Use Of Biodiesel Research Articles

Enhanced lipid production of Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa using biochar-pretreated tobacco industry wastewater

Tobacco industry wastewater, containing high levels of nicotine, organic carbon, dyes, and other pollutants, presents significant environmental and health challenges. This study evaluates the combined application of wood-derived biochar and microalgal biorefineries for effective treatment of this wastewater. A 3 % biochar dosage was determined to be optimal, achieving complete nicotine removal, enhancing wastewater transmittance from 12.29 % to 88.8 %, and reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels by 87.7 % to 1757.3 mg/L, creating conditions favorable for the growth of Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa. The pretreatment preserved key nutrients, such as sugars, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP), which supported enhanced microalgal photosynthesis and led to significant increases in biomass and lipid accumulation, particularly in unsaturated fatty acids. This shift in lipid composition contributed to a significant reduction in the cold filter plugging point value, improving the suitability of microalgae-derived biodiesel for use in cold climates. Transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulation of pathways involved in photosynthesis, carbon fixation, and fatty acid biosynthesis, while downregulation of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle minimized acetyl-CoA consumption, further promoting lipid synthesis. This integrated approach not only effectively detoxifies tobacco industry wastewater but also converts it into valuable biofuels, offering a promising and sustainable strategy for waste management and biofuel production.

Kinetic Insights into the Antioxidant Effect of Isatin-Thiosemicarbazone in Biodiesel Blends.

Biodiesel has several drawbacks, such as being prone to oxidation, having reduced stability, and having limited storage time. Antioxidants compatible with biodiesel are being used to address its drawbacks. Utilizing antioxidants effectively improves the quality of biodiesel. Enhancing the quality of biodiesel for use as a clean energy source benefits both the global economy and ecology. Therefore, we believe that our work will contribute to the advancement of the biodiesel industry worldwide. This study used blends consisting of 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel fuel. Isatin-thiosemicarbazones were tested as additives in blends at a concentration of 3000 parts per million (ppm) using an oxifast device and were compared with the chemical antioxidant Trolox. FT-IR, DSC, and TGA were used to characterize these samples. DSC measured sample crystallization temperatures (Tc). Samples with antioxidants showed decreased values compared to the non-antioxidant diesel sample D100. Several DSC tests were conducted to determine the antioxidant strengths of various samples. The results show that the FT-IR spectrum's antioxidant effect regions grow clearer with antioxidants. The extra antioxidant is effective. Biodiesel's oxidative stability improves with isatin-thiosemicarbazones at varying concentrations. The kinetics of thermal decomposition of isatin-thiosemicarbazones under non-isothermal conditions were determined using the Kissinger, Ozawa, and Boswell techniques. The activation energies of compounds 1 and 2 were calculated as 137-147 kJ mol-1 and 173-183 kJ mol-1, respectively.

Corrosion characteristic of stainless steel and galvanized steel in water emulsified diesel, diesel and palm biodiesel

This study evaluated the corrosion effect of stainless steel and galvanized steel exposed to water emulsified diesel, diesel and palm biodiesel under laboratory immersion carried out at 25 ℃ for 1200 h. The effect of stainless steel and galvanized steel exposed to emulsified diesel at 25 ℃ for 240, 480, 720, 960 and 1200 h was also evaluated. Emulsified diesel consists of 5 vol% water, 1.5 vol% Span 80, 1.5 vol% Tween 80 and 92 vol% diesel was prepared using high shear stirrer for 20 min at 3500 revolutions/min. Corrosion rate, surface morphology, elemental composition, optical microscopy, mean droplet diameter, dispersity index, density, viscosity, water content and total acid number were performed. Stainless steel and galvanized steel immersed in emulsified diesel had 1.1 and 8.5 times higher corrosion rate than in diesel, respectively. Stainless steel had 0.5 times lower corrosion rate when exposed to emulsified diesel than biodiesel. While, galvanized steel had 3.5 times higher corrosion rate exposed to emulsified diesel than biodiesel. 114 % and 97 % reduction in corrosion rate experienced by stainless steel and galvanized steel exposed to emulsified diesel, respectively, between 240 and 1200 h of immersion duration. Higher acidity of emulsified diesel than diesel due to the presence of Span 80 and Tween 80 is suggested to have influenced the higher corrosion for stainless steel and galvanized steel in emulsified diesel than diesel. Considering lower corrosion rate of stainless steel in emulsified diesel than biodiesel, coupled with the acceptance of biodiesel for use in blended form with diesel, this suggest that the corrosion level of stainless steel in emulsified diesel is within acceptable level. More research works exploring possibility of preparing stable and less acidic emulsified diesel and its effects towards metals are required to establish the compatibility of emulsified diesel with fuel delivery metals.

