Biodiversity In Mexico Research Articles

Drivers of urban biodiversity in Mexico and joint risks from future urban expansion, climate change, and urban heat island effect.

Urbanization is a phenomenon where humans concentrate in high densities and consume more per capita energy than in rural areas, imposing high pressures on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Although Mexico is recognized as a megadiverse country and there is an understanding of ecological and evolutionary processes underlying this high diversity, only some efforts have been devoted to understanding how urban biodiversity has been shaped. Here, we compiled a set of socioeconomic and ecological variables to explore macroecological patterns in urban biodiversity across Mexican municipalities. Specifically, we tested the species-area relationships (SAR) between rural and urban areas across municipalities and evaluated the relative role of different socioeconomic and ecological variables driving urban species richness for terrestrial vertebrates. Finally, we explored the exposure of Mexican municipalities to future urban expansion, the urban heat island (UHI) effect, and climate change. Urban and rural settlements show differences in the shape of SAR models. We found that urban area, size of the network of urban protected areas, the number of ecoregions, and GDP explained the urban total species richness relatively well. Mexican cities in the northeast region may be at a higher risk than others. Based on our analyses, policymakers should identify priority urban conservation sites in cities with high species richness and low urbanization development. These actions would alleviate future urban biodiversity loss in these growing cities.

Representativeness of the types of vegetation in the management units for the conservation of wildlife (UMA) in Mexico

The method of analysis of gaps and conservation omissions (GAP) are tools to identify conservation gaps or areas ofunderrepresentation in the current reserve system. This study focused on evaluating the extent to which the management units forthe conservation of wildlife (UMA) contribute to conservation of biodiversity in Mexico. UMA in the country cover 37,000,000million ha, equivalent to 17.1% of the national territory, however, there are only geographical references for 1,761 UMA(9,803,319 ha = 5.05%) of which it was determined with the method of analysis of gaps and conservation omissions (GAP), howthese contribute to the conservation of the types of natural vegetation, of the VI series (INEGI, 2017). Other results indicate that theUMA are located, mainly, in sites with the presence of xerophilous scrubs, which constitute 46.9% (45,182,741 ha) of the country'sprimary vegetation with 10 vegetation categories. If the UMA are considered as elements equivalent to the Natural Protected Area(ANP) in the conservation of biodiversity, they would cover 9 categories of vegetation that are conservation omissions in the ANPnetwork. However, they would not include 16 categories of secondary vegetation, which are both conservation gaps in the currentANP network; which represents a conservation gap at the national level of 72,891 ha (0.17%). However, to contribute to theconservation of biodiversity, the management of both conservation instruments must be improved.

Climate Change and Its Impacts on Biodiversity in Mexico

During the last 150 years, the increase in the average temperature of the atmosphere and oceans has been documented due to the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, excess production and reduced capacity to capture pollution. The consequences have been radical changes in the distribution of ecosystems and species, rise in sea level, disappearance of glaciers and corals, unpredictable and extreme climates such as droughts and storms. Climate change affects all organisms on the planet, many of them are already responding to this new dynamic through changes in their distribution and migrations. All these factors are the product of human activities and their social, economic and political causes. The effects of human activities, which were previously small-scale, have turned into large-scale events, affecting the climate of the entire planet. Climate change has become one of the main threats to biodiversity. In Mexico, a large number of endemic species of highly restricted distribution are susceptible to be affected by the indicated factors.
 Aims: The objective of this study is to present a set of regional projections of temperature, rainfall, humidity and drought index for Mexico under the IPCC AR6 climate change scenarios, and to evaluate their impact on biodiversity in Mexico by the end of the century.
 Methodology and Results: Regional models for Mexico show temperature increases between 0.5 to 5°C, while % precipitation will range from -20.3 to 13.5% depending on the scenario and period of analysis. The low soil moisture, vegetation changes and drought indices show that the North, West and Bajío areas presented reductions in precipitation and temperature increase that caused soil moisture deficit, water stress, presence of scarce vegetation and semi-permanent meteorological drought. Under these scenarios, it is expected that the entire country will be subjected to moderate to extremely strong droughts that will last and worsen between now and the end of the century. The results of the scenario projections and forecasts made by the IPCC show that the effects on biodiversity associated with climate change have been manifested for several decades in Mexico and are expected to worsen by the end of the century, increasing the number of threatened and endangered species. Based on the probable temperatures by the end of the century (from 0.5 to 5°C) it is estimated that the risk of extinction ranges from 3 to 48% in terrestrial ecosystems, in ocean and coastal ecosystems the risk of biodiversity loss will go from moderate to very high; and for endemic species it is estimated that the risk of extinction is very high with the possibility of increase by more than ten times.
 Conclusion: Thus, the vulnerability of biodiversity in Mexico is high to very high, which puts a very high number of species and ecosystems at risk.

