Price Of Biodiesel Research Articles

The Impact of Indonesian Crude Oil Demand Prices on the Indonesian Biodiesel Industry

Biodiesel is one of Indonesia's potential export commodities as there is a production surplus that occurs every year from 2006 to 2020. The study used the 2SLS method with a validation and simultaneous equation model. Data processing using SAS/ETS version 9.4. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of Indonesia's crude oil demand price on Indonesia's biodiesel industry. The findings indicate that the demand for Indonesian biodiesel is positively impacted by a rise in the global real price of crude oil by 0.11%. This increase is due to both the biodiesel industry's and the local market's need for Indonesian palm oil. The local price of Indonesian biodiesel would rise by 0.49% due to the increase in demand for the fuel. The amount of biodiesel produced in Indonesia will increase by 0.87%, this increase in production is due to increasing domestic demand for Indonesian palm oil, and the volume of biodiesel exported to destination countries will increase by 0.01%. Exports of palm oil may be more impacted by the policy of raising the actual world price of crude oil. This implies that the program may potentially result in a rise in raw material exports. On the other hand, the biodiesel industry and other industries also see a spike in palm oil as a result of the strategy of raising the real world price of crude oil.

Sustainable production of biodiesel enabled by acid-base bifunctional ZnF2 via one-pot transformation of Koelreuteria integrifoliola oil: Process optimization, kinetics study and cost analysis

Against the backdrop of energy crisis and quest for carbon neutrality, efficient utilization of heterogeneous catalysts to facilitate one-pot conversion of low-quality nonedible oils into biodiesel, shows enormous promise for the reduction of carbon footprints and environmental pollution. In this study, an effective heterogeneous catalyst, acid-base bifunctional mesoporous ZnF2 (MP-ZnF2) was successfully fabricated for biodiesel synthesis from Koelreuteria integrifoliola oil (KIO, acid values of 8.26 mg KOH/g) via facile one-pot process. Meanwhile, systematic characterization showed the large specific surface area (62.9 m2/g), abundant mesoporous (12.15 nm), outstanding thermal stability, and plentiful stable acid-base sites (1.22 and 0.56 mmol/g) of MP-ZnF2. Consequently, MP-ZnF2 achieved a high biodiesel yield of 97.15% under moderate conditions (103 °C, 6.2 h, 10.2 wt% catalyst dosages, 29:1 MeOH/KIO molar ratio) optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). More importantly, through the kinetic investigation, a low activation energy of 49.24 kJ/mol explained the reason for its high activity, and the possible reaction mechanism of (trans)esterification was also proposed. In addition, MP-ZnF2 demonstrated satisfactory reusability (6th cycle, >90%), water resistance (8 wt% water content, 89.25%), and versatility (all yields >90%). According to cost analysis, the price of biodiesel in this work was about 0.64 $/kg. Notably, the as-prepared biodiesel conformed to ASTM D6751 and EN 14,214 standards, indicating great application prospects. It was demonstrated that one-pot transformation of KIO into biodiesel using acid-base bifunctional MP-ZnF2 contributes to the sustainable development of clean energy.

Techno-economic and environmental evaluation of the production of biodiesel from rice-straw in China

Rice straw (RS) is the residue obtained during the rice processing process, and is recognized as one of the most abundant biomass resources in the world. Approximately 800 million to 1 billion tons of rice straw are produced globally every year, and most of them are considered general waste and typically end up in landfills or incineration. This approach wastes resources and can also lead to environmental pollution. In the current study, the RS was used as the source of biodiesel production and a comprehensive process model of the RS valorization process was developed to evaluate the energy flow, production efficiency, production costs, and greenhouse gas emissions in Hunan Province, China. The evaluation results showed that the energy efficiency of biodiesel production from rice straw and the overall energy efficiency of the rice straw valorization process are reported as 52.1% and 56.1%, respectively. The minimum selling price of biodiesel, which is CNY 3.03/kg, is considerably lower than the current market prices for similar products in China. The largest proportion of the production cost of biodiesel is the cost of natural gas, followed by utilities, capital, transportation, plant maintenance and overheads, consumables, labor, and waste disposal. For the current RS valorization plant with a 5000 kg/h RS feed rate, the investment payback times are 8.9 yr and 7.1 yr when the biodiesel is sold at the lowest (CNY 4/kg) and highest (CNY 4.6/kg) market price, respectively. Environmental analysis shows that the greenhouse gas emissions intensity of biodiesel production is 75.8 g CO2eq/MJ, which is only about 52% of traditional fossil diesel and indicating that biodiesel is an environmentally friendly energy source.

