Biodiesel Diesel Research Articles

Evaluating Biodiesel Properties from Waste Cooking Oil for Sustainable Energy Applications

Biodiesel was synthesized from used vegetable oils collected from local restaurants in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria, using a base-catalyzed transesterification process with methanol and potassium methoxide as the catalyst. The physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel, such as density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point, cetane number, and calorific value, were evaluated and compared against conventional diesel fuels and biodiesel from other sources like Jatropha, Neem, and Castor oils. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to analyze the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) composition, identifying methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl palmitate, and methyl stearate as the primary components. The produced biodiesel exhibited favourable properties, including a cetane number and flash point within recommended ASTM standards, indicating efficient ignition and safe storage characteristics. Additionally, the calorific value and kinematic viscosity of the biodiesel were found to be comparable to conventional diesel, making it a viable blend for diesel engine applications.

Simulation of Pyrolysis Process for Waste Plastics Using Aspen Plus: Performance and Emission Analysis of PPO-Diesel and PPO-Biodiesel Blends

As the global population increases, so does the usage of plastics in households, water bottles, and garbage bags, posing significant environmental threats. Plastics, being inorganic waste with long degradation periods, contaminate air, water, and soil when disposed of in landfills. Given the rise in global plastic production, effective waste management strategies are essential. This study utilized Aspen Plus simulation to analyze the pyrolysis process of waste plastics, specifically PE, PS, and LDPE. Simulations were conducted with temperature variations between 350°C to 550°C to determine the optimum conditions. Additionally, the study compared engine performance and emissions using mixtures of plastic pyrolysis oil (PPO), biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO), and diesel. Engine performance tests were conducted with variations in engine speed and load for PPO-diesel and PPO-biodiesel mixtures. Simulation results showed that the optimal pyrolysis temperature for the highest PPO yield was 450°C, producing 89% for PS plastic. Pyrolysis at 500°C yielded 85% oil for PE, 83% for LDPE, and 60% for mixed plastics. Engine performance tests indicated that adding PPO to diesel and WCO biodiesel significantly affected engine performance and emissions. A 5% PPO blend in diesel demonstrated better brake thermal efficiency and lower BSFC compared to higher PPO blends.

The Toxic Effects of Petroleum Diesel, Biodiesel, and Renewable Diesel Exhaust Particles on Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells.

The use of alternative diesel fuels has increased due to the demand for renewable energy sources. There is limited knowledge regarding the potential health effects caused by exhaust emissions from biodiesel- and renewable diesel-fueled engines. This study investigates the toxic effects of particulate matter (PM) emissions from a diesel engine powered by conventional petroleum diesel fuel (SD10) and two biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels in vitro. The fuels used were rapeseed methyl ester (RME), soy methyl ester (SME), and Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO), either pure or as 50% blends with SD10. Additionally, a 5% RME blend was also used. The highest concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions and elemental carbon (EC) was found in conventional diesel and the 5% RME blend. HVO PM samples also exhibited a high amount of EC. A dose-dependent genotoxic response was detected with PM from SD10, pure SME, and RME as well as their blends. Reactive oxygen species levels were several times higher in cells exposed to PM from SD10, pure HVO, and especially the 5% RME blend. Apoptotic cell death was observed in cells exposed to PM from SD10, 5% RME blend, the 50% SME blend, and HVO samples. In conclusion, all diesel PM samples, including biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels, exhibited toxicity.

Comparative Study on DI Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions using HCP microalgae biodiesel, Mahua oil biodiesel, Rubber seed oil biodiesel and Petroleum diesel

Abstract Energy consumption of the world is increasing hence the prices of fuels are increasing. Fossil fuels are the major source of energy but they are depleting in nature and they may exhaust in future. So we cannot depend on these sources and biofuels can be considered as substitute for fossil fuels, hence lot of researchers are doing extensive research on biofuels. So it is important to study the performance of different biofuels to find suitable one in terms of food crisis and better engine performance. Accordingly in this study the performance and emissions characteristics of Rubber seed oil, Mahua oil and microalgae oil biodiesels are studied. The results of this comparison study carried with HCP-B20, MO-B20 and RSO-B20 biodiesel blends indicates that the performance of HCP-B20 blend is better and emissions are lower compared to MO-B20 and RSO-B20 blends. The higher content of oxygen present in the microalgae biodiesel leads to higher rate of combustion reactions, in turn complete flame propagation and improved combustion. The BTE is lower with HCP-B20, MO-B20 and RSO-B20 compared to PD. Added advantage with this microalgae biofuel is, it is non-edible, it doesn’t require fertile land for its growth. So HCP-B20 blend may be viable for the commercial application.

