Biodiesel Mixtures Research Articles

The Emissions of a Compression-Ignition Engine Fuelled by a Mixture of Crude Oil and Biodiesel from the Lipids Accumulated in the Waste Glycerol-Fed Culture of Schizochytrium sp.

Microalgae are considered to be a promising and prospective source of lipids for the production of biocomponents for conventional liquid fuels. The available sources contain a lot of information about the cultivation of biomass and the amounts and composition of the resulting bio-oils. However, there is a lack of reliable and verified data on the impact of fuel blends based on microalgae biodiesel on the quality of the emitted exhaust gas. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to present the emission characteristics of a compression-ignition engine fuelled with a blend of diesel fuel and biodiesel produced from the lipids accumulated in the biomass of a heterotrophic culture of Schizochytrium sp. The final concentrations of microalgal biomass and lipids in the culture were 140.7 ± 13.9 g/L and 58.2 ± 1.1 g/L, respectively. The composition of fatty acids in the lipid fraction was dominated by decosahexaenoic acid (43.8 ± 2.8%) and palmitic acid (40.4 ± 2.8%). All parameters of the bio-oil met the requirements of the EN 14214 standard. It was found that the use of bio-components allowed lower concentrations of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas, ranging between 33 ± 2 ppm and 38 ± 7 ppm, depending on the load level of the engine. For smoke opacity, lower emissions were found in the range of 50–100% engine load levels, where the observed content was between 23 ± 4% and 53 ± 8%.

Impact of Nano-TiO2 Combination with Biodiesel on Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions Under Fuel Magnetism Conditioning

AbstractProblems of atomization, spray, and lower output power are due to the biodiesel’s higher viscosity. All of these aim to encourage fuel magnetism and nanoparticles addition to reduce fuel consumption. Waste cooking oil was converted to methyl ester by transesterification. To make methyl ester blend, diesel and biodiesel were mixed at volume ratio of 20%. TiO2 nanoparticles were added to biodiesel blend B20 at doses of 25 and 50 mg/L. TEM and XRD were used to characterize the nanomaterials. A magnetic coil was placed before the fuel injector to apply a magnetic field on the line of fuel. South pole of the magnetic field is located near to the fuel line, whereas the north pole is located further away. To examine the impact of these nanomaterials with fuel magnetism on engine performance and emissions using WCO biodiesel mixture, an experimental test rig was built connected to diesel engine. During testing, diesel engine operates at 1500 rpm with load variation. The average increases in BTE were 1, 1.5, 3.5, 5.5, and 6.5% but the decreases in BSFC were 1.2, 2, 4, 5, and 6% for B20 + magnet, B20 + 25 TiO2, B20 + 25 TiO2 + magnet, B20 + 50 TiO2, and B20 + 50 TiO2 + magnet, respectively, at engine load range. The average drops in CO, NOx, and HC concentrations were 16, 22, and 33%, respectively, at load range for B20 + 50 TiO2 + magnet. To improve engine performance and reduce emissions, biodiesel blend B20 from waste cooking oil with nanoTiO2 concentration of 50 ppm under magnetic field effect was recommended as a substitute fuel in diesel engine.

Influence of Blending Ratio on Spray Characteristics of Gasoline–Hydrogenated Catalytic Biodiesel Blended Fuel

Blending gasoline with hydrogenated catalytic biodiesel has the potential to improve combustion problems of gasoline direct-injection compression combustion, and the spray characteristics of the blending fuel can directly affect the combustion effect. In order to understand the spray characteristics of a gasoline–hydrocatalyzed catalytic biodiesel mixture, a numerical spray model of constant volume combustion chamber was established, and the accuracy of the model was verified by experimental data in the literature. Based on this model, the spray penetration, sauter mean diameter, spray velocity field and concentration field of gasoline–hydrocatalyzed catalytic biodiesel at different blending ratios were studied. The results show that under the conditions of 850 K ambient temperature, 5 MPa ambient pressure, and 80 MPa injection pressure, as the proportion of hydrogenated catalytic biodiesel in the blending fuel increases, the spray penetration increases, the sauter mean diameter decreases slightly, and the area of high velocity and high concentration at the spray center increases. The results of this study will contribute to the development of blended fuels for superior combustion performance and reduced pollutant emissions at appropriate blending ratios.