A Review of Properties, Engine Performance, Emission Characteristics and Material Compatibility Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil (WCO)

Biodiesel is one of the renewable energy sources, non-fossil. The chosen feedstock should ideally be low-cost. Using waste cooking oil can reduce synthetic biodiesel's price by up to 70%. However, biodiesel has the advantage of lower heating value and higher density, causing increased fuel consumption and NOx emissions. Biodiesel has physicochemical properties such as a more significant cetane number than fossil diesel, a high flash point, and the absence of sulfur. This study identifies the potential availability of WCO as biodiesel and summarizes recent studies on the physiochemical properties of WCO biodiesel. This study also aims to clarify the use of WCO biodiesel on engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics (H.C., CO, CO2, NOx) when this biodiesel is used. Engine type and biodiesel ratio were identified for all articles. This study also discusses the effect of adding nanoparticles on engine performance and exhaust emissions in WCO biodiesel. This study also clarifies material compatibility (corrosion, wear, and friction). The corrosion rate in various types of materials and corrosion testing methods. Finally, this paper presents the opportunity for WCO biodiesel to be very feasible to reduce fossil diesel use.

Techno-economic analysis and environmental impact assessment of biodiesel production from bio-oil derived from microwave-assisted pyrolysis of pine sawdust

Pyrolysis stands out as a highly promising technology for converting biomass. Upgrading the bio-oil to meet the requirements for fuelling internal combustion engines is indispensable. This study evaluates the economic viability of microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) of pine sawdust, followed by bio-oil esterification for the production of biodiesel. Aspen Plus® was used to simulate a facility that processed 2000 metric tonnes of pine sawdust per day. The minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of biodiesel was established through the use of a discounted cash flow analysis. A life cycle assessment approach was used to evaluate the environmental impact assessment of biodiesel production. Process modelling findings revealed that the pyrolysis section yielded 65.8 wt% bio-oil, 8.9 wt% biochar, and 25.3 wt% NCGs. The biodiesel product yield was 48 wt% of the raw bio-oil, yielding 631.7 tonnes per day of biodiesel. With the cost of methanol playing a significant role, the overall capital investment was $286.1 MM and the total yearly operating expenses were $164.9 MM. The predicted MFSP for biodiesel is $2.31/L, with yearly operational expenses and biodiesel output being the most important factors. The emission from the biodiesel production process resulted in a global warming potential of 70.97 kg CO2eq. With an anticipated MFSP that is competitive with traditional diesel fuel, the study concludes that the method is economically viable. The results underline how crucial it is to optimize crucial process variables in order to increase the process's economic viability.

Raw material for biodiesel production. Valorization of used edible oil

Biofuel’s production is a topical domain for researchers due to the relevance that it is winning every day. This, because of the increase in the petroleum price and the environmental advantages. Biodiesel is a promising way to reduce the environmental degradation by increasing pollutants including greenhouse gas emissions (fossil CO2, nitrogen and sulfur oxides). Biodiesel price is directly related to the cost of the used raw materials (70-95 % of the total biodiesel cost). In this context, the purpose of this paper is to study the different renewable resources which can be used as raw material for biodiesel production to emphasize the possibility of the use of edible used oils. The special attention is paid to optimization of biodiesel production from used edible oil by trans esterification reaction.

