Bioglass Ceramics Research Articles

Microwave energy assisted fabrication and characterization of 45S5 bioglass-ceramics using bio-wastes as alternative resources for biomedical applications

This work presents a novel approach for the fabrication and characterization of 45S5 bioglass-ceramics using rice husk ash (RHA) and eggshell ash (EGSA) as alternative resources at varying inclusions. In this study, RHA and EGSA, which are abundant agricultural waste products, are utilized to synthesize 45S5 bioglass through a microwave energy-assisted melt-quenching approach and sintered at temperatures of 950, 1000 and 1050 °C respectively. The obtained bioglass-ceramics (BGCs) were characterized for their structure, mechanical properties, morphology, antibacterial properties, and bioactivity. The results showed the developed BGCs exhibited a broad hump base with sharp crystalline peaks. The morphology showed irregular morphology containing heterogeneous grains, rough and porous surface respectively, essential for bone in-growth and cell infiltration, while a cauliflower-like appearance of carbonate-hydroxyapatite was well pronounced on all the samples after immersion in simulated body fluid. The developed BGCs also showed improved mechanical properties with increased sintering temperature and antibacterial properties to justify their use for biomedical applications.

TEM Analysis and Insights into the Physicomechanical Characteristics of CeLa-Substituted Bio-Glass Ceramics

Among rare earth metals, bio-glass ceramics have gained significant attention for their potential applications in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their biocompatibility and bioactivity. This research paper investigates the physico-mechanical properties of CeLa-substituted bio-glass ceramics using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis. The study aims to elucidate the microstructural features, crystalline phases, and mechanical behavior of CeLasubstituted bio-glass ceramics, providing valuable insights into their suitability for biomedical applications. The TEM analysis reveals intricate details of the material’s nanostructure, highlighting the influence of CeLa substitution on phase composition, grain morphology, and mechanical performance. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the structure-property relationships in CeLa-substituted bio-glass ceramics, guiding the development of advanced biomaterials for bone regeneration and tissue repair.

Metallurgical Properties of CeLa Substituted Bio-Glass Ceramics

To set up a bioglass of general structure given in Table 1. These five samples were ready in a crucible made up of alumina through a melting temperature of 1400±10 oC and normalized it. The glass powder pallet was made by the press and submerged in Simulated Body Liquid (SBF) in various time spans, and they’re not entirely settled by FTIR examination. The morphology of the surface resolved to utilize a Checking by (SEM). pH estimation of bioactive glass was done by pH meter and mechanical properties like Microhardness and Flexural strength were determined and found that it increases with increasing the concentration of REEs. The developed CeO2 and La2O3 incorporated bioactive glasses were also found to enhance mechanical properties. Thus, the glasses with CeO2 and La2O3 can be suitable candidates for bone implant application.

Effect of Na2CO3/Al2O3 ratio on the calcium fluoroaluminosilicate-based bioactive glass-ceramics derived from waste materials

The development and fabrication of bioactive glass (bioglass)-ceramics derived from waste materials enhance the mechanical properties of calcium fluoroaluminosilicate based bioglass-ceramics for biomedical applications. This study aims to examine the effect of the Na2CO3/Al2O3 ratio on the 44SLS-(20-x) Na2CO3-24ES-6P2O5-6CaF2-xAl2O3 system where x = (0,3,6, and 9 wt%) as well as its mechanical performance. Structural and microstructural properties were analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the interim, the density of glass ceramic samples was measured using the method of Archimedes. Afterwards, the bioglass ceramics with the Na2CO3/Al2O3 ratio of 11/9 sintered at 950 °C exhibited excellent results in terms of density that is 2.734 g/cm3. XRD analysis also confirmed the increase in crystallisation of anorthite, fluorapatite and nacaphite. Moreover, SEM analysis revealed the morphology of round-shaped fluorapatite with a variation in the size of sintered glass ceramics. The optimal compressive strength of 136.58 MPa is in the range of human cortical bone.

