Biogenic Manganese Oxides Research Articles

Catalase-peroxidase StKatG2 from Salinicola tamaricis: a versatile Mn(II) oxidase that decolorizes malachite green

Manganese (Mn) oxidation processes have garnered significant attention recently due to their potential for degrading organic pollutants. These processes are primarily catalyzed by Mn(II) oxidases. Salinicola tamaricis F01, an endophytic bacterium derived from wetland plants, has demonstrated Mn(II)-oxidizing capacity. In this study, a catalase-peroxidase, StKatG2, was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli from the strain F01. The purified recombinant StKatG2 exhibited Mn(II)-oxidizing activity with Km and Kcat values of 2.529 mmol/L and 2.82 min−1, respectively. Optimal catalytic conditions for StKatG2 were observed at pH 7.5 and 55°C, with 45.1% activity retention after an 8-h exposure to 80°C. The biogenic manganese oxides produced by StKatG2 exhibited mixed-valence states with Mn(II), including Mn(III), Mn(IV), and Mn(VII). Furthermore, StKatG2 demonstrated superior decolorization efficiency for malachite green (MG), achieving decolorization rates of 73.38% for 20 mg/L MG and 60.08% for 50 mg/L MG, while degrading MG into 4-(dimethylamino)benzophenone. Therefore, the catalase-peroxidase StKatG2 exhibits multifunctionality in Mn(II)-oxidizing activity and has the potential to serve as an environmentally friendly enzyme for MG removal.

Effect of Cu(II) and Conserved Copper Binding Sites onthe Multicopper Oxidase CopA and Characterization ofBioMnOx.

The microbial manganese removal process is believed to consist of the catalytic oxidation of Mn(II) by manganese oxidase. In this study, the multicopper oxidase CopA was purified and exhibited high manganese oxidation activity in vitro, and it was found that Cu(II) can significantly enhance its manganese oxidation activity. Gene site-directed mutagenesis was used to mutate four conserved copper binding sites of CopA to obtain four mutant strains. The manganese removal efficiencies of the four strains were determined, and it was found that H120 is the catalytically active site of CopA. The loss of Cu(II) and the mutation of the conserved copper binding site H120 resulted in the loss of ethoxyformyl and quinone modifications, a reduction in the number of modifications, and a change in the position of modifications, eventually causing a decrease in protein activity from 85.87% to 70.1%. These results reveal that Cu(II) and H120 play an indispensable role in manganese oxidation by the multicopper oxidase CopA. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicates that biogenic manganese oxides produced by strains and by CopA were both composed of MnO2 and Mn3O4 and that the average valence of Mn was 3.2.

Molecular response to the influences of Cu(II) and Fe(III) on forming biogenic manganese oxides by Pseudomonas putida MnB1

The biogeochemical cycle of biogenic manganese oxides (BioMnOx) is closely associated with the environmental behavior and fate of various pollutants. It is significantly interfered by many metals, such as Cu and Fe. However, the bacterial molecular responses are not clear. Here, the effects of Cu(II) and Fe(III) on oxidation of manganese by Pseudomonas putida MnB1 and the bacterial molecular response mechanisms have been studied. The bacterial oxidation of manganese were promoted by both Fe(III) and Cu(II) and the final manganese oxidation rate of the Cu(II) group exceeded 16 % that of the Fe(III) group. The results of transcriptome indicated that Cu(II) promoted manganese oxidation by up-regulating the expression levels of multicopper oxidase (MCO) and peroxidase(POD), and by stimulating electron transfer, while Fe(III) promoted this process by accelerating the electron transfer and nitrogen cycling, and activating POD. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network indicated that the MCO genes (mnxG and mcoA) were directly linked to the copper homeostasis proteins (cusA, cusB, czcC and cusF). Cytochrome c was closely related to the genes related to nitrogen cycling (glnA, glnL, and putA) and electrons transfer (cycO, cycD, nuoA, nuoK, and nuoL), which also promoted manganese oxidation. This study provides a molecular level insight into the oxidation of Mn(II) by Pseudomonas putida MnB1 with Cu(II) and/or Fe(III) ions.