Revisiting biodiesel hedging

AbstractPrevious research found that both soybean oil and heating oil futures should be used to hedge biodiesel price risk. This was sensible because blending mandates caused biodiesel prices to be driven by that of its primary input—soybean oil. Much has changed in recent years, with plummeting demand during the coronavirus disease (COVID) pandemic, biodiesel plants struggling to break‐even in 2020, and then incurring losses in 2021 as soybean oil prices skyrocketed with the rise of renewable diesel—a relatively new biomass‐based diesel fuel in high demand largely due to green policies in California. This study revisits the appropriate strategies for hedging biodiesel production risk and finds that soybean oil has become a less important hedging vehicle. [EconLit Citations: Q420, Q410, Q480, Q160, Q110, Q130].

Socio- and techno-economic analyses of biodiesel production from sewage sludge in Tokyo, Japan

Biodiesel, a promising eco-friendly alternative to diesel, faces a major obstacle in the form of high feedstock costs (50%–70%) for production. Sewage sludge (SS) as a viable feedstock for biodiesel production was recognized due to its abundance, consistent availability, and low cost. However, certain limitations, such as pretreatment and drying, are challenging. This study assessed biodiesel production costs from dewatered and wet SS in Japan, utilizing Aspen Plus for simulations. Estimated costs are 0.09 USD/kg and 0.084 USD/kg for dewatered and wet SS, respectively. Biodiesel prices and cost-influencing factors are analyzed, revealing a potential break-even price as low as 540 USD/t (70% below market price) with a positive net value of 8331 USD. Remarkably, producing biodiesel from SS is found to be nine times cheaper than Japan's current biodiesel production cost. The proposed SS biorefinery strategy, integrated within Japanese WWTPs, is a notable outcome. But the limitations and uncertainties that may affect these results are also highlighted for the reader's consideration.

Bio Diesel as the Next Generation Sustainable Fuel-an Overview

Demand of petroleum based fuels is increasing and contrary to that the fossil fuels are depleting. India being a developing country, with multi fold increase in population needs more energy resources. The vegetable oils, edible and non edible, have promised an opportunity to utilize them as an alternative source as a fuel in place of diesel.Edible oil being costly, researchers have given more emphasis on non-edible oils and investigation was done after proper experimentation in IC engines. Major problems associated with vegetable oils are higher viscosities, lower heating values, chocking of nozzles, engine compatibility, higher engine wear and high price of bio diesel, cold start problem, lower energy content, higher copper strip corrosion etc. Esterification of vegetable oils and their conversion to bio-diesels have opened a new opportunity to experiment and know the performance in the existing CI engines with no modifications.

Algae bioreactor for biodiesel production

Biodiesel production and use are becoming more prevalent across North America and Europe as fueling stations become equipped with biodiesel pumps at a continually increasing rate. As petroleum reserves become depleted, the price of petroleum-based diesel will increase, while biodiesel prices are expected to decrease due to increased supply. Biodiesel is produced through transesterification of oils or fats and can be used in unmodified diesel engines. This makes biodiesel an ideal petroleum-based-diesel substitute as car manufacturers and consumers will not experience manufacturing cost changes. Algae are efficient for biodiesel production because they are about 50% by mass oil, which can be used to make biodiesel fuel. Algae can also grow in areas where other plants cannot be grown such as salt water or polluted areas. Additionally, algae grown near power plants will consume the emitted CO2 and use it for photosynthesis. This article reports the results of a student capstone design project, in which a small reactor for biodiesel production was built using a vertical design. It produced 1420 ml (48 fl. oz.) of algae, which resulted in a net production of 591 ml (20 fl. oz.) of lipid oil through refreezing the algae. We were able to produce 532 ml (18 fl. oz.) of biodiesel fuel in less than 11 weeks.

Techno-economic analysis of a microalgae-based biorefinery network for biofuels and value-added products

Biorefineries have the potential to become economically competitive through the exploitation of all biomass conversion scenarios. This study presents a technoeconomic assessment of a microalgal biorefinery for the integrated production of biodiesel, biobutanol, and co-products acetone, ethanol, and glycerol. Pre-treatment stages include acid hydrolysis (AH) and solvent extraction (SX), in two different processing networks (Configuration 1: AH followed by SX; Configuration 2: SX followed by AH). The lowest Minimum Fuel Selling Price (MFSP) was attained by Configuration 1 ($2.11/kg total biofuel), which was 75 % and 11 % lower than the single-fuel biobutanol and biodiesel conversion scenarios, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that the feedstock costs, inlet rate, and solvent usage (SX), have the greatest effect on the MFSP. Results also showed that the selling price of biobutanol is highly sensitive to fluctuations in biodiesel prices, which may have implications on a growing fuels market with unpredictable supply and demand.