Методика оценки экологического эффекта от применения биотоплив

Purpose: the fight for ecology in the transport sector is ensured by improving the design of vehicles and engines, the working processes of internal combustion engines, as well as the use of alternative fuels. To determine the rational use of biofuels in vehicles, it is necessary to assess the environmental effect that will be achieved when using them. Methods: the existing methods of estimating exhaust gas emissions from motor vehicles are considered. Based on them, improvements have been made, which include the introduction of additional coefficients that take into account changes in the environmental load depending on the percentage of biofuels mixed with traditional hydrocarbon fuels. Results: the calculation of the environmental effect from the use of biofuels was carried out using the example of adding biodiesel to petroleum diesel fuel, for which, based on statistical data from the US Environmental Protection Agency and data, WE established dependences of changes in annual emissions of harmful substances and carbon dioxide for a heavy-duty cargo vehicle. In addition to the calculation, the article presents graphs of emissions of harmful substances, taking into account their relative aggressiveness and the amount of carbon dioxide released during the combustion of biodiesel mixtures. Practical significance: The proposed method for calculating the environmental effect makes it possible to estimate the volume of emissions of harmful substances and carbon dioxide depending on the concentration of biofuels mixed with traditional fuels. Such an approach can provide an overall picture of the effect of using biodiesel, and at the same time, the coefficients used need to be clarified.

Stability of Pure Biodiesel (B100), Biodiesel Mixture (B40), and Petroleum Diesel (B0) Due to Storage

Biodiesel is produced from synthetic ester compounds of vegetable and animal oils through a process of refining, bleaching, degumming, transesterification, and esterification. The quality and characteristics of the fuel are greatly influenced by the storage. The purpose of this research is to determine and analyze the effect of storage conditions on the physical and chemical changes of biodiesel (B100), biodiesel blend (B40), and petro diesel (B0). Experiment was conducted by storage fuels using glass bottle for 35 days arranged into four conditions based on cap and wrapping using aluminum foil, namely P1 (with cap, with wrapping), P2 (with cap, no wrapping), P3 (no cap, with wrapping), and P4 (no cap, no wrapping). Results showed that fuel quality decreases due to storage indicated by an increase in water content, density, acid number, and color parameters, as well as a decrease in the specific calorific value of all fuels. The condition of the storage container affected the changes the quality parameters. Based on its impact on fuel quality decline, the order of storage container conditions from the best is P1 (with cap, with wrap) > P2 (with cap, no wrap) > P3 (no cap, with wrap) > P4 (no cap, no wrap). Keywords: Biodiesel, Biodiesel blend (B40), Diesel fuel, Stability, Storage time.

Effect of different configurations of hybrid nano additives blended with biodiesel on CI engine performance and emissions

The use of nano additives to improve the cold properties of biodiesel is encouraged by its drawbacks and incompatibility in cold climate. Waste cooking oil (WCO) was transesterified to create biodiesel. A 20% by volume was used for combination of diesel and methyl ester. Current study aims to evaluate diesel engine emissions and performance. TiO2, alumina, and hybrid TiO2 + Al2O3 nanoparticles are added to WCO biodiesel mixture at 25 mg/liter. When B20 combined with nano materials such as TiO2, Al2O3, and hybrid nano, the highest declines in brake specific fuel consumption were 4, 6, and 11%, respectively. As compared to biodiesel blend, the largest gains in thermal efficiency were 4.5, 6.5, and 12.5%, respectively, at maximum engine output power. Introduction of TiO2, Al2O3, and hybrid nano particles to B20 at 100% load resulted in the highest decreases in HC concentrations up to 7, 13, and 20%, and the biggest reductions in CO emissions, up to 6, 12, and 16%. Largest increases in NOx concentrations at full load were about 7, 15, and 23% for B20 + 25TiO2, B20 + 25 Al2O3, and B20 + 25TiO2 + 25 Al2O3, respectively. Up to 8, 15, and 21% less smoke was released, correspondingly, which were the largest reductions. Recommended dosage of 25 ppm alumina and 25 ppm TiO2 achieved noticeable improvements in diesel engine performance, combustion and emissions about B20.