Biogenic Mn Oxide Generation and Mn(II) Removal by a Manganese Oxidizing Bacterium Bacillus sp. Strain M2.

Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) are widely distributed in natural environments and can convert soluble Mn(II) into insoluble Mn(III) and Mn(IV). The biogenic manganese oxides (BioMnOx) produced by MOB have been considered for remediating heavy metal pollution and degrading organic pollutants in an eco-friendly manner. In this study, a manganese-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from Mn-polluted rivulet sediment and identified as Bacillus sp. strain M2 by PCR, phylogenetic tree construction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and physiological and biochemical indices. Strain M2 grew well under Mn(II) stress. BioMnOx with nanosized irregular geometric shapes and loose structures generated by strain M2 were found on the surface of the bacterial cells. The content of Mn in the bacteria was as high as 5.36%. Approximately 71.24% and 47.52% of Mn(II) was oxidized to Mn(III/IV) in the cell and in the deposits, respectively, within 3 d of cultivation with Mn(II). Extracellular enzymes contributed to the Mn removal and oxidation. In conclusion, Bacillus sp. strain M2 has a high potential for use in the remediation of Mn-contaminated sites.

Porous-carbon/manganese composite catalyst transformed from waste biomass as peroxymonosulfate activator for carbamazepine degradation

Activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) with solid catalysts for organic pharmaceutical degradation still faces challenge due to the demand of inexpensive catalysts. In this study, manganese-oxidizing microalgae (MOM) and its associated biogenic manganese oxides (BMO) were employed to prepare biomass-transformed porous-carbon/manganese (B-PC/Mn) catalyst through high-temperature calcination (850 °C). Remarkably, 100 % of carbamazepine (CBZ) was degraded within 30 min in the B-PC/Mn/PMS system. The degradation kinetic constant was 0.1718 min−1, which was 44.0 times higher than that of the biomass-transformed porous carbon mixed with MnOx activated PMS system. 1O2 was generated in the B-PC/Mn/PMS system, which is responsible for CBZ degradation. The MOM-BMO-associated structure greatly increased the specific surface areas and the contents of the C = O and pyrrolic-N groups, which facilitated PMS activation. The structure also induced the generation of Mn5C2, which exhibited a strong adsorption towards PMS. This study provides a novel strategy for preparing catalysts by using waste biomass.

Temporal Dynamics of Oxidation Capacity in Biogenic Manganese Oxides: Role of Superoxide Anion Intermediation

Temporal Dynamics of Oxidation Capacity in Biogenic Manganese Oxides: Role of Superoxide Anion Intermediation

Influence of temperature on performance and mechanism of advanced synergistic nitrogen removal in lab-scale denitrifying filter with biogenic manganese oxides

Temperature is a significant operational parameter of denitrifying filter (DF), which affects the microbial activity and the pollutants removal efficiency. This study investigated the influence of temperature on performance of advanced synergistic nitrogen removal (ASNR) of partial-denitrification anammox (PDA) and denitrification, consuming the hydrolytic and oxidation products of refractory organics in the actual secondary effluent (SE) as carbon source. When the test water temperature (TWT) was around 25, 20, 15 and 10 °C, the filtered effluent total nitrogen (TN) was 1.47, 1.70, 2.79 and 5.52 mg/L with the removal rate of 93.38%, 92.25%, 87.33% and 74.87%, and the effluent CODcr was 8.12, 8.45, 10.86 and 12.29 mg/L with the removal rate of 72.41%, 66.17%, 57.35% and 51.87%, respectively. The contribution rate of PDA to TN removal was 60.44%∼66.48%, and 0.77–0.96 mg chemical oxygen demand (CODcr) was actually consumed to remove 1 mg TN. The identified functional bacteria, such as anammox bacteria, manganese oxidizing bacteria (MnOB), hydrolytic bacteria and denitrifying bacteria, demonstrated that TN was removed by the ASNR, and the variation of the functional bacteria along the DF layer revealed the mechanism of the TWT affecting the efficiency of the ASNR. This technique presented a strong adaptability to the variation of the TWT, therefore, it has broad application prospect and superlative application value in advanced nitrogen removal of municipal wastewater.