An experimental investigation of the impacts of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and ethanol on performance and emission characteristics on diesel engines run with castor Biodiesel ethanol blended fuel

Investigating the impact of ethanol and TiO2 on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines running on a blend of ethanol and castor biodiesel is the primary goal of this study. The nanoparticles of ethanol, biodiesel, and TiO2 diesel fuel were combined at several concentrations. Diesel, B10, B20, B30, B10E10T, B20E10T, B30E10T, B10E20T, B20E20T, and B30E20T were among the various fuels that were investigated. The physiochemical properties of all the sample fuels were assessed, including density, pour point, cloud point, fire point, flash point, and kinematic viscosity. Following this, other engine performance indicators, such as torque, power, and fuel-consumption, were examined. Studies were also carried out on the properties of emissions, including CO, CO2, HC, and NO. Peak braking power and engine torque were found for each fuel under investigation at around 2750 and 2500 rpm, respectively. The addition reduced the brake-specific fuel consumption for B10E20T by 7.41 % while increasing the braking engine's torque and power by 8.64 and 3.86 %, respectively, in compared to blends without the TiO2 additions. When compared to diesel, the exhaust emission data without the addition of TiO2 revealed a decrease in CO and HC emissions but an increase in CO2 and NO emissions. On the other hand, using ethanol blend reduced NO emissions. According to the overall findings, diesel engine performance, combustion characteristics, and exhaust gas emissions were enhanced averagely by 7.43 % when a certain ratio of ethanol, biodiesel, and TiO2 additives (B10E20 + 50 ppm) was used.

Experimental and numerical analysis of particulate matter deposition in DPF for different blends of Algae Bio diesel

The stringent emission norms have compelled to use Diesel particulate filter (DPF) to reduce particulates emission in automotive Diesel engine. The back pressure developed in the DPF due to the Particulates matter (PM) deposition in porous zone degrades the diesel engine’s performance. So, there is a need of a fuel which should produce less particulates on combustion as well as its produced particulates should be easy to get regenerated inside the DPF. Three different Algae biodiesel blends B20, B40 and B60 were selected for the study, while the results are compared with the diesel fuel. A numerical study has been done with diesel and Algae biodiesel blends to investigate the effect of PM deposition on the DPF performance. The results of PM concentration and the pressure drop has been predicted for t = 2000s. and compared with the results predicted for diesel fuel. The summarized velocity contours and the PM concentration plots show that a maximum of the PM concentration was found in the diesel fuel case, while the lower found in B60 algae blend. Also, the pressure drop was found to increase with the increase in PM deposition in each case of fuel. The SEM-EDS analysis is done after collecting PM samples after combustion shows a higher percentage of Oxygen and lower Carbon with an increment of Biodiesel in the blend. This work provides a brief idea about the PM deposition in DPF while using Diesel and Algae Biodiesel blends and highlighting the better fuel option for Diesel Engine.

Mathematical Modeling and Comparative Analysis of Noise and Vibration Characteristics of CI Engine Fueled with Biodiesel

As an alternative to fossil fuels, renewable energy has the potential to replace diesel in CI engines, and therefore biodiesels such as nahar, jatropha, karanja, etc. are being used as a blend with diesel in CI engines. Since biodiesel is a sustainable fuel, numerous researchers have evaluated and contrasted its performance attributes with those of diesel. The end user’s comfort and level of fatigue following the usage of biodiesel blended with diesel, however, is an interesting area that requires further investigation. The current study aims to investigate the noise and vibration characteristics of unmodified and constant-speed CI engines powered by jatropha, nahar, or karanja biodiesel as a blend with diesel and also developed a mathematical model for noise and vibration responses. The vibration and sound pressure level were recorded using the FFT analyzer Brüel & Kjær Photon+ portable measuring system with RTPro software for different input parameters such as load, density, flash point, and calorific value at different levels for diesel D100 and biodiesel blends. Mathematical non-linear model was developed to predict the relationship between fuel properties and engine noise-vibration characteristics because the R square and adj. R square values of model is found to be close to each other. However, higher adj. R square value and p-value within 0.05 are the good criteria for selection of model.