Dilatometric and microstructural study of particle and functionally graded composites based on hydroxyapatite and crystalline bioglass

Hydroxyapatite (HA) and bioglass (BG) ceramics have become of prime importance in bone tissue engineering. Besides the appropriate composition, the microstructure of bone replacement plays a crucial role. In the present work, particle composites and functionally graded material (FGM) based on HA and BG prepared by electrophoretic deposition were thoroughly characterised in terms of the preparation method, sintering process, phase composition and microstructure. The sintering was monitored by high-temperature dilatometry in two directions, the sintering rates were calculated, and the overall sintering process was discussed. The SEM showed the continuous change in the microstructure of FGM with gradual interconnected porosity favourable for bio-applications. The fundamental fractographic analysis proved the crack development in FGM related to the sintering process, and the recommendations for the reduction of the crack development were given. The phase transformations during thermal treatment were analysed using X-ray diffraction analysis and deeply discussed.

Effect of Alumina (Al2o3) Addition on the Calcium Fluoroaluminosilicate Based Bioglass Ceramics Derived from Waste Materials

Effect of Alumina (Al2o3) Addition on the Calcium Fluoroaluminosilicate Based Bioglass Ceramics Derived from Waste Materials

Differences in microstructure and mechanical properties between Y‐TZP and AL2O3‐doped Y‐TZP/bioglass ceramics

AbstractY‐TZP (YZ) and Al2O3‐doped Y‐TZP (AYZ) bioceramics with addition of different contents of a refractory bioglass were fabricated. The influence of the glass addition and sintering temperature on the densification behavior, microstructure, and mechanical properties of YZ and AYZ was studied. The developed ceramics contained small amounts of ZrSiO4 and Ca2P2O7 phases within the ZrO2 matrix. The incorporation of glass to YZ promoted the ZrO2 phase partitioning and enhanced the ZrO2 grain growth at all the sintering temperatures, whereas the glass addition in AYZ prevented the Y2O3 redistribution between ZrO2 grains and limited the ZrO2 grain growth at 1300–1400°C. The hardness of the samples with glass was not significantly altered by using either YZ or AYZ. A slight increase in the fracture toughness with increasing glass content was found for YZ, while the fractured toughness of AYZ decreased by the glass addition. The more pronounced ZrO2 phase partitioning of YZ with glass decreased the flexural strength, whereas AYZ maintained almost unaltered its flexural strength at a high level by the glass incorporation.

In-Vitro Study of Sol Gel Synthesized Bioactive Glass Ceramics for Anti-Microbial Properties.

In this research work new type of bioglass ceramics successfully synthesized the bioglass composition: 50SiO₂-30CaO-10P₂O5-10MgO by sol-gel technique which was further heated up to 600 °C. Different characterization techniques were applied on the prepared bioglass powder to obtain the structural information. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirms the amorphous nature and apatite formation on surface of the sample. The time dependent biological activity was tested on immersed samples with simulated body fluid (SBF). Structural configuration of the hydroxyapatite layer along with nano-size as well as texture properties of the samples were confirmed using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques, respectively. It was found that magnesium performs a pivotal role in bone proliferation and improves the thermophysical properties of the synthesized bioglass ceramics. The antibacterial effects were studied by two well-known pathogen Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus).

Sol\u2013gel based synthesis and biological properties of zinc integrated nano bioglass ceramics for bone tissue regeneration

Bone is a flexible and electro active tissue that is vulnerable to various traumatic injuries. The self-healing of damaged bone tissue towards reconstruction is limited due to the lack of proper niche compliances. Nevertheless, the classical grafting techniques like autograft/allograft for bone repair pose challenges like bacterial infections and donor-site morbidity with unsatisfactory outcomes. The use of appropriate biomaterial with osteogenic potential can meet these challenges. In this regard, bioactive glass ceramics is widely used as a bone filler or graft material because of its bonding affinity to bone leading towards bone reconstruction applications without the challenge of post implant infections. Hence, the current study is aimed at addressing this potentiality of zinc (Zn) for doped the bioglass at nano-scale advantages for bone tissue repair. Since, Zn has been demonstrated to have not only antibacterial property but also the stimulatory effect on osteoblasts differentiation, mineralization by enhancing the osteogenic genes expression. In view of these, the present study is focused on sol–gel synthesis and pysico-chemical characterization of Zinc-doped bioglass nanoparticles (Zn-nBGC) and also analyzing its biological implications. The surface morphological and physiochemical characterizations using SEM, EDX, FT-IR and XRD analysis has shown the increased surface area of Zn-nBGC particles providing a great platform for biomolecular interaction, cytocompatibility, cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. The obtaining hydroxy apatite groups have initiated in vitro mineralization towards osteogenic lineage formation. Zn has not only involved in enhancing cellular actions but also strengthen the ceramic nanoparticles towards antibacterial application. Hence the finding suggests a biomaterial synthesis of better biomaterial for bone tissue engineering application by preventing post-operative bacterial infection.