Biogenic Manganese Oxide Synthesized by a Marine Bacterial Multicopper Oxidase MnxG Reveals Oxygen Evolution Activity

Biogenic Manganese Oxide Synthesized by a Marine Bacterial Multicopper Oxidase MnxG Reveals Oxygen Evolution Activity

Mineralization of Ni2+-Bearing Mn Oxide through Simultaneous Sequestration of Ni2+ and Mn2+ by Enzymatically Active Fungal Mn Oxides

A fungus, Acremonium strictum KR21-2, produces biogenic manganese oxides (BMOs) that can oxidize exogenous Mn2+ ions to form different BMO phases. When other guest ions are present during the BMO formation, it can strongly affect the mineralogical characteristics of the resultant BMO phase. The impact of coexisting Ni2+ ions on the mineralogy of BMO phases formed through enzymatic Mn(II) oxidation and its sequestration ability is not yet fully understood. To better understand it, repeated sequestration experiments were conducted using BMOs in Ni2+/Mn2+ binary, single Ni2, and single Mn2+ solution systems with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5. It was observed that simultaneous sequestration of Ni2+ and Mn2+ was efficient, with irreversible Ni2+ incorporation at pH values above 7.0. The resultant BMO phases showed that Ni2+-bearing Mn oxides resembling feitknechitite (β-MnOOH) were developed through enzymatic Mn(II) oxidation. At pH values below 6.5, the turbostratic birnessite structure was maintained even in Ni2+/Mn2+ binary solutions, and subsequently, the Ni2+ sequestration efficiency was low. The pseudo-first-order rate constants of enzymatically inactivated BMOs for Mn2+ sequestration were two orders of magnitude lower than those of active BMOs, indicating the crucial role of the enzymes in precipitating Ni2+-bearing Mn oxide phases. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of Ni2+ interaction with Mn oxide through microbial activity under circumneutral pH conditions.

Can xenobiotics support the growth of Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria (MnOB)? A case of phenol-utilizing bacteria Pseudomonas sp. AN-1

Biogenic manganese oxides (BioMnOx) produced by Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria (MnOB) have garnered considerable attention for their exceptional adsorption and oxidation capabilities. However, previous studies have predominantly focused on the role of BioMnOx, neglecting substantial investigation into MnOB themselves. Meanwhile, whether the xenobiotics could support the growth of MnOB as the sole carbon source remains uncertain. In this study, we isolated a strain termed Pseudomonas sp. AN-1, capable of utilizing phenol as the sole carbon source. The degradation of phenol took precedence over the accumulation of BioMnOx. In the presence of 100 mg L−1 phenol and 100 µM Mn(II), phenol was entirely degraded within 20 h, while Mn(II) was completely oxidized within 30 h. However, at the higher phenol concentration (500 mg L−1), phenol degradation reduced to 32% and Mn(II) oxidation did not appear to occur. TOC determination confirmed the ability of strain AN-1 to mineralize phenol. Based on the genomic and proteomics studies, the Mn(II) oxidation and phenol mineralization mechanism of strain AN-1 was further confirmed. Proteome analysis revealed down-regulation of proteins associated with Mn(II) oxidation, including MnxG and McoA, with increasing phenol concentration. Notably, this study observed for the first time that the expression of Mn(II) oxidation proteins is modulated by the concentration of carbon sources. This work provides new insight into the interaction between xenobiotics and MnOB, thus revealing the complexity of biogeochemical cycles of Mn and C.

Biogenic synthesis of Mn3O4 NPs using Phyllanthus emblica leaf extract for electrochemical sensing of urea

Green synthesis integrates green chemistry, environmental remediation, and nanotechnology, focusing on biogenic manganese oxide nanoparticles. This method promotes advanced techniques for human health and safety by minimizing the use of chemical reagents. Herein Phyllanthus emblica leaf extract was used for producing biogenic manganese oxide nanoparticles (B-Mn3O4 NPs), which serve as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent in the reaction. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), FTIR, UV–visible, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis were used to investigate the structural, morphological, and spectroscopic studies of Mn3O4 NPs. These analyses confirmed the formation of a single-phase Mn3O4 tetragonal structure. The characterization results indicated that biogenic materials are heterogeneous, making them suitable candidates for electrochemical sensing of urea. This study utilizes urease enzyme to enhance the selectivity, sensitivity, and specificity of B-Mn3O4 NPs-modified electrode towards urea sensing, considering its impact on human health. The selection of the urea analyte arises from the urgent requirement to monitor environmental contamination with urea, which directly affects human health at higher concentrations. To monitor contaminated environments, this study developed ultrasensitive urea biosensors that achieved high sensitivity (2.33 µA µM−1cm−2) and selectivity with a low detection limit (0.0276 µM).