Price interconnection of fuel and food markets: Evidence from biodiesel in the United States

AbstractThe food versus fuel issue has attracted considerable attention with the rapid growth of global biofuel production. The previous literature examining the interconnectedness between biofuel, fossil fuel and agricultural markets employed futures and spot prices. However, food security needs to be discussed with non‐financial market prices, such as wholesale prices, since retail companies and households usually do not purchase products directly from financial markets, which encompass speculative activities, making them more volatile than non‐financial ones. This paper focuses on non‐financial markets in the United States to investigate the price‐interconnection of biodiesel, highway diesel, crude oil, and soybean, initially applying partial wavelet coherence and the Diebold‐Yilmaz connectedness index to price transmission research on biodiesel, highway diesel, crude oil, and soybean. Our main results are as follows: First, significant coherence between biodiesel and soybean, biodiesel and highway diesel, and highway diesel and crude oil is identified in the short and long term. Second, crude oil and biodiesel prices are found to be net transmitters, while soybean and highway diesel prices are net receivers. Finally, the crude oil market is identified as the source of spillovers among the four markets, and strongly influences the highway diesel market.

Potential of Pistacia atlantica mutica (Baneh) oil as a biodiesel feedstock using ultrasonic-assisted intensification process

The cost associated with raw materials for biodiesel production is the most determinant factor in final biodiesel price and therefore non-edible, easily available, and inexpensive feedstocks are envisaged. Pistacia atlantica mutica (PAM) is oil-rich and abundantly available biomass in Iran’s jungles that can be considered as a promising energy crop for biodiesel production. Its seeds contained 30% of high quality oil. The fatty acid profile of PAM oil is rich in 16–18 carbon chains, close to those of petrol-diesel oil. The effects of ultrasound-assisted process variables on the biodiesel yield from PAM oil were investigated. A rotatable central composite design (RCCD) was used to optimize the operating parameters, i.e. amplitude, molar ratio, and reaction time, affecting the reaction yield. Accordingly, amplitude and pulse had a positive impact on the methyl ester content. Besides, the interaction of molar ratio and time became significant (p = 0.01). The optimum values of 64% for amplitude, 7.1 methanol to oil molar ratio, and 387 s were predicted by the model. The corresponding yield of 92.9% was obtained which is quite close to the experimental value, i.e. 92.3%. The properties of PAM methyl ester met the requirements of the ASTM D6751 biodiesel standard.

Biofuel-driven trigeneration systems for non-residential building applications: A holistic assessment from the energy, environmental and economic perspectives.

In the metropolises, it is unlikely to use merely solar and wind energy to pursue zero carbon building design. However, it would become possible if biofuel-driven trigeneration systems (BDTS) are adopted. It is thus essential to assess the application opportunity of BDTS in a holistic way. In this study, BDTS offered definite primary energy saving of up to 15% and carbon emissions reduction of at least 86% in different types of non-residential buildings as compared to the conventional systems. With 24/7 operation for the hotel and hospital buildings, the corresponding BDTS could even achieve zero carbon emissions. All the BDTS primed with compression-ignition internal combustion engine were not economically viable even in running cost due to the high local biodiesel price level. The BDTS primed with spark-ignition engine and fueled by biogas, however, would have economic merit when carbon price was considered for the conventional systems that fully utilize fossil fuels. Adoption of carbon tax and social cost could have the payback ceilings of 8 years and 2 years respectively for most of building types. Consequently, the results could reflect the application potential of BDTS for non-residential buildings, leading the pathway to carbon neutrality for sustainable sub-tropical cities.

