without marked differences between sheep and goats. On the other hand, the positive effect of dietary polyphenols on the oxidative stability of milk fat appears to be more consistent.

Adipose Tissue Modification through Feeding Strategies and Their Implication on Adipogenesis and Adipose Tissue Metabolism in Ruminants.

Dietary recommendations by health authorities have been advising of the importance of diminishing saturated fatty acids (SFA) consumption and replacing them by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega-3. Therefore, there have been efforts to enhance food fatty acid profiles, helping them to meet human nutritional recommendations. Ruminant meat is the major dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) source, but it also contains SFA at relatively high proportions, deriving from ruminal biohydrogenation of PUFA. Additionally, lipid metabolism in ruminants may differ from other species. Recent research has aimed to modify the fatty acid profile of meat, and other animal products. This review summarizes dietary strategies based on the n-3 PUFA supplementation of ruminant diets and their effects on meat fatty acid composition. Additionally, the role of n-3 PUFA in adipose tissue (AT) development and in the expression of key genes involved in adipogenesis and lipid metabolism is discussed. It has been demonstrated that linseed supplementation leads to an increase in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), but not in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), whilst fish oil and algae increase DHA content. Dietary PUFA can alter AT adiposity and modulate lipid metabolism genes expression, although further research is required to clarify the underlying mechanism.

390 Effects of dietary-induced pH changes on feed digestion, nitrogen metabolism, fermentation, and biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in dual-flow continuous culture fermenters

Abstract Ruminal pH decreases as greater concentrations of grain are consumed, and as a result, reduces biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty-acids. Our objective was to investigate effects of diet on pH and biohydrogenation activity in vitro. Eight dual-flow, continuous culture fermenters were blocked by side of the room and randomly assigned, within block, to 1 of 4 treatments. Treatments consisted of 100:0 roughage-to-concentrate (Grass), 50:50 roughage-to-concentrate plus flax oil supplement (Mix+F), 10:90 roughage-to-concentrate plus corn oil supplement (Con+C), or 10:90 roughage-to-concentrate plus flax oil supplement (Con+F). Fermenter pH, area under the curve, and maximum pH were lowest for Con+C and Con+F (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Apparent and true DM, OM, and NDF digestibility were greater with grain inclusion (P &amp;lt; 0.05) while ADF digestibility was not affected by treatment (P &amp;gt; 0.10). Protein degradation was lowered as grain inclusion increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Total VFA concentrations were lowest for Grass, highest for Con+C and Con+F, and intermediate for Mix+F (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Acetate-to-propionate was lowest for Con treatments (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Biohydrogenation of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 fatty-acids were reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.01) with inclusion of concentrate regardless of roughage-to-concentrate ratio. Concentrations of stearic acid recovered from effluent were greatest for Grass, intermediate for Mix+F, and lowest for both Con+C and Con+F (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Linoleic acid proportions in effluent were greatest for Con+C and Con+F and intermediate for Mix+F (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and inclusion of concentrate, regardless of amount, increased the amount linoleic acid recovered from fermenter overflow (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Between Con+C and Con+F concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) was greater when flax oil was supplemented (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Proportions of ALA in effluent was similar (P &amp;gt; 0.10) between Grass and Con+C; however, between Mix+F and Con+F ALA concentrations tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for Con+F. Omega6-to-omega3 ratios were similar across Grass, Mix+F, and Con+F (P &amp;gt; 0.10) and greatest for Con+C (P &amp;lt; 0.05).