Biogenic manganese oxides promote metal(loid) remediation by shaping microbial communities in biological aqua crust

Biological aqua crust (biogenic aqua crust–BAC) is a potentially sustainable solution for metal(loid) bioremediation in global water using solar energy. However, the key geochemical factors and underlying mechanisms shaping microbial communities in BAC remain poorly understood. The current study aimed at determining the in situ metal(loid) distribution and the key geochemical factors related to microbial community structure and metal(loid)-related genes in BAC of a representative Pb/Zn tailing pond. Here we showed that abundant metal(loid)s (e.g. Pb, As) were co-distributed with Mn/Fe-rich minerals (e.g. biogenic Mn oxide, FeOOH) in BAC. Biogenic Mn oxide (i.e. Mn) was the most dominant factor in shaping microbial community structure in BAC and source tailings. Along with the fact that keystone species (e.g. Burkholderiales, Haliscomenobacter) have the potential to promote Mn ion oxidization and particle agglomeration, as well as Mn is highly associated with metal(loid)-related genes, especially genes related to As redox (e.g. arsC, aoxA), and Cd transport (e.g. zipB), biogenic Mn oxides thus effectively enhance metal(loid) remediation by accelerating the formation of organo-mineral aggregates in biofilm-rich BAC system. Our study indicated that biogenic Mn oxides may play essential roles in facilitating in situ metal(loid) bioremediation in BAC of mine drainage.

Efficient and Rapid Removal of Nickel Ions from Electroplating Wastewater Using Micro-/Nanostructured Biogenic Manganese Oxide Composite

Manganese oxides reportedly exhibit pronounced adsorption capacities for numerous heavy-metal ions owing to their unique structural properties. Herein, a biogenic manganese oxide (BMO) composite was developed and used to remove Ni ions from Ni2+-containing electroplating wastewater. The formation of BMO and the micro-/nanoscale fine microstructure were characterized via scanning/high-resolution transmission electron microscopies and X-ray diffraction assays. Under the optimized conditions, with an adsorption temperature of 50 °C, pH 6, the BMO composite showed a 100% removal efficiency within a rapid equilibrium reaction time of 20 min towards an initial Ni2+ concentration of 10 mg L−1 and a remarkable removal capacity of 416.2 mg g−1 towards an initial Ni2+ concentration of 600 mg L−1 in Ni-electroplating wastewater. The pseudo-second-order equation was applicable to sorption data at low initial Ni2+ concentrations of 10–50 mg L−1 over the time course. Moreover, Freundlich isotherm models fitted the biosorption equilibrium data well. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic analysis validated that the removal capacity of the BMO composite was closely associated with structural groups. In five continuous cycles of adsorption/desorption, the BMO composite exhibited high Ni2+ removal and recovery capacities, thereby showing an efficient and continuous performance potential in treating Ni2+-containing industrial wastewater.

Characterizing Biogenic MnOx Produced by Pseudomonas putida MnB1 and Its Catalytic Activity towards Water Oxidation.

Mn-oxidizing microorganisms oxidize environmental Mn(II), producing Mn(IV) oxides. Pseudomonas putida MnB1 is a widely studied organism for the oxidation of manganese(II) to manganese(IV) by a multi-copper oxidase. The biogenic manganese oxides (BMOs) produced by MnB1 and similar organisms have unique properties compared to non-biological manganese oxides. Along with an amorphous, poorly crystalline structure, previous studies have indicated that BMOs have high surface areas and high reactivities. It is also known that abiotic Mn oxides promote oxidation of organics and have been studied for their water oxidation catalytic function. MnB1 was grown and maintained and subsequently transferred to culturing media containing manganese(II) salts to observe the oxidation of manganese(II) to manganese(IV). The structures and compositions of these manganese(IV) oxides were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction, and their properties were assessed regarding catalytic functionality towards water oxidation in comparison to abiotic acid birnessite. Water oxidation was accomplished through the whole-cell catalysis of MnB1, the results for which compare favorably to the water-oxidizing ability of abiotic Mn(IV) oxides.