Evaluating the Potential of Algal Pyrolysis Bio-Oil as a Low-Cost Biodiesel for use in Standby Generators for home Power Generation

Evaluating the Potential of Algal Pyrolysis Bio-Oil as a Low-Cost Biodiesel for use in Standby Generators for home Power Generation

Characterization of Chia seed oil methyl ester as an alternate fuel for diesel engine

The present world is questing for low carbon fuel, which can replace diesel and biodiesels are one such promising fuel. In this study, the feasibility of Chia seed oil as a blended bio-diesel for use as partial replacement to Diesel is evaluated through transesterification process. 10 grams of dried, moisture free Chia seeds were subject to transesterification process using methanol as a replacement alcohol. NaOH was used as a catalyst. The resulting mixture was stirred for one hour at 700 rpm, maintaining 70°C. The methyl ester was separated after one hour settling period and washed several times using distilled water at 100°C and dried at 70 °C and stored. Impurities were removed by Decalcification process that resulted in 80% yield. Characterization of the oil was used different blends from B05 - B25 in an incremental steps five percent by volume with diesel. Major fluid and thermodynamic properties like viscosity, density, specific gravity, etc. were extracted as per the ASTM prescribed standards. The results show that the flash and fire points of Chia seed oil are respectively 2.96 times and 2.57 times higher compared to Diesel, while the kinematic viscosity and density are comparable but 6.88% and 5.2% higher. Further investigation shows that biodiesel blend B20 could be a second fuel for diesel engine.

Biodiesel Produced from Pangasius Oil Operating a Diesel Engine: Case Study in Vietnam

Fossil fuel is one of the sources leading to the increasing greenhouse gas that causes global warming. It is also seen that the volume of oil discovered worldwide every five years is decreasing. Finding ways to replace petrol-diesel with biodiesel for use in internal combustion engines to reduce CO2 and overcome the diminishing supply of crude oil has attracted many researchers. Viet Nam is a country known as one of the world's largest producers of catfish. We mix biodiesel produced from Vietnamese pangasius fish fat with petrol-diesel at four blend ratios of 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% to produce samples labeled, B0, B20, B40, and B60, respectively. These biodiesel blends were then used to operate a petrol-diesel engine for experimental investigation. The results show that the torque and power would decrease as the biofuel ratio increased. However, the rate of decrease of these parameters did not exceed 16%, even when the ratio of biofuel in the biodiesel was up to 60%. The average power reduction of biodiesel blends was only about 8.70%. In terms of exhaust emissions, there was a significant reduction of CO, NOx, HC, CO2, and smoke opacity when biodiesel was used. The CO, CO2, and smoke opacity reduction was about 64.3%,15.1%, and 23.2% for the B60 fuel. In addition, the results also indicate that it is entirely possible to use biofuel produced from pangasius fish fat for internal combustion engines without changing the engine structure.