Antibacterial Efficiency of Zn, Mg and Sr Doped Bioactive Glass for Bone Tissue Engineering.

Bioactive glasses are inorganic biomaterials that have been used successfully in bone tissue engineering and in dentistry as filling materials. But due to poorer mechanical strength the bioactive glasses have limited application in load-bearing positions. If efforts are made to increase material strength, their bioactivity gets decrease. To comprehend the optimal toning between biological and mechanical properties, we aim to develop the new nano bioactive glass using simple sol-gel method having a composition of 50%SiO2-40%CaO-5%P2O5-2%ZnO-2%MgO-1%SrO (mol%) with three different bivalent metal ions (Zn2+, Mg2+ and Sr2+). The structural morphology, crystallinity, physical and chemical behavior of the prepared bioglass ceramics were analyzed through XRD, N2-adsorption measurements, FTIR, FESEM with EDS and HR-TEM. The bioactivity of the sample was analyzed in Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium solution for ten days. The synthesized nano bioglass-ceramic shows the apatite layer formation which was confirmed through XRD and FTIR and show anti-bacterial properties for the four well-known pathogens/microorganism Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Phase Formation Study of BaFe12O19 in Bioactive Glass by Modified Processing Technique.

In this work, bioglass ceramics have been successfully fabricated by the modified incorporation method. In this method, solid-state reaction and conventional glass-melting techniques were employed to separately prepare barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19: BF) and 45S5 bioactive glass powders. The mixture of BF and 45S5 glass powder was then re-melted at 1300 °C to form base glass. In order to change the prepared glass to glass-ceramic samples, a heat treatment technique was employed at temperatures ranging between 695 and 768 °C. The results confirmed the occurrence of Na6Ca₃Si6O18, BaFe12O19 and Fe₂O₃ phases in prepared glass ceramics. It was found that BF addition caused an alteration in magnetic behavior from soft to hard. For bioactivity assessment, the samples were soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 14 days. An apatite layer was found on the surfaces of glass-ceramics confirming their bioactivity. In addition, biocompatibility was assessed by MTT (3,[4,4-dimethy thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay which showed that the ferrimagnetic bioactive glass-ceramics had good cytocompatibility and no cytotoxicity.

Design of Hydroxyapatite/Magnetite (HAP/Fe3O4) Based Composites Reinforced with ZnO and MgO for Biomedical Applications

Recently, many advances in the synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles have been made [1]. Moreover, there are still newly formed magnetic nanoparticles proposed (bio glass ceramics

Fabrication and Microstructure of Laminated HAP⁻45S5 Bioglass Ceramics by Spark Plasma Sintering.

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has excellent biocompatibility with living bone tissue and does not cause defensive body reactions, therefore, it has become one of the most widely used calcium phosphate materials in dental and medical fields. However, its poor mechanical properties have been a substantial challenge in the application of HAP for the replacement of load-bearing or large bone defects. Laminated HAP–45S5 bioglass ceramics composites were prepared by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The interface structures between the HAP and 45S5 bioglass layers and the mechanical properties of the laminated composites were investigated. It was demonstrated that there was mutual transfer and exchange of Ca and Na atoms at the interface between 45S5 bioglass/HAP laminated layers, which contributed considerably to the interfacial bonding. Due from the laminated structure and strong interface bonding, laminated HAP–45S5 bioglass is recommended for structural applications.

