Biofilm Formation In Patients Research Articles

Staphylococcus Aureus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilms in Ear-Set Associated Infection

Background and objectives: Ear infections are a serious public health issue in developing countries. Gram-positive and gram-negative Bacteria are both capable of developing biofilms on medical equipment and earphones; however, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis are the most prevalent types and may involve in ear infections. Since there was no such study in our region about ear set association with biofilm formation in patients with ear infections, this study was accomplished. The aim of the study: Therefore, this study was suggested in order to evaluate the relationship between the continuous use of Ear set with biofilm formation and ear infections among handlers. Patients, Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in Kirkuk City (The urban region only) from the 15th of January 2023 to the 23rd of May 2023, done on a total number of (168) participants. The total number of the patients who were Ear set users enrolled for the current study was (120), divided into two groups including (60 patients with biofilm positive (including 27 male and 33 female patients respectively) and 60 patients with biofilm negative (including 23 male and 37 female patients separately), with age, ranged from 20 to 60 years old, who were attended at Kirkuk Teaching Hospital. The control group (non-Ear set users) of the presented study was a total number of (48) including (18) males and (30) females. The serological tests included: the estimation of Human GR, SOD, and MDA antioxidants levels through using of the ELISA technique for all the participants, and the biochemical tests included measuring Vitamin D3 levels by using the iChromaTM technique, while the microbial tests were done through using of VITEK 2 compact system. Biofilm formation was detected by using the Congo red agar method. All the steps of methods are conducted based on the manufacturer's instructions. The bacterial growth among the patients group was (22.5%) of Staphylococcus aureus and (14.16%) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while the control group revealed (8.33 %) of Staphylococcus aureus and (4.16%) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The age range (20-30) years showed the highest rates among the infected patients, with male patients being more vulnerable to the infections. The mean levels of vitamin D3, human GR, SOD, and MDA decreased significantly in patients in matching to control groups. Conclusions: As a conclusion, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are more prevalent agents involved in ear infections. Male patients are more susceptible patients to contracting ear infections. Vitamin D3, Human GR, SOD, and MDA antioxidants levels decline in patients with ear infections.

Rifampicin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for local treatment of musculoskeletal infections: Formulation and characterization

Systemic treatment of orthopedic device-related infections requires potentially toxic doses to reach local therapeutic levels. A locally applied nanosized drug delivery system can provide a high drug dose at the target site. Branched PLGA of lower molar mass was used for rifampicin-loaded nanoparticles (RIF-NPs) formulation by the nanoprecipitation method. The formulation variables influenced the NPs size ranging from 200 to 380 nm. The missing peak of crystalline rifampicin on the DSC scan of the NPs indicates that the drug was molecularly dispersed. The negative charge of the NPs in the physiological buffer was masked by a nonionic surfactant or converted to a positive one by a cationic surfactant, which promotes bioadhesion, penetration, and antimicrobial effect of locally applied RIF-NPs without being toxic to proliferation. Low values of loading capacity showed that PLGA predominates in the NPs, which, however, perform their function as a drug carrier ensuring sustained RIF release. The ex vivo dissolution study of RIF-NPs impregnated into the cancellous allogeneic bone grafts showed a low initial burst followed by sustained release of RIF for 7 days. Rifampicin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles may contribute to the prevention of resistant biofilm formation in patients with implanted devices and the local treatment of infections in open musculoskeletal injuries.

Analysis of Bacterial Biofilm Formation in Patients with Malignancy Undergoing Double J Stent Indwelling and Its Influencing Factors.

ObjectiveTo analyze the bacterial biofilm (BF) formation in patients with malignancy undergoing double J stent indwelling and its influencing factors.MethodsA total of 167 patients with malignant tumors who received double J stent indwelling in the hospital from January 2018 to January 2021 were included in the study. The urine and double J stent samples were collected for bacterial identification and observed for BF formation on the surface of the urinary catheter under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the influencing factors of BF.ResultsThe BF formation rate was 34.73% (58/167). The BF formation rate of positive specimens cultured in urine and double J stent was significantly higher than that of negative ones (P<0.05). Staphylococcus was the main BF bacteria in double J stent and urine culture specimens, followed by Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, and Acinetobacter. Compared with the non-BF group, the number of viable bacteria in the double J stent and urine and the catheterization time in the BF group rose markedly (P<0.05). Advanced age, chemotherapy, anemia, indwelling time ≥90d, and urinary tract infection were risk factors for BF formation in patients with malignancy undergoing double J stent indwelling (P<0.05).ConclusionThere is a high rate of BF formation in patients with malignancy undergoing double J stent indwelling, with Staphylococcus as the dominant species. Treatment requires enhanced urinary catheter management and nutritional status to inhibit BF formation and lower the rate of urinary catheter-related infections.