Checklist of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of Oaxaca, an important hotspot of biodiversity in Mexico

Background: Oaxaca, a southern State in Mexico, belongs to the Mesoamerican hotspot of biodiversity. The taxonomic and diversity knowledge of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in Oaxaca State is scattered and accessibility to it is difficult.
 Questions: Which AMF species have been identified in Oaxaca and which is their distribution?
 Studied species: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
 Study site: State of Oaxaca, Mexico.
 Methods: It was prepared an updated and annotated checklist of the AMF species with frequency of occurrence and the sampling sites where the species had been registered. All studies carried out previously (to date, 2022) were considered. Information on AMF taxa was available in scattered form in different publications in physical and electronic media, theses, projects, technical reports, and scientific papers.
 Results: The checklist includes 78 species, distributed among 23 genera, 10 families, and four orders. The most diverse families were Glomeraceae (26 species), followed by Gigasporaceae (20) and Acaulosporaceae (15), whereas the most diverse genera were Acaulospora and Glomus (15 and eight species, respectively). The most frequent species were Funneliformis geosporus, Acaulospora scrobiculata, and A. spinosa. The highest species diversity has been reported under the rhizosphere of Agave angustifolia, A. karwinskii, and Zea mays (39, 36, and 34 species, respectively). A new AMF species was recently isolated from the rhizosphere of a microendemic agave.
 Conclusions: The recorded AMF species of Oaxaca State confirms its position as one of the states with the highest AMF species diversity of Mexico.

Knowledge exchange through an intermediary organization: A case study on the conservation of biodiversity in Mexico

Intermediary organizations play a key role in the Knowledge Exchange Processes (KEP) between scientists and decision-makers. There is a need to better understand KEP carried out by intermediary organizations in megadiverse and developing countries, the roles played by their staff, and the researchers involved. Factors that catalyst or hinder KEP over long periods are not very clear also. In this paper, we analyze the KEP that has occurred in the last three decades between researchers from the Biology Institute of the National Autonomous University of Mexico and the National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity. Through document analysis and interviews, our main findings show that KEP comprises seven stages: (a) formation of a working group, (b) establishment of information quality standards, (c) internal review, (d) external review, (e) final review of the tools to support decision-making, (f) publication and diffusion, and (g) update. The roles performed by intermediary staff include areas specialized in the financing, compiling, translating, and disseminating the tools to support decision-making on biodiversity conservation. The roles of researchers include generation of primary data, synthesis of information, and generation of technical-scientific opinions. Catalysts and obstacles to KEP occur at the individual and institutional levels. These results can serve as a basis for the development and strengthening of intermediary organizations that support decision-making on issues related to the long-term maintenance and use of biodiversity, as well as the development of strategies that help to make visible the key role that basic science research play in the KEP.

Paleobotany to understand evolution and biodiversity in Mexico

Paleobotany bears an invaluable source of knowledge for understanding the history of the biodiversity that we protect and care for today. This discipline is recognized as a source of information on physical, ecological, and biological events and processes that occurred in the past and are maintained today, but whose occurrences must be interpreted necessarily, and sometimes with limitations, solely from the lithosphere. The importance of studying past life from Mexico and addressing fossil plant reconstruction is highlighted to understand modern biodiversity. Fossils in Mexico have been studied marginally but contain valuable information to understand the history of biodiversity, both in Mexico and globally. We examined the extent to which Mexican fossils can contribute to understanding the origin and development of biological processes through time, and how past plant biodiversity in Mexico compares with the extant one. We used two sources to address these questions: (i) ideas on biological processes as seen through the fossil record, and (ii) fossils known from Mexico. Examples are given of how fossils, morphology, anatomy, and numerical methods, as well as genetics and physiology, illuminate each other to generate solid botanical concepts. The abundant and widely distributed outcrops with fossil plants suggest that further studies on Mexican material will be influential for varied biological hypotheses related to the origin and history of biodiversity. Mexican fossil plants and their scarce sampled localities are open to further investigation that will complement hypotheses on the historic discussion of biological processes.