Performance, combustion, and emission features of a diesel engine powered by biodiesel mixture and butanol blends

Performance, combustion, and emission features of a diesel engine powered by biodiesel mixture and butanol blends

Mixing, Burning and Deposit Characteristics of a Mixture of Karanja Oil Biodiesel and Tyre Pyrolysis Oil Along with Graphene Nanoparticles

Mixing, Burning and Deposit Characteristics of a Mixture of Karanja Oil Biodiesel and Tyre Pyrolysis Oil Along with Graphene Nanoparticles

Evaluating the vibrational properties of an engine powered by diesel–biodiesel mixtures containing aluminum oxide nanoparticles

Much research has been done on the performance and emissions of engines using renewable fuels. In some cases, nano additives have been added to these fuels. Although the research results are essential, these fuels should be considered from other aspects. One of these aspects is engine vibrations, which can be related to engine ignition and knocking. In this research, the vibration of an engine and its relationship with knocking and combustion using diesel and alumina nano additives with 30, 60, and 90 ppm dosages in the diesel–biodiesel blend (B5, B10) were evaluated. Experiments were carried out using precise vibration measurement equipment in a single-cylinder, four-stroke engine. The frequency domain transformation, Welch test, Kurtosis, and RMS of acceleration were used to analyze the vibrations. The advantages and disadvantages of each method were investigated on the vibrations of each fuel blend. The results showed that despite being more complicated, the Welch test better shows the difference between fuels and their vibration. By this method, it was found that diesel fuel has the lowest vibrations at frequencies below 10 kH, but it has the highest vibrations at frequencies above 10 kH. Also, with diesel and adding alumina nanoparticles to the fuels of B5, the engine performance becomes more erratic despite increasing engine power.

Cost and Density Evaluation Function Application, for Optimal Biodiesel Mixtures by Genetic Algorithm Implementation

The current document presents a fresh method for addressing the optimization challenges concerning fuel mixtures in the production of Biodiesel. Given the rising concerns over diesel emissions and the associated expenses, there's a growing interest in exploring alternative fuel options. Traditional desulphurization methods are time-consuming and require substantial financial investments. Conversely, Biodiesel offers a promising solution as it's derived from renewable resources and is environmentally sustainable. This study introduces an enhanced genetic algorithm that assesses the proportions of components within a fuel mixture blend, aiming to create optimal combinations for Biodiesel production. Apart from cost considerations, the density of the fuel, a key physicochemical characteristic, is pivotal in determining its suitability for widespread use and commercialization. Rigorous experimentation has resulted in highly precise Biodiesel blends, suggesting an optimal fuel solution for each specific set. For instance, in Set 1, Biodiesel was composed of 75.031% diesel and 24.969% biodiesel, with a mixture cost of 1.6975 €/l and a density of 0.8355 g/ml. In Set 2, the fuel mixture consisted of 75.016% diesel and 24.984% biodiesel, with a cost of 1.6977 €/l and a density of 0.8366 g/ml. Notably, the new Biodiesel fuels are significantly cheaper, costing 15.13% less (Set 1) and 15.12% less (Set 2) than diesel (priced at 2.0000 €/l) and are proposed between 1.5 * 109 evaluated biodiesel mixtures.