The effect of ligation methods on biofilm formation in patients undergoing multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic therapy - A systematic review.

Many modifications to fixed orthodontic appliances have been introduced to manage biofilm formation. The aim of this review was to investigate elastomeric ligation in comparison with stainless steel ligation and self-ligation with regard to microbiological and clinical indicators of biofilm formation in patients wearing multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic appliances. The MEDLINE and the EMBASE databases were searched up to February 2021 and supplemented by additional manual searches of bibliographies. Parallel-group and split-mouth randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing different ligation methods were identified. The Cochrane Risk of Bias-2 tool was applied to assess the quality of evidence. A total of 11 RCTs were included in this review. Nine RCTs compared self-ligation and elastomeric ligation; two compared elastomeric ligation and stainless steel ligation. The included studies had either some concerns or were at a high risk of bias. Qualitative assessment of the studies identified that there were no significant differences in biofilm formation between elastomeric ligation and self-ligation, but that stainless steel ligation was less susceptible to biofilm formation than elastomeric ligation. There were no significant differences between self-ligation and elastomeric ligation for biofilm formation in patients wearing multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic appliances. Stainless steel ligation may accumulate less biofilm than elastomeric ligation; however, the clinical significance of the difference could not be evaluated. Further high-quality studies are required in order to determine which ligation method is better for managing biofilm formation in patients wearing multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic appliances.

Association between biofilm and multi/extensive drug resistance in diabetic foot infection.

We aimed to determine significant risk factors for biofilm production and to investigate the association between antimicrobial resistance profile and biofilm formation in the bacterial isolates obtained from patients with diabetic foot infection (DFI). Demographic, clinical, laboratory and outcome data of 165 patients, prospectively recorded and followed between January 2008 and December 2015 by a multidisciplinary committee, were analysed. Standard microbiological methods were adopted. Risk factors associated with biofilm were determined by univariate and multivariate analyses. The overall rate of biofilm production among 339 wound isolates was 34%. The biofilm production rate was significantly higher in Gram-negative micro-organisms (39%) in comparison with Gram positives (21%) (P=.01). A. baumannii presented the highest biofilm production (62%), followed by P. aeruginosa (52%) and Klebsiella spp. (40%). On univariate analysis, significant factors associated with biofilm were antibiotic use within last 3months (OR:2.94, CI: 1.5-5.75, P=.002), recurrent DFI within last 6months (OR:2.35, CI: 1.23-4.53, P=.01), hospitalisation within last 3months due to ipsilateral recurrent DFI (OR:2.44, CI: 1.06-5.58, P=.03), presence of amputation history (OR: 2.20, CI: 1.14-4.24, P=.01), multidrug-resistant (MDR) micro-organism (OR: 7.76, CI: 4.53-13.35, P<.001) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) micro-organism (OR:11.33, CI:4.97-26.55, P<.001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed two variables to be significant factors associated with biofilm: MDR micro-organism (OR: 3.63, CI: 1.58-8.33, P=.002) and XDR micro-organism (OR:4.06, CI: 1.25-13.1, P=.01). Multi/extensive drug resistance and previous recurrent DFIs were significantly associated with biofilm formation in patients with diabetic foot.

Changes in the prevalence and biofilm formation of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae from the respiratory microbiota of patients with sarcoidosis.

BackgroundHealthy condition and chronic diseases may be associated with microbiota composition and its properties. The prevalence of respiratory haemophili with respect to their phenotypes including the ability to biofilm formation in patients with sarcoidosis was assayed.MethodsNasopharynx and sputum specimens were taken in 31 patients with sarcoidosis (average age 42.6 ± 13), and nasopharynx specimens were taken in 37 healthy people (average age 44.6 ± 11.6). Haemophili were identified by API-NH microtest and by the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) system. Biofilm was visualised by crystal violet staining and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). The statistical analysis was performed with Statgraphics Plus for Windows.ResultsIn total, 30/31 patients with sarcoidosis and 31/37 healthy people were colonized by Haemophilus influenzae (6/30 vs. 1/31) and Haemophilus parainfluenzae (28/30 vs. 31/31) in the nasopharynx. The overall number of nasopharyngeal haemophili isolates was 59 in patients with sarcoidosis and 67 in healthy volunteers (H. influenzae 6/59 vs. 1/67, P = 0.05; H. parainfluenzae 47/59 vs. 65/67, P = 0.0032). Moreover, the decreased number of H. parainfluenzae biofilm-producing isolates was shown in nasopharyngeal samples in patients with sarcoidosis as compared to healthy people (19/31 vs. 57/65, P = 0.006), especially with respect to isolates classified as strong and very strong biofilm-producers (8/31 vs. 39/65, P = 0.002).ConclusionsThe obtained data suggest that the qualitative and quantitative changes within the respiratory microbiota concerning the overall prevalence of H. influenzae together with the decreased number of H. parainfluenzae strains and the decreased rate of H. parainfluenzae biofilm-producing isolates as compared to healthy people may be associated with sarcoidosis.