Effects of ZnO Nano-Particles’ on The Performance Study of CI Engines Utilizing a Combination of Diesel and Neem Biodiesel

Study on the exploitation of nano-materials has produced promising results in several applications, including medicine and reversing ecological damage. ZnO nanoparticles are added to diesel and biodiesel blends in this investigation. The primary purpose of this investigation was to examine the impact of ZnO nanoparticle incorporation on engine outcome measures. Developing countries are currently investing in the development of better diesel and petrol better options. In the present investigation, diesel is merged with biofuel made from neem oil at a range of mixtures (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%), with ZnO nanoparticles added to the B25% mixture at a range of percentages (25, 50, 75, 100 ppm). The chemical composition and utility of these combinations are examined. Increases in biodiesel and ZnO nanoparticle mixtures are followed by increases in calorific value and kinematic viscosity. As more biofuel and zinc oxide nanoparticles were introduced, BTE and BSFC in the performance test rose.

Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum in Fossil Diesel Fuel and Biodiesel From Chicken Eggshell‐Alumina‐Catalyzed Waste Cooking Oil

ABSTRACTTo curb environmental pollution emanating from the exhausts of engines using fossil diesel fuel (DF), studies on the use of biodiesel from renewable energy source are ongoing. However, engine components have been observed to corrode easily in biodiesels. In this study, a comparative study of the corrosion rate of aluminum coupon (AC) in biodiesel from waste cooking oil over chicken eggshell‐supported alumina catalyst (WCOB) and fossil DF was executed. Weight loss method was used to examine the corrosion rate. Highest corrosion rates of 0.0381 and 0.0052 mm year−1 were recorded for AC in WCOB and DF, respectively. The developed mathematical models proved effective for corrosion rate prediction. At optimum prediction, the minimum corrosion rates for the AC in WCOB and DF were 1.822 × 10−3 and 1.222 × 10−3 mm year, respectively. Characterization revealed pits formation and presence of oxygen and carbon on AC surface with loss of Al ions from the AC surface into WCOB and DF after corrosion. In conclusion, all results revealed high corrosion rates of AC in WCOB than DF.

Rebuttal letter to the article entitled as “Exergy analysis and nanoparticle assessment of cooking oil biodiesel and standard diesel fueled internal combustion engine” by I. Yildiz, H. Caliskan, K. Mori, Energy and Environment 31(8) (2020) 1303–1317

This rebuttal letter reports some physical facts, which are contradictory with known physical facts, in the article entitled “Exergy analysis and nanoparticle assessment of cooking oil biodiesel and standard diesel fueled internal combustion engine” by I. Yildiz, H. Caliskan, K. Mori, Energy and Environment 31(8) (2020) 1303–1317.

Study of molecular arrangement and density estimation of soybean oil biodiesel-diesel blends employing molecular dynamic simulation

Blends of diesel–biodiesel are a crucial alternative for petrodiesel substitution. However, biodiesel faces challenges such as high density and kinematic viscosity, which can affect the properties and performance of the blends. Based on this, the investigation of the impact of adding biodiesel into diesel fuel at percentages of 12%, 15%, 18%, and 21% using molecular dynamic simulations is presented. The density of the blends was experimentally measured and calculated with good agreement, which indicates a favorable description of the interactions by the OPLS-AA force field. Obtained results suggest that alkanes and isoalkanes showed higher fluctuations and were most sensitive to the variation of the percentage of biodiesel in diesel. The other classes of molecules did not show significant variations in interactions, suggesting that π-π interactions are unaffected by the biodiesel addition. The spatial distribution functions revealed that diesel molecules are organized homogeneously around methyl oleate and methyl linoleate, whereas aliphatic hydrocarbon and aromatic molecules are in distinct regions. The diffusion coefficients (Di) showed that the diesel molecules possess higher values, and the biodiesel addition increases the Di of the blend due to the methyl esters carbon chains, which present lower diffusion than diesel molecules. Finally, physical parameters and simulations revealed that the biodiesel addition into diesel fuel in the proportion up to 21% did not negatively impact the density and viscosity limits established by standards ASTM, EN, and ANP Resolution.