Analiza ekonomske opravdanosti proizvodnje biodizela u pogonima malog kapaciteta

This paper examines the economic feasibility of producing biodiesel in a small-scale production plant with an annual capacity of 1,000 tons. Based on average raw material prices (rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, soybean or sunflower seeds) in the period 2017-2021, the production cost of biodiesel ranges from 101 to 114 RSD per litre, depending on the raw material used. Using oilseeds as raw materials instead of vegetable oils results in lower unit cost of biodiesel, due to revenue from oil cakes, but requires extra investment in oil presses and silos, which significantly increases investment costs. Moreover, the economic advantage of using oilseeds as raw materials is lost even with a small drop (by 5% in the case of soybean) in the selling price or sales volume of the oil cake. Manufacturing biodiesel for producers' own fuel needs is economically feasible as the unit cost of biodiesel was 25-34% lower than the retail price of Eurodiesel in the observed period. However, at the estimated production costs, the retail price of biodiesel, which would also include sales costs, excise duties and value-added tax, cannot be lower than the retail price of Eurodiesel. Assuming the complete exemption of biodiesel from excise, it could become price-competitive with fossil diesel in the domestic fuel market.

Fusion-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis and Post-Synthesis Modification of Mesoporous Hydroxy Sodalite Zeolite Prepared from Waste Coal Fly Ash for Biodiesel Production

Increases in biodiesel prices remains a challenge, mainly due to the high cost of conventional oil feedstocks used during biodiesel production and the challenges associated with using homogeneous catalysts in the process. This study investigated the conversion of waste-derived black soldier fly (BSF) maggot oil feedstock over hydroxy sodalite (HS) zeolite synthesized from waste coal fly ash (CFA) in biodiesel production. The zeolite product prepared after fusion of CFA followed by hydrothermal synthesis (F-HS) resulted in a highly crystalline, mesoporous F-HS zeolite with a considerable surface area of 45 m2/g. The impact of post-synthesis modification of the parent HS catalyst (F-HS) by ion exchange with an alkali source (KOH) on its performance in biodiesel production was investigated. The parent F-HS zeolite catalyst resulted in a high biodiesel yield of 84.10%, with a good quality of 65% fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content and fuel characteristics compliant with standard biodiesel specifications. After ion exchange, the modified HS zeolite catalyst (K/F-HS) decreased in crystallinity, mesoporosity and total surface area. The K/F-HS catalyst resulted in sub-standard biodiesel of 51.50% FAME content. Hence, contrary to various studies, the ion exchange modified zeolite was unfavorable as a catalyst for biodiesel production. Interestingly, the F-HS zeolite derived from waste CFA showed a favorable performance as a heterogeneous catalyst compared to the conventional sodium hydroxide (NaOH) homogeneous catalyst. The zeolite catalyst resulted in a more profitable process using BSF maggot oil and was economically comparable with NaOH for every kilogram of biodiesel produced. Furthermore, this study showed the potential to address the overall biodiesel production cost challenge via the development of waste-derived catalysts and BSF maggot oil as low-cost feedstock alternatives.

Ni modified distillation waste derived heterogeneous catalyst utilized for the production of glycerol carbonate from a biodiesel by-product glycerol: Optimization and green metric studies

Biodiesel prices could be made competitive with petrol-diesel prices by valorizing its by-product glycerol. Glycerol carbonate can be derived from glycerol and is one of the widely needed chemical having high price and its extensive application in different industrial purposes. Glycerol carbonate can be synthesized via many routes; among them catalytic route gives promising activity and selectivity towards glycerol carbonate. For the first time, Ni modified distillation waste (CaO) derived heterogeneous catalyst Ni/CaO (NDW) was synthesized and utilized for the conversion of glycerol (Gl) to glycerol carbonate (GC). The catalyst's physicochemical properties were studied by performing TGA-DSC, XRD, FT-IR, SEM- EDAX, HRTEM, and basicity through Hammet indicator. Through NDW, solvent-free synthesis of glycerol carbonate was achieved using glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as reactants upon conventional heating (90 °C). The validation of the synthesized product was performed through proton and carbon NMR analysis. In addition to this, HR-MS was performed to check the composition of the product formed. A plausible mechanism for the transesterification of glycerol (Gl) to glycerol carbonate (GC) was also designed. Higher conversion (99.2%) and selectivity (95%) towards glycerol carbonate (GC) were achieved at mild reaction conditions, viz., 1:3 M ratio of glycerol to DMC, reaction temperature 90 °C, reaction duration of 90 min with catalyst dose of 300 mg. The green metric parameters were also calculated to show that the overall process is sustainable and the environment benign.