Nitrogen and fatty acid rumen metabolism in cattle offered high or low polyphenol oxidase red clover silage

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in red clover (RC) has been shown to reduce both lipolysis and proteolysis in silo and implicated (in vitro) in the rumen. However, all in vivo comparisons have compared RC with other forages, typically with lower levels of PPO, which brings in other confounding factors as to the cause for the greater protection of dietary nitrogen (N) and C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on RC silage. This study compared two RC silages which when ensiled had contrasting PPO activities (RC+ and RC−) against a control of perennial ryegrass silage (PRG) to ascertain the effect of PPO activity on dietary N digestibility and PUFA biohydrogenation. Two studies were performed the first to investigate rumen and duodenal flow with six Hereford×Friesian steers, prepared with rumen and duodenal cannulae, and the second investigating whole tract N balance using six Holstein-Friesian non-lactating dairy cows. All diets were offered at a restricted level based on animal live weight with each experiment consisting of two 3×3 Latin squares using big bale silages ensiled in 2010 and 2011, respectively. For the first experiment digesta flow at the duodenum was estimated using a dual-phase marker system with ytterbium acetate and chromium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as particulate and liquid phase markers, respectively. Total N intake was higher on the RC silages in both experiments and higher on RC− than RC+. Rumen ammonia-N reflected intake with ammonia-N per unit of N intake lower on RC+ than RC−. Microbial N duodenal flow was comparable across all silage diets with non-microbial N higher on RC than the PRG with no difference between RC+ and RC−, even when reported on a N intake basis. C18 PUFA biohydrogenation was lower on RC silage diets than PRG but with no difference between RC+ and RC−. The N balance trial showed a greater retention of N on RC+ over RC−; however, this response is likely related to the difference in N intake over any PPO driven protection. The lack of difference between RC silages, despite contrasting levels of PPO, may reflect a similar level of protein-bound-phenol complexing determined in each RC silage. Previously this complexing has been associated with PPOs protection mechanism; however, this study has shown that protection is not related to total PPO activity.

Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on milk production – review on health effects and cow milk characteristics

The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the n-3 and n-6 group are important in the human body. It is therefore important that these fatty acids are consumed in the right amount and correct proportion so as to maintain a healthy physiological status in the body. Certain foods are naturally rich in these fatty acids, such as sea foods and some oilseeds. Fish and fish oils are rich in eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) which are n-3 fatty acids, they play a crucial role in improving the physiological and health outcomes in conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, immune suppression and mental health. These fatty acids have also been shown to play beneficial role during pregnancy and lactation. Linolenic acid (LNA) which is abundant in oilseeds such linseed is a precursor of EPA and DHA in the human and therefore can be converted when need be, however the conversion is not very efficient and therefore cannot be used as a substitute. With the current deteriorating state of the global supply of fish and the high demand of energy causing diversion of resources to produce biofuels, the availability of these natural sources of n-3 and n-6 foods is growing ever scarce. Feeding of full-fat linseed and/or linseed oil has been shown to substantially increase the content of LNA in animal products such as meat, eggs and milk. On the other hand, fish oil supplementation in animal feeds also leads to a substantial increase in EPA and DHA to levels that can positive health effects to the public. Due to this potential to increase the amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in animal products, it is seen as a simpler and cheaper way to deliver an increase in consumption to the wider public in a sustainable manner. This is due to the fact that products such as milk and eggs are more widely distributed and available in the market. Some challenges are of course present, such as negative effects due to the oxidative stability of polyunsaturated fatty acids which can have negative effects on rumen function and product organoleptic characteristics. To offset the problem of rumen biohydrogenation of PUFA, various methods of protecting the seed and fish oils have been devised, allowing for feeding even higher doses without impacting negatively on production and product quality.&#x0D; Keywords: PUFA, fatty acid profile, cow, organoleptic

The Growth-Inhibiting Effects of Beef Fatty Acids on MCF-7 Cells Are Influenced Mostly by the Depot Location and Inconsistently by the Biohydrogenation Intermediate Content.

Biohydrogenation intermediates (BHI) including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers are formed during ruminal biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in ruminants. Although many studies have examined the anticarcinogenic effects of CLA, few studies have reported the anticarcinogenic properties of BHI in their natural form found in dairy and beef fats. The present study compared the growth-inhibitory effects of fatty acids from beef perirenal fat (PRF) or subcutaneous fat (SCF) with low or high levels of BHI in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cells were exposed for 72 h to media containing increasing doses (50 to 400 μM) of different beef fat treatments. Fatty-acid analysis showed that BHI were readily incorporated into cell phospholipids (PL) in a treatment-dependent manner, but higher BHI in PL did not consistently inhibit growth. Culturing with low-BHI PRF or high-BHI PRF did not lead to growth inhibition, but low-BHI SCF inhibited growth, and inhibition was further increased by high-BHI SCF. Other classes of fatty acids may, therefore, be interacting with BHI resulting in differential effects on growth inhibition in human breast cancer cells.