On the Influence of Engine Compression Ratio on Diesel Engine Performance and Emission Fueled with Biodiesel Extracted from Waste Cooking Oil

Despite the extensive research on biodiesels, further investigation is warranted on the impact of compression ratios on emissions and engine performance. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the effects of increasing the engine’s compression ratio on engine performance metrics—brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), power, torque, and exhaust gas temperature—and emissions—unburnt hydrocarbons (HCs), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and oxygen (O2)—when fueled with a 20% blend of waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCB20) and petroleum diesel (PD) under various operating conditions. The viscosity of the prepared fuels was measured at 25 °C and 40 °C. Experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine under wide-open throttle conditions at three different speeds (1400 rpm, 2000 rpm, and 2600 rpm) and two compression ratios (16:1 and 18:1). The results revealed that at a lower compression ratio, both WCB20 and petroleum diesel exhibited reduced BSFC compared to higher compression ratios. However, increasing the compression ratio from 16:1 to 18:1 significantly decreased HC emissions but increased CO2 and NOx emissions. Engine power increased with engine speed for both fuels and compression ratios, with WCB20 initially producing less power than diesel but surpassing it at higher compression ratios. WCB20 demonstrated improved combustion quality with lower unburnt hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions due to its higher oxygen content, promoting complete combustion. This study provides critical insights into optimizing engine performance and emission characteristics by manipulating compression ratios and utilizing biodiesel blends, paving the way for more efficient and environmentally friendly diesel engine operations.

Investigation on NOx control of a CI engine through the collective effect of hydrogen and biodiesel blend at modified compression ratio

The main challenges with using biodiesel in CI engines are higher NOx emissions and reduced brake thermal efficiency. These biodiesel-related issues can be handled by concurrently introducing gaseous fuels along with primary fuel into CI engines. This study examines the effects of hydrogen in a dual fuel mode operation with diesel and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel blend (B20) at different compression ratios on the engine's performance, combustion, and emission characteristics. A single-cylinder, 4-stroke, variable compression ratio engine operating at 1500 rpm was used for the research. A standard compression ratio (SCR) of 17.5 and a modified compression ratio (MCR) of 15.5 at a constant hydrogen flow rate of 6 L per minute (lpm) were used with diesel and B 20. The addition of hydrogen with diesel and B20 resulted in higher cylinder pressure and heat release rate when compared to pure diesel and B20 operation. This resulted in a shorter delay period (by an average of 9.4 % and 7.1 %) with lower peak pressure than pure diesel and B20 operation. During the dual fuel mode of H2 with B 20 at a modified compression ratio, the maximum heat release rate was decreased and its occurrence was retarded. NOx, UBHC, and CO emissions of the engine were decreased significantly by an average of 20.8% 43.7, %, and 22 % respectively with 37.7 % increase in smoke opacity. The increase in NOx emission with the use of H2 with diesel was reduced by operating H2 with B20 and at a reduced compression ratio. This lower emission was achieved with a compromise of a marginal decrease in engine brake thermal efficiency.

Impact of mustard biodiesel and clove oil additives on particulate matter emission and carbon deposition in diesel engines

Recent studies suggest that the world is facing an energy crisis due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves. To combat this issue, researchers have turned to biodiesel, a renewable bioenergy source made from vegetable oils, microalgae, and animal fats. A recent study analysed engine parts’ particulate matter emissions and carbon deposition during the long-term use of mustard biodiesel and clove oil as antioxidants in a compression ignition engine. Three samples of fuels: DF (diesel fuel), B30 (30% mustard biodiesel and 70% DF), and biodiesel blended fuel with 3000 PPM in a single-cylinder CI engine. The use of 30% biodiesel in diesel fuel (B30) for the endurance test was based on a good mix. The engine was run for 100 h to investigate the particulate matter emissions and carbon deposition. The particulate matter emission data was collected every 25 h, and for carbon deposition, the engine’s fuel injector was turned off after 100 h of engine running. The results showed a reduction in particulate matter emissions of about 9.97%, 13.367%, 7.24%, 14.64%, 5.3%, 12.32%, 1.88%, and 7.99% for PM1, PM2.5, PM7, and PM10 in biodiesel blended fuel and biodiesel blended fuel with clove oil, respectively. The deposition of clove oil added to biodiesel blended fuel in the fuel injector has been reduced compared with the other fuels. Carbon deposition of the fuel injector was analysed through SEM and EDX tests, and the results showed that the carbon content in biodiesel blended fuel was lower than in diesel fuel. The deposition of clove oil added to biodiesel blended fuel in the fuel injector has been reduced compared with biodiesel blended fuel.