Comparing the effects of Juliflora biodiesel doped with nano-additives on the performance of a compression ignition (CI) engine: Part A

In lieu of the fact that modern-day research is saddled with the responsibility of replacing/supplementing fossil fuels with biodiesel for use in diesel engines, the challenge still remains the need to improve the properties of biofuels towards stimulating high engine compatibility and performance. Despite the advances made in improving biofuels such as those sourced from Juliflora with additives, none seems to have addressed the potentials that underly the use of hybrid nano-particles as property-improvers of Juliflora-biofuel for use in diesel engines. This then led to the need to harness the potential use of hybrid CeO2:CuO, MnO2:Al2O3, ZnO:TiO2, and TiO2:Al2O3 in different ratios as a means of determining the best combination for improved fuel properties, high engine performance and reduced emissions. The nanoparticles were produced via sol-gel method and ultrasonicated with the biofuel before being characterized using scanning electron microscopy/atomic force microscopy. Based on the engine-test results, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased from 1.11 to 2.21% for the biodiesel mixed with nanoparticles. Furthermore, the Nitrogen oxide (NOx), hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions for the admixed biofuels decreased by 16.29–23.76%, 14.07–17.32% and 5.51–8.27% respectively compared to conventional diesel, thus reducing environmental pollution.

Proportional impact prediction model of animal waste fat-derived biodiesel by ANN and RSM technique for diesel engine

Instead of many experimental studies made for the suitability of biodiesel for use in diesel engine, it has become easier to determine by fewer experiments with the development of computer applications. In this research, it was aimed to determine the optimum ratio of animal waste fat biodiesel (AWFBD) and the corresponding engine responses by using artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM). In addition, a comparison was made with test results to evaluate the performance of ANN and RSM. According to the regression results obtained from RSM, absolute fraction of variance (R2) values greater than 0.95 emerged for all answers. Correlation coefficient (R) values obtained from ANN were found to be higher than 0.97. The developed ANN model was able to predict engine responses with mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) in the range of 3.787–10.730%. MAPE values for RSM were obtained between 2.004 and 11.461%. Combined desirability factor obtained from RSM was found as 0.72288% and optimum engine parameters were found as 22% AWFBD ratio and 1350-Watt engine load. In addition, according to the verification test between the optimum results and the prediction results, it was concluded that there is a good agreement with a maximum error rate of 3.863%.

Macroscopic Spray Behavior of a Single-Hole Common Rail Diesel Injector Using Gasoline-Blended 5% Biodiesel

This research studies the macroscopic spray structure from a single-hole common rail diesel injector using gasoline-blended 5% biodiesel for use in compression ignition engines. To reduce the NOX/PM trade-off emissions, researchers are investigating gasoline used in compression ignition engines, called gasoline compression ignition. As a result that gasoline is injected directly into the combustion chamber, its spray field has a significant effect on combustion and emissions. Due to its low lubricity, gasoline is blended with biodiesel 5%, as a lubricity enhancer, to prevent the failure of the high-pressure injection system. The macroscopic spray structures of this gasoline blend were investigated Schlieren photography and planar laser-induced fluorescence-particle image velocimetry. Injection pressure was handled by a conventional common rail system, while ambient pressure was controlled by supplying nitrogen into the constant-volume combustion chamber. The effects of injection pressure and ambient pressure on the gasoline spray elucidated by Planar laser-induced fluorescence coupled with particle-image velocimetry (PLIF-PIV) imagery and comparisons with variations in neat diesel spray. In addition, the flow field of gasoline spray that formed vortexes and vorticity was characterized. The results show that the injection pressure and back pressure had the same effects on the gasoline spray structure, in terms of the penetration tip and cone angle, as on the diesel spray. However, the injection pressure had a greater effect on the diesel spray than the gasoline at low ambient pressure due to the occurrence of cavitation. Moreover, the images show the remarkable turbulent structure of gasoline spray and indicate air entrainment at the spray tip region.

Pretreatment methods to improve the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel for use in power tiller engines

Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel that can replace diesel in compression ignition engines without changing the engine structure. Biodiesel is typically manufactured from vegetable oils and animal fats, which give the fuel its oxidation stability and cold-flow properties, respectively. However, the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel can cause engine performance problems such as incomplete combustion and sludge formation due to insufficient fuel atomization. To address these problems, in this study, a pretreatment technology that lowers the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel made from blended animal fat and vegetable oil was developed. The results of application of the pretreated fuel to a single-cylinder power tiller engine indicated that it produced 88.3–99.8 % of the brake power produced by conventional diesel. In addition, although the pretreated biodiesel exhaust included increased amounts of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide emissions, the proposed fuel also decreased the amounts of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions compared with conventional diesel emissions.

