Biodegradation Of Anthracene Research Articles

Anthracene degradation involved by antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase (ABM) in Comamonas testosteroni

It is well known that anthracene can cause serious health problems, which is why anthracene biodegradation as a method to reduce health risks has drawn the interest of researchers. However, antibiotic contamination in the environment can seriously affect the biodegradation of anthracene. In the present study, Comamonas testosteroni (CT1) had the highest degradation efficiency of anthracene (88.1%), and was still 46.6% when erythromycin concentration was 1/4MIC (8 μg mL−1). Also, compared to CK, the prokaryotic transcriptome analysis of CT1 in anthracene degradation revealed an up-regulated gene that encodes antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase (ABM) in both anthracene and anthracene-erythromycin groups. In addition, compared to strain CT1, the CtABM knockout mutant (CT-M) showed a significant decrease in anthracene degradation efficiency. In contrast, Escherichia coli (E.coli) DH5α transformed with CtABM (EM1) exhibited a faster degradation efficiency than DH5α. Furthermore, the antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that compared to DH5α, EM1 had significant resistance to erythromycin. And the purified recombinant CtABM (rABM) had a specific activity of 2.53 μmol min−1·mg−1 protein based on the oxidation of anthracene at pH 7.5 and 35 °C. Additionally, compositional analysis identified 4-benzyloxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol and 4-methylphthalaldehyde as anthracene metabolites by EM1, suggesting a novel anthracene degradation pathway.

Green titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles assisted biodegradation of anthracene employing Serratia quinivorans HP5.

The anthracene biodegradation potential of Serratia quinivorans HP5 was studied under a controlled laboratory environment. The green TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized from Paenibacillus sp. HD1PAH was used to accelerate the biodegradation process. The synergistic application of TiO2 NPs and S. quinivorans HP5 resulted in a reduction of anthracene concentration by 1.2 folds in liquid-medium and 1.5 folds in contaminated soil. Gas-chromatography and mass-spectrometric investigation showed the production of four anthracene derivatives, namely 1,2-anthracene dihydrodiol, 6,7-benzocoumarin, anthrone, and 9,10-anthraquinoneat the termination of experimental periods. Furthermore, bacterial biomass increased by 23.3 folds in the presence of TiO2 NPs, and overall soil enzyme activities were enhanced by 4.2 folds in the treated samples. In addition, there was a negative correlation observed between the biomass of S. quinivorans HP5 and the concentrations of anthracene, suggesting the involvement of bacterium in anthracene biodegradation processes. The degradation pathway of anthracene revealed its transformation into the less toxic compound 9,10-anthraquinone. Overall, this study elucidates a novel biodegradation pathway for anthracene and highlights the potential of nano-assisted bacterial remediation as a promising approach for environmental cleanup.

Integrated approach of nano assisted biodegradation of anthracene by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and iron oxide nanoparticles

Poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered as hazardous compounds which causes serious threat to the environment dua to their more carcinogenic and mutagenic impacts. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PP4 strain and synthesized iron nanoparticles were used to evaluate the biodegradation efficiency (BE %) of residual anthracene. The BE (%) of mixed degradation system (Anthracene + PP4+ FeNPs) was obtained about 67 %. The FTIR spectra result revealed the presence of functional groups (C–H, –CH3, CC, =C–H) in the residual anthracene. The FESEM and TEM techniques were used to determine the surface analysis of the synthesized FeNPs and the average size was observed by TEM around 5–50 nm. The crystalline nature of the synthesized iron nanoparticles was confirmed by the observed different respective peaks of XRD pattern. The various functional constituents (OH, C–H, amide I, CH3) were identified in the synthesized iron nanoparticles by FTIR spectrum. In conclusion, this integrated nano-bioremediation approach could be an promising and effective way for many environmental fields like cleanup of hydrocarbon rich environment.