An Energy, and Emission Assessment of Diesel Engines Powered with Shorea Robusta Biodiesel and Blends

The present investigation examines the exergy, energy, and pollutants of a diesel-powered engine fuelled with a blend of Shorea Robusta Biodiesel (SRB) and normal diesel. The impact of engine power, speed, and fuel mix on emissions and operating characteristics are investigated. The use of blended fuels including SRB reduces a number of performance metrics, including BTE, exergy efficiency, and the sustainability index. Furthermore, CO (carbon monoxide), smoke, and HC (hydrocarbon) emissions are reduced when compared to utilising pure diesel fuel. SRB20 has the lowest HC emissions among the mixes SRB. At an engine speed of 1500 rpm and a power output of 5.5kW, SRB10, SRB20, and SRB30 blends lower HC emissions by 8.92%, 10.71%, and 7.14%, respectively. Similarly, when compared to conventional diesel fuel, SRB10, SRB20, and SRB30 blends reduce CO emissions by 1.25%, 5%, and 6.25%, respectively.

A Review of Grease Trap Waste Management in the US and the Upcycle as Feedstocks for Alternative Diesel Fuels

As byproducts generated by commercial and domestic food-related processes, FOGs (fats, oils, and grease) are the leading cause of sewer pipe blockages in the US and around the world. Grease trap waste (GTW) is a subcategory of FOG currently disposed of as waste, resulting in an economic burden for GTW generators and handlers. This presents a global need for both resource conservation and carbon footprint reduction, particularly through increased waste upcycling. Therefore, it is critical to better understand current GTW handling practices in the context of the urban food–energy–water cycle. This can be accomplished with firsthand data collection, such as onsite visits, phone discussions, and targeted questionnaires. GTW disposal methods were found to be regional and correspond to key geographical locations, with landfill operations mostly practiced in the Midwest regions, incineration mainly in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions, and digestion mainly in the West of the US. Select GTW samples were analyzed to evaluate their potential reuse as low-cost feedstocks for biodiesel or renewable diesel, which are alternatives to petroleum diesel fuels. Various GTW lipid extraction technologies have been reviewed, and more studies were found on converting GTW into biodiesel rather than renewable diesel. The challenges for these two pathways are the high sulfur content in biodiesel and the metal contents in renewable diesel, respectively. GTW lipid extraction technologies should overcome these issues while producing minimum-viable products with higher market values.

Effects of CNT Nanoparticles' on the Performance and Emission Study of CI Engines Utilizing a Combination of Diesel and Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

Effects of CNT Nanoparticles' on the Performance and Emission Study of CI Engines Utilizing a Combination of Diesel and Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

Production of Sustainable Liquid Fuels

As the world aims to address the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is becoming more urgent for heavy transportation sectors, such as shipping and aviation, to decarbonise in an economically feasible way. This review paper investigates the potential fuels of the future and their capability to mitigate the carbon footprint when other technologies fail to do so. This review looks at the technologies available today, including, primarily, transesterification, hydrocracking, and selective deoxygenation. It also investigates the potential of fish waste from the salmon industry as a fuel blend stock. From this, various kinetic models are investigated to find a suitable base for simulating the production and economics of biodiesel (i.e., fatty acid alkyl esters) and renewable diesel production from fish waste. Whilst most waste-oil-derived biofuels are traditionally produced using transesterification, hydrotreating looks to be a promising method to produce drop-in biofuels, which can be blended with conventional petroleum fuels without any volume percentage limitation. Using hydrotreatment, it is possible to produce renewable diesel in a few steps, and the final liquid product mixture includes paraffins, i.e., linear, branched, and cyclo-alkanes, with fuel properties in compliance with international fuel standards. There is a wide range of theoretical models based on the hydrodeoxygenation of fatty acids as well as a clear economic analysis that a model could be based on.