Formation of Biogenic Manganese Oxide Nodules on Hyphae of a New Fungal Isolate of Periconia That Immobilizes Aqueous Copper.

Mn(II)-oxidizing microorganisms are considered to play significant roles in the natural geochemical cycles of Mn and other heavy metals because the insoluble biogenic Mn oxides (BMOs) that are produced by these microorganisms adsorb other dissolved heavy metals and immobilize them as precipitates. In the present study, a new Mn(II)-oxidizing fungal strain belonging to the ascomycete genus Periconia, a well-studied plant-associating fungal genus with Mn(II)-oxidizing activity that has not yet been exami-ned in detail, was isolated from natural groundwater outflow sediment. This isolate, named strain TS-2, was confirmed to oxidize dissolved Mn(II) and produce insoluble BMOs that formed characteristic, separately-located nodules on their hyphae while leaving major areas of the hyphae free from encrustation. These BMO nodules also adsorbed and immobilized dissolved Cu(II), a model analyte of heavy metals, as evidenced by elemental mapping ana-lyses of fungal hyphae-BMO assemblages using a scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Analyses of functional genes within the whole genome of strain TS-2 further revealed the presence of multiple genes predicted to encode laccases/multicopper oxidases that were potentially responsible for Mn(II) oxidation by this strain. The formation of BMO nodules may have functioned to prevent the complete encrustation of fungal hyphae, thereby enabling the control of heavy metal concentrations in their local microenvironments while maintaining hyphal functionality. The present results will expand our knowledge of the physiological and morphological traits of Mn(II)-oxidizing Periconia, which may affect the natural cycle of heavy metals through their immobilization.

Atrazine Removal from Aqueous Solution by Biogenic Manganese Oxide and Persulfate: Kinetics and Removal Mechanism

Atrazine Removal from Aqueous Solution by Biogenic Manganese Oxide and Persulfate: Kinetics and Removal Mechanism

Removal of thallium by MnOx coated limestone sand filter through regeneration of KMnO4: Combination of physiochemical and biochemical actions

Treatment of industrial thallium(Tl)-containing wastewater is crucial for mitigating environmental risks and health threats associated with this toxic metal. The incorporation of Mn oxides (MnOx) into the filtration system is a promising solution for efficient Tl(I) removal. However, further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanism behind MnOx-enhanced filtration and the rules of its stable operation. In this study, limestone, a cost-effective material, was selected as the filter media. Raw water with Mn(II), Tl(I), and other pollutants was prepared after a thorough investigation of actual industrial wastewater conditions. KMnO4 was added to induce the formation of MnO2 on limestone surfaces, while long-term operation led to enrichment of manganese oxidizing microorganisms (MnOM). Results revealed a dual mechanism. Firstly, most Mn(II) were oxidized by KMnO4 to form MnO2 attaching to limestone sands, and both Tl(I) and residual Mn(II) were adsorbed onto the newly formed MnO2. Subsequently, enzymes secreted by MnOM facilitated oxidation of remaining Mn(II), resulting in the generation of biogenic manganese oxides (BioMnOx) with numerous vacancies during long-term operation. The generated BioMnOx not only adsorbed Mn(II) and Tl(I) but also promoted their oxidation process. This approach offers an effective and sustainable method for removing both Mn(II) and Tl(I) from industrial wastewater, thereby addressing the challenges posed by thallium-contaminated effluents.