Sintering, microstructure and hardness of Y-TZP- 64S bioglass ceramics

3mol% yttria-partially stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP) powder and a sol-gel derived CaO- P2O5- SiO2 (64S) bioglass, were used to produce Y-TZP- 64S slip cast compacts. The compacts with 10.5 and 19.9vol% 64S were sintered at different temperatures up to 1500°C using 5 and 10°C/min heating/cooling rates. The densification behaviour, crystalline phase formation and zirconia grain growth were investigated as a function of sintering temperature and 64S glass content. Ca3(PO4)2 along with SiO2 as a major phase were obtained from thermal decomposition of the 64S glass at 950–1500°C. Both 64S additions, 10.5 and 19.9vol%, promoted the sintering process at a lower temperature with respect to Y-TZP (1500°C); the SiO2 phase markedly increased the Y-TZP solid state sintering rate at the intermediate stage. The rapidly cooling at 10°C/min inhibited the t-m transformation of Y-TZP and markedly reduced that of Y-TZP- 64S at 1300–1500°C. Sintered Y-TZP with 10.5vol% 64S, nearly fully densified at 1300–1400°C, was constituted by polygonal ZrSiO4 particles and elongated Ca2P2O7 particles uniformly distributed in the tetragonal zirconia fine grain matrix. This ceramic exhibited similar hardness to that of Y-TZP sintered at 1500°C; the in situ formation of calcium phosphate will have the potential to improve the Y-TZP biological properties without significantly affecting its hardness.

Influence of silver on the structure, dielectric and antibacterial effect of silver doped bioglass-ceramic nanoparticles

We present the structural, dielectric, biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of nano-sized calcium phosphosilicate bioglass ceramics doped with 0, 2, 4 and 6mol% Ag2O. Sol-gel processes were chosen to synthesize the silver embedded nanosized glass ceramic particles. All samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV–visible and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The glass-ceramic nature of the samples is confirmed by XRD analysis. The FTIR spectra reveal the probable stretching and bending vibration modes of silicate and phosphate groups. UV–visible absorption spectra reveal the silver embedment as Ag+/Ag° form in the glass matrix. Nano-size of the glass ceramics and silver nanoparticle embedment in glass matrix are confirmed by HR-TEM analysis. Dielectric spectra of samples reveal non-Debye relaxation processes. The dielectric constant of samples initially decreased and then increased with Ag2O content. The antibacterial activities of these bioceramics were tested with different bacteria using an agar well diffusion method. Silver doped samples show good antibacterial effects without compromising the formation of hydroxyapatites. The dielectric constant of the bioglass ceramics is correlated to their antibacterial performance, with low dielectric constants giving higher antibacterial activity.

Silver Doped Nano-Sized Bioglass Ceramics: Synthesis, Characterization and Biocompatibility Studies

We report on the structural and biocompatibility properties of nanosized calcium phosphosilicate bioglass ceramics doped with 0, 2, 4 and 6 mol% Ag2O. Silver doped bioceramics were synthesized by sol-gel method. The prepared samples were characterized by means of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-visible and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The XRD reveals the glass-ceramic nature of the samples. The FT-IR spectra show the possible stretching and bending vibrations of silicate and phosphate groups. Absorptions in UV-visible spectra reveal the silver embedment as Ag+/Ago form into the glass matrix. nanosize of the glass ceramics is confirmed by HR-TEM analysis. The bioactivity of silver doped bioceramics was investigated by in-vitro method with Dulbecco’s Modified Eagel’s Medium. It confirms the formation of bone-like hydroxylapatite layer formation on the surface of bioceramics.

An overview of chitin or chitosan/nano ceramic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Chitin and chitosan based nanocomposite scaffolds have been widely used for bone tissue engineering. These chitin and chitosan based scaffolds were reinforced with nanocomponents viz Hydroxyapatite (HAp), Bioglass ceramic (BGC), Silicon dioxide (SiO2), Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) to develop nanocomposite scaffolds. Plenty of works have been reported on the applications and characteristics of the nanoceramic composites however, compiling the work done in this field and presenting it in a single article is a thrust area. This review is written with an aim to fill this gap and focus on the preparations and applications of chitin or chitosan/nHAp, chitin or chitosan/nBGC, chitin or chitosan/nSiO2, chitin or chitosan/nTiO2 and chitin or chitosan/nZrO2 in the field of bone tissue engineering in detail. Many reports so far exemplify the importance of ceramics in bone regeneration. The effect of nanoceramics over native ceramics in developing composites, its role in osteogenesis etc. are the gist of this review.