Impact of biosurfactant produced by Bacillus spp. on biodegradation efficiency of crude oil and anthracene

Biosurfactants are surface active molecules generated by various microorganisms, including bacteria, actinobacteria, algae, and fungi. In this study, bacterial strains are isolated from soil contaminated with used motor oil and examined for potential biosurfactant production. A minimum salt medium (MSM), with crude oil as the only carbon source, is used to isolate potential biosurfactant-producing bacterial strains. About 23 strains are isolated, and all are subjected to the primary screening methods for biosurfactant production. Based on the emulsification index, oil displacement, and drop collapse screening methods, two isolates with potential biosurfactant-producing ability are selected for further studies. The synthesis of biosurfactants, crude oil and anthracene biodegradation is carried out with strains DTS1 and DTS2. Both strains show significant outcomes in crude oil degradation. In addition, both strains can utilize anthracene as the sole carbon source. During the degradation course, changes in the growth conditions are continuously monitored by measuring turbidity and pH. In this degradation study, the biosurfactant production aptitude of the isolated strains plays an essential role in increasing the bioavailability of hydrophobic hydrocarbons. These strains are identified down to the molecular level by employing 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the acquired sequences are submitted to get the accession numbers. These prospective strains can be utilized to remediate hydrocarbon-contaminated environments.

Enhanced biodegradation of phenanthrene and anthracene using a microalgal-bacterial consortium.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemicals that are released into the environment during activities of the petroleum industry. The bioaccumulation, carcinogenic and mutagenic potential of PAHs necessitates the bioremediation of these contaminants. However, bioremediation of PAHs has a number of limitations including the inability of a single microbe to degrade all of the PAH fraction's environmental constituents. Therefore, a different paradigm, employing microalgal-bacterial consortium (MBC), may be used to effectively remove PAHs contaminants. In this type of interaction, the microalgae and bacteria species in the consortium work together in a way that enhances the overall performance of the MBC. Bacterial species in the consortium provide essential nutrients or growth factors by degrading toxic substances and provide these to microalgae, while the microalgae species provide organic carbon for the bacterial species to grow. For the first time, the ability of Gonium pectorale (G. pectorale) microalgae to break down phenanthrene (PHE) and anthracene (ANT) was investigated. Phenanthrene was shown to be more effectively degraded by G. pectorale (98%) as compared to Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis) 19%. Similarly, G. pectorale has effectively degrade anthracene (98%) as compared with B. licheniformis (45%). The consortia of G. pectorale and B. licheniformis has shown a slight increase in the degradation of PHE (96%) and ANT (99%). Our findings show that B. licheniformis did not inhibit the growth of G. pectorale and in the consortia has effectively eliminated the PAHs from the media. Therefore G. pectorale has a tremendous potential to remove PAHs from the polluted environment. Future research will be conducted to assess Gonium's capacity to eliminate PAHs that exhibit high molar masses than that of PHE and ANT.

Endophytic, extremophilic and entomophilic fungi strains biodegrade anthracene showing potential for bioremediation.

Anthropogenic activities have been increasing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) release, promoting an urgent need for decontamination methods. Therefore, anthracene biodegradation by endophytic, extremophilic, and entomophilic fungi was studied. Moreover, asalting-out extraction methodology with the renewable solvent ethanol and the innocuous salt K2HPO4was employed. Nine of the ten employed strains biodegraded anthracene in liquid medium (19-56% biodegradation) after 14days at 30°C, 130rpm, and 100 mg L-1. The most efficient strain Didymellaceae sp. LaBioMMi 155, an entomophilicstrain, was employed for optimized biodegradation, aiming at a better understanding of how factors like pollutant initial concentration, pH, and temperature affected this process. Biodegradation reached 90 ± 11% at 22°C, pH 9.0, and 50 mg L-1. Futhermore, 8 different PAHs were biodegraded and metabolites were identified. Then, experiments with anthracene in soil ex situ were performed and bioaugmentation with Didymellaceae sp. LaBioMMi 155 presented better results than natural attenuation by the native microbiome and biostimulation by the addition of liquid nutrient medium into soil. Therefore, an expanded knowledge about PAHs biodegradation processes was achieved with emphasis to the action of Didymellaceae sp. LaBioMMi 155, which can be further employed for in situ biodegradation (after strain security test), or for enzyme identification and isolation aiming at oxygenases with optimal activity under alkaline conditions.