Feeding heat-oxidized oil to dairy cows affects milk fat nutritional quality

Heating oil and oilseeds results in oxidation products that affect ruminal biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, altering milk fatty acids profile, and could be transferred to milk. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of oil heating on rumen and milk fatty acids profile and the transfer of oxidation products to milk. Sunflower oil was heated at 150°C for 15 h and given to lactating dairy cows in a 2×2 arrangement: two groups of two cows, equipped with a ruminal cannula and receiving two diets (containing either heated or unheated oil) during two experimental periods. Oil heating generated hydroperoxides and/or hydroxyacids and aldehydes, in particular trans-2,trans-4-decadienal. In milk, heated oil only significantly decreased trans-11-C18:1 and cis-9,trans-11-CLA percentage compared to non-heated oil, and slightly increased cis-9,cis-12-C18:2 percentage, which was probably linked to an inhibition of the ruminal Δ12 isomerase by oxidative products in the rumen. However, feeding highly oxidized oil did not result in the appearance of hydroperoxides or hydroxyacids in milk and did not increase milk aldehydes content.

Strategies to modify the ruminal biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the production of trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 in vitro

The production of trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 isomer in the rumen is associated with milk fat depression. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of some additives on rumen fermentation and apparent biohydrogenation of linoleic (LA) and linolenic (LNA) acids, and the production of the trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 isomer associated with milk fat depression. In experiment 1, a 1:1 forage:concentrate diet containing linseed oil (84g/kg of DM) was incubated in a 2h or 6h batch culture with rumen fluid in 2 replicated periods. Treatments in the 2h incubations were: control; lipase 1 and 2 (4 and 40μl/l) and a lipase inhibitor (4 and 20mg/l); and in the 6h incubations were: Oxy-propyl-thiosulfate (PTSO; 60 and 120mg/l); Eugenol (EUG; 150 and 500mg/l) and Cinnamaldehyde (CIN; 150 and 500mg/l). After incubation, samples were collected to analyze ammonia-N, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and the fatty acid (FA) profile. In experiment 2, 8 continuous culture fermenters (1320ml) were used in 3 replicated periods (5 d of adaptation and 3 d of sampling). Fermenters were fed 95g/d of DM of a 60:40 forage:concentrate diet containing 50g/kg DM of linseed oil. Treatments were control, lipase 1 (4μl/l), PTSO (90mg/l) and CIN (250mg/l), and were tested at 2pH levels (6.4 and 5.6). During the last 3 d of each period, samples were taken to analyze VFA, ammonia-N and the FA profile. In experiment 1, Lipase 1 increased the apparent biohydrogenation of LNA, but these results were not observed in experiment 2. Both CIN and PTSO seem to inhibit the apparent biohydrogenation of LNA, but only the PTSO inhibited the biohydrogenation of LA in a 6h incubation compared with control. Cinnamaldehyde in Experiment 1, and PTSO in Experiment 1 and 2 decreased total VFA concentrations. Although the short-term batch incubation suggested some potential benefits of use of some additives for modifying rumen biohydrogenation pathways, effects observed in the long-term fermentation were not relevant for the purpose of decreasing the production of trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 isomer involved in milk fat depression.