Application of Evolutionary Computation to the Optimization of Biodiesel Mixtures Using a Nature-Inspired Adaptive Genetic Algorithm

The present research work introduces a novel mixture optimization methodology for biodiesel fuels using an Evolutionary Computation method inspired by biological evolution. Specifically, the optimal biodiesel composition is deduced from the application of a nature-inspired adaptive genetic algorithm that first examines percentages of the ingredients in the optimal mixtures. The innovative approach’s effectiveness lies in problem simulation with improvements in the evaluation of the specific function and the way to define and tune the genetic algorithm. Environmental imperatives in the era of climate change currently impose the optimized production of alternative environmentally friendly biofuels to replace fossil fuels. Biodiesel in particular, appears to be more attractive in recent years, as it originates from renewable bio-derived resources. The main ingredients of the specific biofuel mixture investigated in this research are diesel and biodiesel (100% from bioresources). The assessment of the new biodiesel examined was performed using a fitness function that estimated both the density and cost of the fuel. Beyond the evaluation criterion of cost, density also influences the suitability of this biofuel for commercial use and market sale. The outcomes from the modeling process can be beneficial in saving cost and time for new biodiesel production by using this novel decision-making tool in comparison with randomized laboratory experimentations.

Studi eksperimental kinerja mesin TV-1 (engine research test) berbahan bakar campuran diesel-biodiesel

This research is a laboratory experimental research that uses research testing machines. Using biodiesel fuel, a mixture of oil and diesel fuel. The composition of the biodiesel mixture used in this research was B35, B40, and B50 into diesel fuel in millilitres (ml). Tests were carried out by varying the load and compression ratio (CR), namely loads of 3 kg, 5 kg, 8 kg, and compression ratios of 14, 16, and 18. Data collection used observation techniques using tables to record the study results obtained. By using descriptive analysis techniques in the form of graphs and tables to make it easier to find out the study results. The results of the study from the engine performance research tests obtained were that performance increased with increasing loading at low compression ratios with the addition of biodiesel to diesel fuel, while at high compression ratios, the greatest power was obtained from B35 mixed fuel. However, the lowest fuel consumption in the mixture composition is the B35 mixture. Meanwhile, the lowest emission density opacity obtained was in the mixture of B35 and B40 biodiesel.

Determination of Optimum Operating Parameters in a Non-Road Diesel Engine Fueled with 1-Heptanol/Biodiesel at Different Injection Pressures and Advances

It is important to reduce the negative environmental effects of non-road diesel engines, which are increasingly used in many facilities and machines, without loss of performance. Biodiesel is used as an alternative to fossil-based diesel fuels to eliminate these effects and ensure sustainability in energy. This study focused on the optimization of the operating parameters of a non-road diesel engine operating with a waste frying oil biodiesel mixture at 50% load. Pure biodiesel, 1-heptanol, different injection advances and pressures were determined as input parameters for optimization. The tests were designed according to Taguchi’s L16 orthogonal array. ANOVA analysis was performed to determine the importance of input parameters on engine performance and exhaust emissions. Optimization was made based on the highest brake thermal efficiency (BTE) in addition to the lowest values of brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake-specific hydrocarbon (BSHC), brake-specific nitrogen oxide (BSNOx) and smoke emissions. In the optimization carried out according to the response surface methodology (RSM), the optimum combinations to obtain the best engine characteristics were determined as 17.27% 1-heptanol, a 226-bar injection pressure, 27 CAD injection advance and B75. These optimization results were verified by engine experiments within the recommended error range.