Treatment of wastewater containing thallium(I) by long-term operated manganese sand filter: Synergistic action of MnOx and MnOM

The long-term and stable removal of thallium (Tl) from industrial wastewater generated by mining and smelting operations remains challenging. While sand filters are commonly applied for the simultaneous removal of Mn(II) and other heavy metals, they have limited efficacy in treating Tl-contaminated wastewater. To address this gap, we operated a lab-scale Mn sand filter (MF) without added microorganisms to investigate the efficiency and mechanisms of Mn(II) and Tl(I) removal. Trends in effluent Mn(II) and Tl(I) concentrations indicated three operational stages: start-up, developing and maturation. Over time, the removal efficiency of Tl(I) gradually improved, plateauing at approximately 80 % eventually. Throughout operation, Tl(I) was sequestrated via surface complexation and ion exchange. Besides, enrichment of Sphingobium and other typical manganese oxidizing microorganisms (MnOM) during operation facilitated Mn(II) and Tl(I) oxidation and sequestration by generating biogenic manganese oxides (BioMnOx). Additionally, the accurate control of water quality and operating conditions during operation could also enhance removal efficiency. In summary, physicochemical actions of Mn oxides and biochemical actions of microorganisms synergistically contributed to the sequestration of Mn(II) and Tl(I). These findings provided a novel and sustainable method for the long-term and stable treatment of industrial wastewater containing thallium.

Mechanism of Mn(II) removal by the cake layer containing biogenic manganese oxides in a flow-through mode: Biological or chemical catalysis?

Biogenic manganese oxides (BioMnOx) can effectively remove Mn(II) from drinking water. In the gravity-driven membrane (GDM) system for Mn(II)-containing water treatment, both BioMnOx and Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria (MnOB) present in the cake layer, and their role in Mn(II) oxidation is still controversial. To address this issue, in this study, we naturally formed a cake layer containing BioMnOx and MnOB using the GDM process and identified the different roles of BioMnOx and MnOB in the removal of Mn(II). The experimental results showed that the BioMnOx accounted for a major proportion of the cake layer of GDM, and it played a principal role in the removal of Mn(II) through the combination of adsorption and catalytic oxidation. However, this removal efficiency would be continuously reduced in the absence of MnOB, while stabilized in the presence of MnOB. XPS analysis revealed that the proportion of Mn(III) and Mn(IV) in BioMnOx with MnOB reached 64.1% and 35.8%, respectively, while BioMnOx without MnOB did not contain Mn(IV). These findings suggest that BioMnOx may be the primary catalyst for Mn(II) oxidation, but its long-term activity is dependent on MnOB, which can maintain the catalytic activity by 1) producing new BioMnOx and 2) sustaining the high valence state of MnOx.

Antimony(III) removal by biogenic manganese oxides formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA-1: kinetics and mechanisms.

In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA-1, a manganese-oxidizing bacterium screened from the soil at a manganese mining area, was found to be tolerated to Sb(III) stress during the Mn(II) oxidation, and the generated biological manganese oxide (BMO) outperformed the identical type of Abiotic-MnOX in terms of oxidation and adsorption of Sb(III). Adsorption kinetics and isotherm experiments indicated that Sb(III) was primarily adsorbed through chemisorption and multilayer adsorption on BMO; the maximum adsorption capacity of BMO was 143.15mg·g-1. Removal kinetic studies showed that the Sb(III) removal efficiency by BMO was 72.38-95.71% after 15min, and it could be up to 96.32-98.31% after 480min. The removal procedure could be divided into two stages, fast (within 15min) and slow (15 ~ 480min), both of which exhibited first-order kinetic behavior. Dynamic fitting in two steps revealed that the removal speed correlated to the level of dissolved Sb(III) with low Sb(III) concentrations, but with the initial concentration being high, the removal speed rate was independent of dissolved Sb(III). During the whole process, the Sb(III) removal speed by BMO was also higher than that by the Abiotic-MnOX. Combining multiple spectroscopic techniques revealed that Sb(V) was generated through the Sb(III) oxidation by BMO and replacing surface metal hydroxyl groups to form the complex internal Mn-O(H)-Sb(V) or generating stable Mn(II)-antimonate precipitates on the surface. In addition, microbial metabolites, including tryptophan and humus, in BMO may be complex with Sb(III) and Sb(V) to achieve the treatment of Sb(III). This research investigates the factors and mechanisms influencing the adsorption and removal of Sb(III) by BMO, which could aid in its future engineering applications for the BMO.