Production and characterization of cold-flow quality biofuel from soybean oil using different alky and benzyl alcohols

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that has been used for partial or total substitution of diesel to reduce its environmental impacts. In Brazil, the main industrial technique used to produce biodiesel is via transesterification of soybean oil with methanol under sodium methoxide as a homogenous catalyst. Some studies on this topic have focused on improving the cold properties of biodiesel for use in cold climate countries. This research focused on the comparison of the cold properties of the biofuel produced from the transesterification of soybean oil with different alcohols. The alcohols used vary according to the size of the carbon chain and its nature: methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, isoamyl and benzyl alcohol. The chemical composition of the esters formed were studied by means of 1H NMR, HPLC, FTIR, sodium and sulphur content. The 1H NMR spectra showed that only the methyl and ethyl esters reached the minimum value of ester content established for the international specifications for biodiesel. Despite the greater difficulty in removing the excess of the reactant alcohol at the end of the reaction and having an ester content above requirements, the esters obtained from the alcohol isopropyl and isoamyl presented the best results in terms of their cold properties. However, the presence of the benzyl in the structure of the ester did not show any change in its CFPP, compared to the respective methyl ester. In addition to the cold properties, studies of some other physicochemical properties have also been made to show the maintenance of international specifications.

Effect of biodiesel on diesel engine emissions

Extensive research has been carried out with regard to the composition of the exhaust gases of Diesel engines in operation with biodiesel in relation to the operation with the conventional diesel fuel. Producing biodiesel from different raw materials and different technological biodiesel production processes can result in different individual physical and chemical characteristics of fuel. Generally, it can be said that the use of biodiesel (and mixtures) reduces the overall toxicity of the exhaust gases in relation to the operation of the engine with diesel fuel, and this is a significant environmental potential of biodiesel as a fuel for Diesel engines. However, there is a diversity of research results, due to different factors. The paper reviews and summarizes the relevant literature on the mentioned research that can contribute to the explanation of these effects. It also points to the need for a very careful selection of biodiesel for use as a Diesel engine fuel.

572 Evaluation of Brassica carinata meal as a protein supplement for growing beef heifers

Brassica carinatais a new oilseed crop in Florida with the potential of producing high-quality biodiesel for use as jet biofuel. A high-protein meal (∼40% CP) is obtained as a byproduct of oil extraction, however, this meal has not been tested as a potential supplement for growing beef cattle. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of supplementation withBrassica carinatameal (BCM) on animal performance, attainment of puberty, and blood profile in growing beef heifers consuming bermudagrass hay (Cynodon dactylon). Sixty-four Angus crossbred heifers (240 ± 39 kg initial BW) were stratified and blocked (2 blocks: light and heavy) by initial BW and randomly allocated into 18 pens over 2 consecutive yr (10 pens in yr 1 and 8 pens in yr 2). Within block, pens were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 0 (CTL) or 0.3% of BW/d (as fed) of BCM pellets. All heifers were provided ad libitum access to bermudagrass hay and water, and BCM pellets were supplemented daily in the pen. Body weight and blood samples were collected weekly for 70 d, before the daily supplementation. Plasma was analyzed for concentrations of progesterone, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4). Data were analyzed as a generalized randomized block design including the fixed effects of treatment, wk, treatment × wk, block, and block × treatment, and the random effect of year. Repeated measures, with pen within year as subject, were used to analyze T3 and T4 concentrations over time. A survival analysis was conducted to determine time to attainment of puberty. There was a difference (P< 0.01) in ADG between CTL (0.14 kg) and BCM (0.42 kg). There was no treatment or block (P>0.05) effect for concentrations of T3 and T4; however, there was a difference in wk (P<0.01). Time to attainment of puberty did not differ between treatments (P= 0.68); however, there was an effect of block (P<0.01) where the light block heifers attained puberty earlier compared to the heavy block heifers. FeedingB. carinatameal as a protein supplement at 0.3% of BW/d is a viable option for increasing ADG of growing beef heifers, without affecting the attainment of puberty.