Uncovering spatial patterns of ecosystem services and biodiversity through local communities' preferences and perceptions

Tropical agricultural frontiers are rapidly changing and present unique opportunities to reconcile ecosystem services (ES) provision, biodiversity conservation, and livelihood maintenance of rural communities. To understand the dynamics of these frontiers, we analyzed preferences, reasons associated with importance, and spatial perceptions of ES and biodiversity in Mexico at two scales. In seven workshops and 42 interviews, participants ranked preferred ES and expressed reasons for their importance. They identified the relevant areas for ES and biodiversity. We used this data to create an index to obtain maps of perceived spatial patterns and perform a cluster analysis to identify ES bundles. A redundancy analysis highlighted the factors that help explain the spatial patterns and qualitative and quantitative methods were used to explore the reasons behind participants’ rankings of relative importance. We found two contrasting bundles at the regional scale: the natural protected area, where biodiversity is highest, and the agricultural frontier, where agricultural services were highest. At the ejido scale, ejidos whose livelihoods are mainly centered on agriculture and those that develop diverse activities were grouped. Socio-ecological factors (e.g., ejido area, PES program, and indigenous population) further distinguished ejidos focused on agricultural expansion, those dominated by marginalized local inhabitants, and those focused on forest management. The most dominant reasons underlying ES rankings include having sufficient nutritious food and economic support linked to agricultural services. We discuss the role of conservation strategies, historical government decisions, and biophysical characteristics in shaping strong trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and agriculture—and the role of voluntary local conservation initiatives and a national PES scheme in supporting opportunities to reconcile some of these trade-offs. This study demonstrates the importance of integrating local community preferences and perceptions into spatially explicit products that can be used in inclusive conservation and landscape planning approaches for tropical landscapes worldwide.

Spectral Characteristics Related to Chemical Substructures and Structures Indicative of Organic Precursors from Fulvic Acids in Sediments by NMR and HPLC-ESI-MS.

The aim of this work was to determine Fulvic Acids (FAs) in sediments to better know their composition at the molecular level and to propose substructures and structures of organic precursors. The sediment samples were obtained from a priority area for the conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity in Mexico. FAs were extracted and purified using modifications to the International Humic Substances Society method. The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI−) modes. Twelve substructures were proposed by the COSY and HSQC experiments, correlating with compounds likely belonging to lignin derivatives obtained from soils as previously reported. The analysis of spectra obtained by HPLC-ESI-MS indicated likely presence of compounds chemically similar to that of the substructures elucidated by NMR. FAs studied are mainly constituted by carboxylic acids, hydroxyl, esters, vinyls, aliphatics, substituted aromatic rings, and amines, presenting structures related to organic precursors, such as lignin derivatives and polysaccharides.

In pursuit of Mexican Pinguicula: a journey to northwestern Oaxaca

After much planning and aligning our schedules, we finally defined the dates to visit populations of various Pinguicula species in northwestern Oaxaca, Mexico. It is essential to highlight that the state of Oaxaca has the greatest biodiversity in Mexico, as regard to vascular plants, it has 10,299 species, of which 4,071 are endemic to the state (Villaseñor 2016). It is also the state where it is possible to find most Pinguicula species (Table 1). Fifteen species have been reported, including the recently described P. pygmaea (Rivadavia et al. 2017). Also, some of these species are controversial and under taxonomic discussion, i.e., P. rectifolia and P. medusina, whereas others have not been seen since they were first collected (P. greenwoodii and P. utricularioides).