Combined Short‐Path Distillation and Solvent‐Assisted Crystallization of Beef Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

AbstractSolvent‐assisted crystallization has previously been employed to remove long‐chain saturated fatty acids (≥ 18 carbons) from animal fat to improve its cold temperature biofuel properties. The same technology can be used for removing long‐chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) from animal fats for human consumption, but SFA remaining (i.e., 14:0 and 16:0) are more atherogenic than longer chain SFA. In the present study, an easy and efficient method was developed using short‐path distillation prior to solvent‐assisted crystallization for the more complete removal of SFA from beef tallow, and for the first time reports the distillation and crystallization behavior of polyunsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation products (PUFA‐BHP). Shorter chain SFA methyl esters (i.e., 14:0 and 16:0) were efficiently removed at 90 °C, 9.3 Pa, with a rotor speed of 70 rpm and either two cycles of distillation at 90 drops/min or three cycles at 110 drops/min. Stearic acid (18:0) was then effectively removed by crystallization at −20 °C using a sample to methanol ratio of 1:10. The remaining fraction enriched with PUFA‐BHP (i.e., rumenic acid, c9,t11‐18:2, and its precursor vaccenic acid, t11‐18:1) have potential use in disease model (i.e., cell culture and animal) studies to help further elucidate their bioactivity and mode of action, and may in the future have functional food or nutraceutical potential.

Nutritional enhancement of sheep meat fatty acid profile for human health and wellbeing

Dietary fatty acids (FA) consumed by sheep, like other ruminants, can undergo biohydrogenation resulting in high proportions of saturated FA (SFA) in meat. Biohydrogenation is typically less extensive in sheep than cattle, and consequently, sheep meat can contain higher proportions of omega (n)−3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), and PUFA biohydrogenation intermediates (PUFA-BHI) including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-monounsaturated FAs (t-MUFA). Sheep meat is also noted for having characteristically higher contents of branched chain FA (BCFA). From a human health and wellness perspective, some SFA and trans-MUFA have been found to negatively affect blood lipid profiles, and are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). On the other hand, n−3 PUFA, BCFA and some PUFA-BHI may have many potential beneficial effects on human health and wellbeing. In particular, vaccenic acid (VA), rumenic acid (RA) and BCFA may have potential for protecting against cancer and inflammatory disorders among other human health benefits. Several innovative strategies have been evaluated for their potential to enrich sheep meat with FA which may have human health benefits. To this end, dietary manipulation has been found to be the most effective strategy of improving the FA profile of sheep meat. However, there is a missing link between the FA profile of sheep meat, human consumption patterns of sheep FA and chronic diseases. The current review provides an overview of the nutritional strategies used to enhance the FA profile of sheep meat for human consumption.

Effects of feeding beef fat enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation products to pigs

A total of sixteen barrows were randomly assigned to diets containing 5% biohydrogenation product (BHP)-enriched or control beef fat for 7 weeks. On completion of 7 weeks, we found that feeding enriched fat led to deposition of BHP and isomer-specific metabolism of trans-18:1 in adipose tissue. It was also noticed that total and HDL-cholesterol were decreased; however, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were not affected.

Esterification of essential and non-essential fatty acids into distinct lipid classes in ruminant and non-ruminant tissues.

Extensive microbial biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the rumen reduces the essential fatty acids (EFA) available for absorption in ruminant animals, but there is no published documentation of ruminants developing EFA deficiency. In ruminants, most circulating PUFA are found in the phospholipid (PL) and cholesteryl ester lipid classes that have slow turn-over compared to other lipid classes. The objective of this experiment was to measure fatty acid esterification patterns of the non-EFA palmitic (16:0) and oleic acid (18:1), and the EFA linoleic (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) in small intestine, liver, and muscle tissue of cows and pigs to identify tissues participating in sequestration of these FA in less metabolically active lipid classes in ruminants. Bovine and porcine small intestine, liver, and muscle explants were prepared and incubated in media containing radiolabeled 16:0, 18:1, 18:2, or 18:3 to measure esterification of fatty acids into PL and TG. Neither bovine nor porcine small intestine explants preferentially incorporated non-EFA compared to EFA into PL vs TG. Bovine liver explants esterified a larger proportion of EFA than non-EFA into PL compared to TG, while incorporation was similar among the FA tested in porcine liver explants. Bovine muscle explants showed preferential incorporation of EFA into PL rather than TG. Results show that bovine and porcine liver and muscle esterify EFA and non-EFA differently and that the conservation of EFA in ruminants is a result of preferential incorporation of EFA into PL mediated by bovine liver and muscle, but not the small intestine.