539 Evaluation ofBrassica carinatameal on ruminal metabolism and nutrient digestibility of beef cattle

Brassica carinatais a new oilseed crop in Florida with the potential of producing high-quality biodiesel for use as jet biofuel. A high-protein meal (∼40% CP) is obtained as a byproduct of oil extraction; however, this meal has not been tested as a potential protein supplement for cattle. A duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design was used to determine the effects of supplementation withB. carinatameal on ruminal fermentation, digestibility, and blood profile in beef cattle consuming bahiagrass hay (Paspalum notatum), compared with frequently used protein supplements. Eight Angus crossbred steers (473 ± 119 kg initial BW) were randomly allocated to 8 pens, over 4 periods of 28 d each. Within period, steers were assigned to one of four treatments: 1.62 kg/d cottonseed meal (CSM), 2.15 kg/d dry distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), 1.39 kg/dB. carinatameal pellets (BCM), or 1.17 kg/d soybean meal (SBM), supplemented daily, on an isonitrogenous basis. Steers had ad libitum access to bahiagrass hay and water. Intake was measured using the GrowSafe system. Following a 14 d adaptation, feed and fecal samples were collected twice daily for 4 d to determine apparent total tract nutrient digestibility using iNDF as an internal marker. Blood and ruminal fluid samples were collected every 3 h, during a 24 h period, to analyze blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and glucose in plasma, as well as pH, NH3-N, and VFA concentrations in ruminal fluid. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with repeated measures. Model included the fixed effects of treatment, time, treatment × time, square, and period, and the random effects of steer (square) and steer (treatment). No effect of treatment (P>0.05) was observed for pH, NH3-N, or glucose concentration. An effect of treatment (P<0.01) was observed for BUN, with steers receiving SBM having greater concentrations. There was no effect of treatment (P>0.05) on total VFA concentrations. Steers consuming CSM had greatest acetate molar proportion, and greater acetate to propionate ratio when compared with DDGS and BCM. Steers consuming DDGS had greatest molar proportions of butyrate and greater molar proportions of propionate compared with SBM and CSM. There was no effect of treatment (P>0.05) on DMI or apparent total tract digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, or ADF.Brassica carinataperformed similarly to commonly used protein supplements, excluding VFA profile, indicating its viability as a protein supplement for beef cattle.

Sustainable supply chain design for waste cooking oil-based biodiesel in bogor using dynamic system approach

Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels that are environmentally friendly. Besides palm oil, biodiesel can also be produced from waste cooking oil. Since 2007, the government of Bogor has been utilizing waste cooking oil into biodiesel for use as Transpakuan bus’ fuel. However, in practice, the amount of waste cooking oil supplied is never sufficient the needs of fuel of 30 units Transpakuan bus. The main objective of this research is to analyze the availability of waste cooking oil that will be converted into biodiesel within the next ten years as well as providing policy advice to support the program. The method used is a dynamic system that is followed by simulation of multiple scenarios that have been defined. The system is divided into three subsystems, namely supply subsystem, demand subsystem, and production subsystem. The results showed that the current system is not able to guarantee the sustainability of the supply chain of waste cooking oil as a raw material of biodiesel. From some of the scenarios tested can be concluded that biodiesel needs would increase in line with the trend of the use of environmentally friendly fuels. It takes a new system and a new policy relating to the biodiesel supply chain. Policy suggestions that can be proposed from this research is to increase supplier participation, objectify the program of converting angkot into Transpakuan bus, and support the development of biodiesel industry.