Biodiesel production from eggshells derived bio-nano CaO catalyst–Microemulsion fuel blends for up-gradation of biodiesel

The utilization of bio-oil derived from biomass presents a promising alternative to fossil fuels, though it faces challenges when directly applied in diesel engines. Microemulsification has emerged as a viable strategy to enhance bio-oil properties, facilitating its use in hybrid fuels. This study explores the microemulsification of Jatropha bio-oil with ethanol, aided by a surfactant, to formulate a hybrid liquid fuel. Additionally, a bio-nano CaO heterogeneous catalyst synthesized from eggshells is employed to catalyse the production of Jatropha biodiesel from the microemulsified fuel using microwave irradiation. The catalyst is characterized through UV–Vis, XRD, and SEM analysis. The investigation reveals a significant reduction in CO, CO2, and NOX emissions with the utilization of microemulsion-based biodiesel blends. Various blends of conventional diesel, Jatropha biodiesel, and ethanol are prepared with different ethanol concentrations (5, 10, and 20 wt%). Engine performance parameters, including fuel consumption, NOX emission, and brake specific fuel consumption, are analyzed. Results indicate that the conventional diesel/Jatropha biodiesel/ethanol (10 wt%) blend exhibits superior performance compared to conventional diesel, Jatropha biodiesel, and other blends.The fuel consumption of the conventional diesel/Jatropha biodiesel/ethanol (10 wt%) blend is measured at 554.6 g/h, surpassing that of conventional diesel and other biodiesel blends. The presence of water (0.14 %) in the blend reduces the heating value, consequently increasing the energy requirement. CO and CO2 emissions for the conventional diesel/Jatropha biodiesel/ethanol (10 wt%) blend are notably lower compared to conventional C-18 hydrocarbons and various biodiesel blends. These findings accentuate the efficacy of the microemulsion process in enhancing fuel characteristics and reducing emissions. Further investigations could explore optimizing the emulsifying agents and their impact on engine performance and emission characteristics, contributing to the advancement of sustainable fuel technologies.

Novel biofuel blends for diesel engines: Optimizing engine performance and emissions with C. cohnii microalgae biodiesel and algae-derived renewable diesel blends

Fossil diesel is a significant global fuel; however, environmental concerns and resource scarcity necessitate alternative fuels. Third-generation microalgae biodiesel (MB), despite its carbon neutrality, leads to higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions and poor engine performance. Renewable diesel (RD), also known as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), could reduce these issues. A quasi-dimensional multi-zone combustion model is employed in this study to look into how different fuel blends of diesel, C. cohnii MB, and algae-derived RD affect the performance, combustion, and emissions of a compression ignition (CI) engine. The study uses a 2000 rpm engine arrangement with different engine loads, and validates the computational analysis with an experimental test engine arrangement. The study aims to explore the potential of sustainable biofuels in CI engines. D70MB30 (70 vol% diesel, and 30 vol% MB) fuel blend leads to a higher ignition delay period (IDP) while lowering peak cylinder pressure (PCP) and peak heat release rate (PHRR) compared to D100; however, when RD is added to diesel-MB fuel blends, it reduces IDP and increases PCP and PHRR. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for the D70MB30 blend rises by 5.28–8.9 %, while brake thermal efficiency (BTE) reduces by 0.98–4.27 %. However, RD in MB blends reduces BSFC by 1.57–3.41 % and marginally enhances BTE, resulting in greater fuel economy and efficiency. D70MB30 fuel blend results in higher specific carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions while lowering particulate matter (PM) and smoke emissions compared to neat diesel due to its high intrinsic oxygen content. In contrast, RD with the MB blend reduces specific CO2 and NOx emissions; however, it increases PM and smoke emissions due to the NOx-PM trade-off. The optimum results occur with a full load and D70MB15RD15 (70 vol% diesel, 15 vol% MB, and 15 vol% RD) fuel blend. Compared to the D70MB30 blend, D70MB15RD15 reduces BSFC, specific CO2, and NOx by 2.15 %, ∼1%, and 8.37 %, respectively, while increasing PM emissions at 100 % load.