Primer Captura de Phoracantha Recurva1 Newman, 1840 en Condiciones Naturales en México e Información Sobre Su Distribución en México

Phoracantha recurva,_Newman, 1840, is a beetle native to Australia. Adults of this species have a bright body, with dark brown and yellow to cream areas on the elytra, antennae as long or longer than the body, pronotum with discs or protuberances on the back, and lateral spines; elytra with at least one spine or process in the apical margin. P. recurva is an important pest, because it causes severe damage to trees belonging to the Myrtaceae family, such as Eucalyptus and Angophora. The National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity in Mexico (CONABIO) has published the list of high-risk exotic insects and arachnids for Mexico. Of the 20 species of insects associated with eucalyptus trees in Mexico, the genus Phoracantha is not registered, probably because reports of this species are only incidental. Here, we report the occurrence of P. recurva, in Mexico based upon captured and observed specimens.

Frutos y semillas de Bursera simplex Rzed. & Calderón en diferentes sitios y estructura arbórea

El territorio del estado de Oaxaca reúne la mayor biodiversidad de México; la vegetación más abundante es la selva baja caducifolia con especies de Bursera de importancia económica y biológica. En el presente estudio se evaluó la composición estructural y el fenotipo de árboles semilleros de Bursera simplex y las características del sitio en que crecen; su producción de frutos y de semillas se describió en función del individuo del cual se recolectaron. Durante 2015, se realizó un muestreo dirigido de 23 unidades muestrales hacia los mejores fenotipos con alta producción de frutos y semillas, ademas se hizo su inventario. Los datos se analizaron mediante índices estructurales y análisis de varianza para comparar la producción de frutos y semillas, en relación al árbol del que se obtuvieron, así como las características del sitio, altitud, pendiente y posición del lugar en el que crecieron los ejemplares. Los de tamaño mayor se asocian a pendientes ≤ 25 % y altitudes ≤ 1 278 m, donde producen 29 259 semillas kg-1. La estructura poblacional es de tipo irregular, con importantes densidades de Bursera simplex asociadas a la exposición oeste; el índice de valor forestal, el índice de valor de importancia y el índice de complejidad afectan las características morfológicas de frutos y semillas.

Forest cover change in the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve and its future: The contribution of the 1998 protected natural area decree

The Los Tuxtlas mountain range harbors one of the last remnants of tropical rain forest on the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico. This volcanic range has a high degree of heterogeneity in its geology, climate and ecology, in addition to a very long history of human occupation. The original area covered by tropical forest has been drastically reduced by agricultural activities, and during the last four decades in particular, deforestation has been very intense. In order to protect the remaining forest, in 1998 the Mexican government created the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve (LTBR). While previous studies estimated deforestation rates and the amount of forest cover remaining in some areas of the LTBR, this is the first study to do so for the entire protected area. A retrospective analysis from 1986 to 2011 was conducted to assess the effect of the 1998 decree of the LTBR on deforestation rates, and to predict future changes in forest cover up to the year 2025 using Markov chains and cellular automata based on current deforestation patterns. The results show that shortly after the 1998 decree, deforestation rates in the LTBR not only decreased but reversed, however this trend did not continue. In recent years deforestation has again increased. Our projection shows that if current trends continue unchanged then by the year 2025 we might have lost close to 14% (ca. 9000 ha) of the forest cover that was present in 2011. The decree of the LTBR was part of the federal policy to protect biodiversity in Mexico and our results show that the strategy of establishing this protected area did work to protect tropical forest, at least temporarily in Los Tuxtlas. Also, our results show that it is not only possible to reverse forest loss within the ample buffer zone of the LTBR, it is also still relatively easy to achieve by promoting passive restoration.

High Genetic Diversity and Connectivity Among Populations of Quercus candicans, Quercus crassifolia, and Quercus castanea in a Heterogeneous Landscape in Mexico

Oaxaca state is one of the main hotspots of biodiversity in Mexico, containing almost 40% of the Mexican vascular flora, due to its high variability in habitat and climatic conditions coupled with high elevations in mountains and low elevations in valleys. We studied the genetic diversity and population structure of Quercus candicans, Quercus crassifolia, and Quercus castanea across their geographical distribution in Oaxaca state to understand how the heterogeneous physiography had driven the genetic diversity and population differentiation in these three oak species. We found high levels of genetic diversity but ca. 40% of the populations had significant values of Wright’s inbreeding coefficient. The analysis of molecular variance indicated that most of the variation occurred within populations in the three oak species. Resistance analyses showed connectivity among almost all the populations but barrier analysis found genetic breaks that limited gene flow among some populations of the oak species. Even in a heterogeneous environment such as in Oaxaca state, the oak species still have high levels of genetic diversity and landscape connectivity. However, it is necessary to maintain the genetic connectivity through the preservation of natural corridors with forests in good condition, which is necessary to maintain the cohesiveness of the species in the long term. It is also important to protect the centers of species diversity in Oaxaca state located in the subprovinces of Western Oaxacan Mountains and Valleys, Sierra Madre de Oaxaca, and Sierra Madre del Sur because they harbor most of the population genetic diversity and oak species richness, as has been shown in previous studies.