Preparation and Characterization of a Stable Test Fuel Comparable to Aged Biodiesel for Use in Accelerated Corrosion Studies

Preparation and Characterization of a Stable Test Fuel Comparable to Aged Biodiesel for Use in Accelerated Corrosion Studies

Optimization and effects of process variables on the production and properties of methyl ester biodiesel

Optimization of the production process in biodiesel production holds huge prospects. A reduced cost option is the optimization of process variables that affect yields and purity of biodiesel, which was achieved in this study. Optimized production and direct effects of process variables on the production and quality of methyl ester biodiesel fuels from the non-edible seed oils of sandbox seed was carried out. Catalyst nature and concentration, alcohol to triglyceride molar ratio, mixing speed, reaction time and temperature were taken into consideration as variables to their individual response on the yields, viscosity and specific gravity of the methyl esters produced. These are specific indispensable properties of biodiesel for use in compression ignition engines. Optimized concentrations were 0.3 to 1.5% w/v and two mole ratios of 3:1 and 6:1. Time of reaction was varied (5mins to 30mins) with temperatures (38oC and 55oC). Also, the effect of methanol in the range of 4:1and 6:1 (molar ratio) was investigated, keeping catalyst type, reaction time and temperatures constant. The effects of KOH and NaOH on the transesterification were investigated with concentration kept constant at 1%. The general response in this study was that at optimized rate of agitation (800rpm), optimized reaction time was as low as 5minutes, 1% catalyst concentration of NaOH was the optimal concentration, and 55oC was the optimal temperature with attendant high yields. However, there are variations with the nature of feedstock as the work further exposed. These high points are particularly of interest to guide against process backdrop.

Thermodynamic simulation and optimization of diesel engines operating with diesel and biodiesel blends using experimental data

Internal combustion engines are responsible for most of the pollution encountered in major urban centres, thereby increasing health problems and the greenhouse effect. Although they are not a significant source of carbon oxides or hydrocarbon emissions, diesel engines are responsible for high levels of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. One of the ways to reduce the amount of soot in diesel engines is by using blends of diesel and biodiesel fuel, although this can increase the amount of nitrogen oxides. Biodiesel's use in diesel engines has increased recently and is now readily found in several countries. However, one of the main problems of biodiesel is its lower heating value, which is lower than that of diesel. The objective of this study is to simulate the pressure inside a combustion chamber of a diesel engine operating under several conditions and using different blends of diesel and biodiesel. The model is based on First Law of Thermodynamics analysis, and the results are verified against experimental measurements. An initial approach is presented to optimize the behaviour of such an engine when operating with different fuels. For this optimization task, a very accurate response surface model was employed together with a hybrid optimization algorithm.

Comparing the lubricity of biofuels obtained from pyrolysis and alcoholysis of soybean oil and their blends with petroleum diesel

A diesel-like fuel, pyrodiesel (PD), was synthesized by a pyrolysis method using soybean oil as starting material. Some physical properties of the material were studied, both neat and in blends with high-sulfur (HSD) and low-sulfur (LSD) diesel fuels, and compared with blends of biodiesel (BD) in fossil fuels. It was observed using different methods that the lubricity of biobased fuels obtained after the transesterification or pyrolysis of soybean oil is superior to LSD and HSD and also that the lubricity of diesel fuels are enhanced when either BD or PD are added. Based on the results reported herein, PD is a viable alternative to BD for use in compression-ignition engines.

Is it better to import palm oil from Thailand to produce biodiesel in Ireland than to produce biodiesel from indigenous Irish rape seed?

The proposed EU Directive on the promotion of Renewable Energy stipulates that only biofuels that achieve greenhouse emissions savings of 35% will be eligible for inclusion with respect to meeting the 2020 target of 10% for the share of biofuels. This paper examines biodiesel for use in Ireland, produced from two different sources: indigenous rape seed and palm oil imported from Thailand. The palm oil system generates more biodiesel per hectare than the rape seed system, and has less parasitic demand. Greenhouse-gas reductions of 29% and 55%, respectively were calculated for the rape seed and palm oil systems.