Sintesis Biodiesel Dari Minyak Jelantah Dalam Reaktor Ultrasonik

Waste cooking oil is considered promising alternative to biodiesel production as substitute for diesel fuel becauce it it is environmentally friendly, biodegradable, non-toxic, and renewable energy source. This study aims to obtain the optimum operating conditions of ultrasonic reactors in biodiesel production using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method. RSM with CCD was used to determine effect of transducer distance (1-5 cm) and reaction time (5-20 minutes) on biodiesel yield, to determine optimal operating conditions and to optimize biodiesel yield. In this study, waste cooking oil was transesterified into biodiesel with ultrasonic waves to intensify reaction. Transesterification waste cooking oil was carried out in a sodium hydroxide catalyst using methanol. Solution inserted into the erlenmeyer with the transducer distance and reaction time to determined by RSM. Once the reaction time was reached, mixture of biodiesel and glycerol was separated in separate funnel. Biodiesel obtained was then washed and evaporated the remaining solvent. Biodiesel yield was obtained under 88.33% under optimal conditions of 1 cm transducer distance with reaction time 20 minutes. Reaction time was the most important parameter based on the ANOVA test. The properties biodiesel produced including kinematic viscosity, density, acid number, methyl ester contents and monoglicerida have met the requirements of standards SNI 7182: 2015.

1H NMR and UV-Vis as Analytical Techniques to Evaluate Biodiesel Conversion and Oxidative Stability

The present study evaluated the applicability of 1H NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopies as analytical techniques for the characterization and determination of biodiesel conversion and for monitoring the oxidative stability of biodiesel samples with antioxidants. For this study, safflower and babassu biodiesels were obtained through transesterification, and physicochemical properties confirmed the success of both reactions. A bench-top accelerated oxidation system was used as an alternative to the Rancimat® method, with samples of 6.0 g heated at 110 ± 5 °C and collected every 2 h for 12 h. The agreement for biodiesel conversions was good, with divergences between 2% and 0.4% for safflower biodiesel and 1.9% for babassu biodiesel. As for UV-Vis spectroscopy, the technique showed the same trend as the Rancimat® method, showing efficiency in evaluating the oxidative stability of safflower biodiesel and in the performance of antioxidants BHT and DMP-30. The accuracy of NMR signals integration for mixtures of safflower oil and safflower biodiesel and the use of UV-Vis spectroscopy associated with a bench-top accelerated oxidation system to investigate the performance of phenolic and amine antioxidants in safflower and babassu biodiesel were explored for the first time, showing results close to the standard methods. Therefore, 1H NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopies could be applied as alternatives to the GC and Rancimat® methods to determine conversion and monitor the oxidative stability of biodiesel rapidly and practically.

An Experimental Study Using Canola Oil Biodiesel to Examine the Properties of a Diesel Engine with Decanol as an Additive

A naturally beneficial use of diesel is primarily threatened by the depletion of natural resources and the alarming rise in pollution levels. The majority of research conducted to date has been on the use of lower alcohols; information regarding a higher alcohol mix in canola oil biodiesel is less abundant. This study investigates the effects of adding a ternary mixture of diesel, biodiesel, and decanol as an additive to a CI engine. Diesel and biodiesel were combined with decanol to conduct tests. While the diesel concentration was maintained at 50% throughout, the decanol mixing concentrations were 10%, 20%, and 30% by volume. According to the study, as decanol concentration rises, brake specific fuel consumption falls and brake thermal efficiency rises. At full load, BTE values of 32.24% and 31.68% for pure diesel and D50COME20DEC30, respectively, were noted. The ternary blend D50COME20DEC30 BSFC was 12.89% and 20.63% lower than those of COME100 and D50COME50. Although the total heat release rate is seen to be reduced during the end phase of ignition, heat release rate is observed to increase with the expansion of decanol content in the ternary mix. NOx emissions for D50COME50 and for 10%, 20%, and 30% of decanol in the ternary blend were 1869 PPM, 1838 PPM, 1819 PPM, and 1810 PPM. Therefore, in order to increase engine performance and emissions without altering the CI engine, the present examination recommends a 30% blend of decanol, 20% biodiesel, and 50% diesel. Key Words: COME (Canola oil methyl ester), Decanol, Diesel, Performance, Combustion, Emission, CI Engine.