Análisis del impacto de las pequeñas y medianas ciudades en el cambio climático. El caso de Oaxaca, México 2000-2015

El propósito del presente artículo es analizar la influencia del desarrollo de las ciudades de Oaxaca en el cambio climático que se manifiesta en las mismas, para ello se analiza el comportamiento de las emisiones de co2 derivadas del desarrollo urbano de las ciudades de Oaxaca (2000-2015), partiendo del supuesto de que el crecimiento urbano tiende a propiciar el aumento del nivel de gases de efecto invernadero, en particular con las emisiones de co2. Se concluye que el cambio climático está aumentando a tasas altas, y que su sustento proviene de las emisiones de las viviendas, los vehículos y de los desechos sólidos. A mayor desarrollo humano existe una mayor emisión de co2 en estas ciudades. Este proceso tiende a afectar el territorio de mayor bioculturalidad de México, en el que habitan 16 grupos étnicos, ligados a la presencia de prácticamente todos los ecosistemas y tipos de vegetación que caracterizan al planeta. Un hallazgo es que la sustentabilidad ambiental de las ciudades puede amortiguar los efectos del cambio climático en las mismas.

Valoración económica de la biodiversidad forestal en México, una revisión

El deterioro creciente de los recursos naturales crea la necesidad de valorar los servicios ambientales, incluidos los de la biodiversidad. La valoracion economica de esta se ha focalizado en bienes y servicios sin mercado, lo cual es complicado. Se han desarrollado tecnicas para medir estos valores cuya aceptacion se ha incrementado ultimamente. En este trabajo se hizo una busqueda de las valoraciones economicas efectuadas en Mexico. Casi la totalidad de estudios de valoracion realizados en el pais se restringen a los metodos de valoracion contingente (MVC) y costo de viaje (MCV). El unico nivel de biodiversidad explorado es el de ecosistema. No se conocen trabajos desarrollados en terminos de los bienes y servicios sin mercado a nivel de gen y especie. El metodo de valoracion contingente es el mas utilizado (11 estudios), le sigue el metodo costo de viaje con un estudio realizado conjuntamente con el MVC. Ocho estudios no consideraron los sesgos mas importantes (tiempo, sustitucion, multiples destinos, vehiculo de pago, estrategico e hipotetico) de estos metodos.

Diversity and distribution of the orchids of the Tacaná-Boquerón region, Chiapas, Mexico

The Tacaná-Boquerón region (TBR) in Chiapas is considered an area of high biodiversity in Mexico, with a rich but poorly studied orchid flora, which is an important component of the vegetation and threatened by an accelerated rate of deforestation. By means of fieldwork, and the revision of scientific collections and literature, an orchid checklist for the TBR and adjacent areas was made; using geographic information systems the distribution of this orchid flora was analyzed in the study area. From 1,235 records we report 105 genera and 325 species, two of them determined to infraspecific level and two are natural hybrids; nine species were additions to the Mexican flora; 39 species are considered at risk in Mexico; the national distribution of a further 20 species are restricted to the TBR. This orchid flora represents 24 % and 44 % of the national and state orchid species richness, respectively, is the second richest in Mexico, and only surpassed by the region El Momón-Las Margaritas-Montebello (Chiapas). The greatest orchid richness is concentrated between elevations of 500 to 2,499 m, in areas now given over to permanent agriculture (including coffee and cocoa plantations); in primary forest the richness is lower. The Tacaná Volcano Biosphere Reserve is the only protected area in the TBR and the proposal to extend it to the Boquerón peak would promote the protection of the orchid flora growing above 1,000 m in the region. Traditional coffee plantations could be alternative to conserve orchids that grow below 1,600 m.