Price dependence of biofuels and agricultural products on selected examples

The growing demand for raw materials for the production of biofuels may lead to an increase in the prices of these raw materials and, due to the shortage of land, to an increase in the prices of other crops. This is due to the fact that the growing demand for raw materials for the production of methyl esters and bioethanol (the most widely used biofuels), such as rape and corn, is a form of competition on the food and feed markets. It should be mentioned that although the topic is not new, it is still very relevant, taking into account the expansion of energy crops, as well as national, European and world energy policy. Especially due to the fact that, as has already been mentioned, the use of plant products for the production of biofuels has an impact on the regulations of the food market.This study is to analyze the volatility and dependence of ethanol, biodiesel, maize and rapeseed prices in the period of 2016-2019 and aims at assessing the correlation between the agricultural and biofuel markets. In this paper, the investigation regarding co-integration of biofuel and agricultural commodity prices has utilized ethanol and commodity prices with the use of the vector error correction model (VECM). Price dependencies between the prices of biodiesel, rapeseed, maize and ethanol were found, indicating the existence of long-term causality in at least one direction between the analyzed prices. The results indicated that biodiesel prices during the period in question were influenced by the previous week’s prices of biofuel and rapeseed. Moreover, biodiesel prices had an impact on the level of ethanol and rapeseed prices. In the case of rapeseed, the correlation between its prices and those of corn is also noticeable, while prices of corn may also affect prices of ethanol.

Revisiting competitiveness of hydrogen and algae biodiesel

• Microalgae as the potential fuel substitute has been analysed. • Techno-economic analysis was performed to understand the cost competitive algae biodiesel production. • Hydrogen as the secondary fuel with the microalgae blended biodiesel can be the potential option than second generation fuel. • The production of biohydrogen by microalgae through photo-fermentation will be the scope of interest to meet future energy demands. There is a shared belief across latest literature that hydrogen and algae biodiesel are promising substitutes for fossil fuels. However, hydrogen infrastructure for everyday mobility is still in its early stage from a global perspective and there is no algae biodiesel refinery in operation. Despite all this, recent geopolitical developments have caused a tipping point to be reached in the EU and hydrogen mobility has become cheaper (7 €/100 km) than conventional fossil fuels (15.6 €/100 km) for the first time. In many other countries the breaking point is also approaching and recent methods in waste refining could make hydrogen production even cheaper (5.4 €/100 km). Switching to algae biodiesel is less technically challenging for the industry. Nevertheless, technological barriers in scaling up commercial-scale algae production make the hypothetical price of algae biodiesel far from price-competitive (292 €/100 km). At the present state of knowledge it is recommended to refine algae for non-energy purposes.

Biodiesel Synthesis from Coconut Oil Using Calcined Scallop Shell Waste as the Heterogeneous Catalysts

Several efforts have been performed to make the biodiesel price more competitive with fossil fuels, such as using low price raw materials, including coconut oil and the use of heterogenous catalyst. In this research, the Calcined Scallop Shell was applied as a heterogeneous catalyst for synthesizing biodiesel from coconut oil. The catalyst was obtained from calcination of scallop shell waste. The catalytic activities of Calcined Scallop Shell catalyst during transesterification reaction was influenced by several reaction conditions including methanol to oil mole ratio, reaction temperature, and concentration of catalyst. The biodiesel yield of 91.7% was obtained at a methanol to coconut oil mass ratio of 12:1, 60 °C reaction temperature, and catalyst concentration of 10% wt. of oil.