Vibration analysis using wavelet transformation technique and performance characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with tamarind biodiesel-diesel blends and diverse additives

This study investigates the combustion, performance characteristics, and emission levels of diesel and tamarind biodiesel mixtures (B20, B30, B40, and B100) in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection (DI) diesel engine. Further, two fuel additives, namely Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) (an antioxidant) and Diethyl ether (DEE) (a cetane improver), were separately added to B20 to enhance the engine characteristics. In addition, Wavelet Transform and Wavelet Packet algorithms were used to investigate the vibration behaviour of the tested fuels. The results demonstrate that the B20 blend improved the performance and generated less emission than the other blends. Moreover, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for B20+BHT were 3.8% higher and 4.1% less than B20, respectively. B20+DEE combustion showed lower CO and smoke pollutants by 51% and 19% compared to B20, respectively. The NOx emissions for the blends containing BHT and DEE were decreased by 16% and 9%, respectively. The engine vibration analysis showed almost the same frequency with fuel blends B20 and B30, which were similar to the diesel fuel values. The results concluded the tamarind biodiesel/diesel mixtures with BHT and DEE improved the performance and emissions behaviors of DI diesel engine and could be considered a potential alternative biofuel for such engines. Wavelet analysis of the engine was accurately employed to extract the prominent features of the vibrations.

Evaluation of emissions and efficiency of corn biodiesel compared to diesel

The fuel sector has been facing sharp fluctuations in prices, including diesel oil, due to turbulence in the global market caused by the conflict between Ukraine and Russia. A promising alternative to address energy issues is to adopt energy generation from fuels derived from vegetable oils. These fuels, produced with local and renewable raw materials, have a lower environmental impact. This study aimed to evaluate the performance and emissions of a diesel engine in power generation, operating with varying proportions of corn-based fuels. Blends composed of a mixture of corn biodiesel and diesel oil were tested, in the proportions: B5, B10, B15, B20, B50, B70, B90 and B100. The 8 kVA engine was rated up to 6000 W. The increase in corn biodiesel resulted in lower consumption and reduced CO and CO² emissions. Such results indicate the technical feasibility of corn biodiesel blends as partial replacements for traditional diesel.

Influence of Fuel Filterability, Performance, and Emission Characteristics of Dual Biodiesel Mixture with Diesel Blends in Compression Ignition Engine

Influence of Fuel Filterability, Performance, and Emission Characteristics of Dual Biodiesel Mixture with Diesel Blends in Compression Ignition Engine

The Effect of Blended Palm Oil Biodiesel Droplet Properties on Evaporation Characteristics

The evaporation characteristics of a single fuel droplet of diesel fuel (DF) and the Malaysian palm oil biodiesel-diesel blend (B10-B50) were studied experimentally. The fuel droplet properties consisted of different ratios of palm oil biodiesel mixtures which could influence the droplet behaviour when impinged on the heated surface. By employing the hot surface deposition test (HSDT) method, the droplets impinging on the heated surface of an aluminum alloy plate were observed to evaluate the droplet's evaporation characteristics including the evaporation lifetime and maximum evaporation point (MEP) of the tested fuels. Furthermore, the deposit’s surface temperature for dry condition (timp=7 seconds) and wet condition (timp=3 seconds) test were also measured during the deposition test. Finally, the deposit development on the heated surface was evaluated through a logarithmic expression of MR/mD = αNDβ. The results showed that the evaporation lifetime of each test fuel decreased with increasing hot plate surface temperature. Furthermore, the MEP was the highest for B30 (380°C), followed by B20 and B40 (375°C), B10 and B50 (365°C), and DF (360°C). In the dry condition test, the recorded average minimum and maximum deposit surface temperatures were observed to be within the range of Td=295°C to Td=325°C for DF and Td=290°C to Td=350°C for B10-B50 fuels. On the other hand, for the wet condition test, the recorded average minimum deposit surface temperatures for both DF and B10-B50 fuels were consistently lower than the hot plate temperature. DF exhibited the most variation, ranging from Td=200°C to Td=300°C, whereas, for B10-B50, the recorded deposit surface temperature was only ranging from Td=150°C to Td=200°C.