Flammable Mexico

The frequency of disturbances is an important factor contributing to the megabiodiversity of Mexico, and fire is a prominent disturbance in this region. Here I briefly summarise important aspects of fire ecology in Mexico and introduce a new book for fire science in this country: Incendios de la vegetación (Vegetation fires) by D. Rodríguez-Trejo. The book covers many fire topics including fire ecology, fire behaviour, fire management, fire history and the anthropology of fire, and provides a basis for sustainable vegetation management in the region; it also advocates for the use of fire as a management tool. The message is that the biodiversity of Mexico, and therefore its management, cannot be understood without considering fire.

Disponibilidad de hábitats adecuados para especies de mamíferos a escalas regional (estado de Guerrero) y nacional (México)

The State of Guerrero is ranked fourth in terms of biodiversity in Mexico, including 930 vertebrate species in its territory. However, Guerrero shows significant loss of its original natural habitats. It is evident the need to generate information on the processes involved in loss of natural habitats and to identify the impact on the distribution of species. We modeled the potential distribution of suitable habitat for 47 species of mammals using MaxEnt, and those were further refined to produce models of the current distribution of suitable habitats. The relationship between the amplitude of the potential distribution of suitable habitats and the proportion of remaining natural habitat for each species were examined, both at the state (Guerrero) and nationwide levels (Mexico), and there were identified areas of Guerrero needed to achieve fixed conservation goals. The results showed no significant correlation between the amplitude of species potential distribution of suitable habitats and species distributions of remaining areas of original habitat, neither at the state or national scales. In fact, there are significant differences in the proportions of remaining habitat between the 2 scales, suggesting that scale is an important factor in establishing conservation strategies for the same species at local, regional or national scales.

Biodiversidad de protistas amébidos de vida libre en México

A taxonomical and ecological review of the available information about amoebae (gymnamoebae and testate) of Mexico was made considering 142 publications in the 1841-2012 period. The total number of amoebae species found was 315. The dominant groups were Amebozoa, Rhizaria and Excavata with a significant contribution of the testate amoebae group besides gymnamoebae and acanthamoebid organisms. Most studies were performed in the states of the central area of Mexico, especially in Mexico City and its environs, corresponding to the location of the main research groups. Nine states have no studies on free-living amobae, including some of the regions with the higher biodiversity in Mexico as Chiapas, Tabasco and Yucatan. The first record of amoebae in our country was in 1841. The largest number of records comes from the decade of 1960 of the last century and the number of records has maintained a trend of steady increase and the perspective is that there are still large numbers of undiscovered species, many of them essential to the functioning of many ecosystems. This is the first review focused exclusively on the status of free-living amoebae species in Mexico.

Potential distributional changes and conservation priorities of endemic amphibians in western Mexico as a result of climate change

SUMMARYThere is a growing concern regarding the conservation status of amphibian species worldwide; they are more threatened and declining more rapidly than mammals or birds, and Mexico is considered one of the richest countries on Earth in terms of reptile and amphibian species. Composite models of the current distribution patterns of endemic amphibians in western Mexico were used to predict their potential distributional changes as a consequence of expected climatic changes. The models identified the most significant conservation areas within the region (hotspots), considering existing natural protected areas (NPAs) and previously recognized terrestrial priority regions for conservation (TPRCs). Three niche modelling algorithms (Bioclim, GARP and MaxEnt) used 2412 locality records for 29 species to model their climate envelopes under current and future conditions for the years 2020, 2050 and 2080. The models indicated that overall species persistence was 60% for the years 2020 and 2050, but dropped to < 20% by the year 2080. The current network of NPAs included only 8% of the areas that currently possess the greatest predicted potential richness (16–21 species), and, by 2050, the models indicate they will encompass only 3% of these areas. Six TPRCs included 44% of currently predicted areas with the highest potential species richness, but, by 2050, models predicted only 3% of such areas would persist within one TPRC. Higher uncertainty levels and variability among species surrounded the 2080 projections generated by the three algorithms. Recognition of the potential effects of climate change and consideration of the conservation value of the six TPRCs identified in this study may counteract the potential consequences of climate change on biodiversity in Mexico.