Inverse association of β-lactam-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with adenoid biofilm formation in patients with adenoidectomy surgery

Methods: We design two-phase prospective intervention study in public 1800-bed medical center in Taipei, Taiwan. Cleaning efficacy was monitored by ATP bioluminescence after the daily morning cleaning program completed in a CICU and a MICU. The following high-touch surfaces were monitored: bed rails, surfaces of vital monitors, intravenous injection sets, bed tables, and handles of the nursing care cart. The threshold for cleanliness was set at a level of 250 relative light units (RLU). The intervention included an infection control education program, use of disposable wipes rather than a reusable microfiber towel, and feedback the monitoring result. Results: In phase I, only 43.9% of surfaces were clean (RLU < 250) after the daily cleaning process, and some of the surfaces were even more contaminated. In phase II, 88.1% of surfaces were clean after the daily cleaning process, significantly from phase I. The infection rate also declined after the intervention, from 21.0& to 10.7& in the MICU (p Z 0.047) and from 15.6& to5.6& in the CICU (p Z 0.028). Conclusions: Implementation of a new cleaning program that included use of disposable wipes and monitoring by ATP levels significantly reduced contamination of surfaces and infection rate in our ICUs.

Therapy and prophylaxis in newborn patients

Fluconazole is the most used drug for antifungal prophylaxis in neonatal population. Despite its effectiveness, sometimes fungal infections occur also in newborn patients undergoing fluconazole prophylaxis: this is mainly due both to biofilm formation in patients who carry a central venous catheter (CVC), a common condi­tion among premature babies, and to the occurrence of an infection by a Candida subspecies with intrinsic resistance to fluconazole (e.g.: C. glabrata and C. krusei). A number of antifungal agents are approved for pediatric use, and their limits and advantages are analyzed in this article, but only micafungin is authorized for use in neonatal patients. Further trials are required in order to assess whether additional drugs could have a similar indication for neonatal use. A big issue is the correct identification of the most effective dosing regimen, because the drug pharmacokinetics is peculiar and somewhat unpredictable in newborn patients. In addition to fluconazole prophylaxis, other measures could be taken to prevent fungal infections in at-risk neonates, such as increasing hygienic measures, encouraging breast-feeding, removing CVCs, using probiotics, and decreasing or avoiding the use of drugs promoting the development of systemic mycoses.

Establishment of an animal model using recombinant NOD.B10.D2 mice to study initial adhesion of oral streptococci.

An oral biofilm is a community of surface-attached microorganisms that coats the oral cavity, including the teeth, and provides a protective reservoir for oral microbial pathogens, which are the primary cause of persistent and chronic infectious diseases in patients with dry mouth or Sjögren's syndrome (SS). The purpose of this study was to establish an animal model for studying the initial adhesion of oral streptococci that cause biofilm formation in patients with dry mouth and SS in an attempt to decrease the influence of cariogenic organisms and their substrates. In nonobese diabetogenic (NOD) mice that spontaneously develop insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and SS, we replaced major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (A(g7) E(g7)) and class I D(b) with MHC class II (A(d) E(d)) and class I D(d) from nondiabetic B10.D2 mice to produce an animal model that inhibited IDDM without affecting SS. The adhesion of oral streptococci, including Streptococcus mutans, onto tooth surfaces was then investigated and quantified in homologous recombinant N5 (NOD.B10.D2) and N9 (NOD.B10.D2) mice. We found that a higher number of oral streptococci adhered to the tooth surfaces of N5 (NOD.B10.D2) and N9 (NOD.B10.D2) mice than to those of the control C57BL/6 and B10.D2 mice. On the basis of our observation, we concluded that these mouse models might be useful as animal models of dry mouth and SS for in vivo biological studies of oral biofilm formation on the tooth surfaces.