Evaluation of sol–gel based magnetic 45S5 bioglass and bioglass–ceramics containing iron oxide

Multicomponent oxide powders with nominal compositions of (45−x)·SiO2·24.5CaO·24.5Na2O·6P2O5xFe2O3 (in wt.%) were prepared by a modified sol–gel procedure. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and high resolution transmission electron microscope images of the sol–gel products show fully amorphous structure for Fe2O3 substitutions up to 2wt.%. Sol–gel derived 43SiO2·24.5CaO·24.5Na2O·6P2O5·2Fe2O3 glass (or bioglass 45S5 with SiO2 substituted with 2wt.% Fe2O3), exhibited magnetic behavior with a coercive field of 21Oe, hysteresis loop area of 33.25erg/g and saturation magnetization of 0.66emu/g at an applied field of 15kOe at room temperature. XRD pattern of this glass annealed at 850°C for 1h revealed the formation of a glass–ceramic containing sodium calcium silicate and magnetite phases in nanocrystalline form. Temperature dependent magnetization and room temperature electron spin resonance data have been used to obtain information on the magnetic phase and distribution of iron ions in the sol–gel glass and glass–ceramic samples. Sol–gel derived glass and glass–ceramic exhibit in-vitro bioactivity by forming a hydroxyapatite surface layer under simulated physiological conditions and their bio-response is superior to their melt quenched bulk counterparts. This new form of magnetic bioglass and bioglass ceramics opens up new and more effective biomedical applications.

Fabrication of SrFe12O19-P2O5-CaO-Na2O Bioactive Glass-Ceramics at Various Sintering Temperatures

The effects of sintering temperatures on the physical, and bioactivity of SrFe12O19 (SF)-P2O5-CaO-Na2O bioglass ceramics were investigated. XRD results confirmed the existence of the strontium ferrite and calcium phosphate phases. SEM images showed that grain size, and hardness were related to density and liquid phase present in the samples. A maximum coercivity value of 3138 Oe was obtained for the bioglass ceramic sintered at 600°C. The remanence (Mr) and saturation magnetization (Ms) of the bioglass ceramic sintered at 500°C possess the maximum value of 6.35 and 10.64 emu/g, respectively. Moreover, the apatite was formed on the surface layers of the bioglass ceramics confirming their biocompatibility.

Effect of size of bioactive glass nanoparticles on mesenchymal stem cell proliferation for dental and orthopedic applications.

Bioactive glass nanoparticles (nanostructured bioglass ceramics or nBGs) have been widely employed as a filler material for bone tissue regeneration. The physical properties of nBG particles govern their biological actions. In this study, the impact of the size of nBG particles on mouse mesenchymal stem cell (mMSC) proliferation was investigated. Three different sizes of nBG particles were prepared via the sol-gel method with varying concentrations of the surfactant and polyethylene glycol (PEG), and the particles were characterized. Increased concentrations of PEG decreased the size of nBG particles (nBG-1: 74.7±0.62 nm, nBG-2: 43.25±1.5 nm, and nBG-3: 37.6±0.81 nm). All three nBGs were non-toxic at a concentration of 20mg/mL. Increased proliferation was observed in mMSCs treated with smaller nBG particles. Differential mRNA expression of cyclin A2, B2, D1, and E1 genes induced by nBG particles was noticed in the mMSCs. nBG-1 and nBG-3 particles promoted cells in the G0/G1 phase to enter the S and G2/M phases. nBG particles activated ERK, but prolonged activation was achieved with nBG-3 particles. Among the prepared nBG particles, nBG-3 particles showed enhanced mMSC proliferation via the sustained activation of ERKs, upregulation of cyclin gene(s) expression, and promotion of cell transition from the G0/G1 phase to the S and G2/M phases. Thus, this study indicates that small nBG particles have clinical applications in dental and bone treatments as fillers or bone-tissue bond forming materials.