Anaerobic biodegradation of anthracene by oral Firmicutes isolates from smokers and its potential pathway

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from tobacco smoke has been linked to many negative health effects. Studies on the biodegradation of PAHs by human microbiota and detailed pathways for their anaerobic biodegradation are scarce despite their importance in getting rid of these toxic compounds. In a previous study for our group, we determined the ability of oral bacterial isolates in the anaerobic biodegradation of anthracene as a model of PAHs. Three isolates with the highest anthracene degradation ability were selected for the present study which include Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Veillonella parvula, and Streptococcus anginosus. In this study, we aimed at exploring and elucidating the anthracene anaerobic biodegradation pathways in selected Firmicutes oral isolates. Metabolites throughout the pathway were detected by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) using anthracene as sole source of carbon. After incubation for 3 days, anthracene was undetected in the supernatant of L. fermentum and V. parvula, while a residual of 3% of anthracene was detected in presence of S. anginosus. Results revealed that anaerobic biodegradation by L. fermentum and V. parvula started with hydroxylation and dehydrogenation producing 9,10- anthraquinone and ended up with simpler structures such as catechol, while S. anginosus hydroxylation for anthracene resulted in the production of 1,2-anthracenediol and ended up with catechol and phthalic acid. The biodegradation of anthracene by oral bacteria could convert it to other toxic metabolites such as anthraquinone and catechol which were reported to have potential carcinogenic effects. Moreover, fatty acids detected as biodegradation metabolites could be one of the causes of smokers’ heart-related diseases. Thus, this study explored oral metabolites resulting from smoking under anaerobic conditions towards elucidating the role of oral microbiota in health and disease states.

Anthracene removal potential of green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) and Alcaligenes faecalis HP8 from contaminated soil

Anthracene biodegradation potential has been studied in liquid culture and soil microcosm environment by employing green synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and Alcaligenes faecalis HP8. The bacterium was isolated from crude oil contaminated soil, while TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using Paenibacillus sp. HD1PAH and Cyperus brevifolius which have PAHs remediation abilities. The dual application of TiO2 nanoparticles and Alcaligenes faecalis HP8 decreases anthracene concentration up to 21.3% in liquid at the end of 7 days and 37.9% in the soil treatments after completion of 30 days. Besides, the GC-MS analysis revealed production of five metabolites including 1,2-anthracenedihydrodiol; 6,7-benzocoumarin; 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid; salicylic acid and 9,10-anthraquinone at different time interval of the treatments. Anthracene degradation pathway confirms the breakdown of three ring anthracene to one ring salicylic acid. Additionally, soil dehydrogenase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, catalase and amylase activities increased up to 4.09 folds, 8.6 folds, 4.4 folds, 3.6 folds and 2.1 folds respectively after the combined treatments of TiO2 nanoparticles and Alcaligenes faecalis HP8. The bacterial biomass and residual anthracene concentration were found to be negatively correlated. Finally, the study brings into light a novel anthracene biodegradation pathway and provides a new dimension in nano assisted bacterial remediation.

Biodegradation of Naphthalene and Anthracene by Aspergillus glaucus Strain Isolated from Antarctic Soil

Biotechnologies based on microbial species capable of destroying harmful pollutants are a successful way to solve some of the most important problems associated with a clean environment. The subject of investigation is the Antarctic fungal strain Aspergillus glaucus AL1. The culturing of the examined strain was performed with 70 mg of wet mycelium being inoculated in a Czapek Dox liquid medium containing naphthalene, anthracene, or phenanthrene (0.3 g/L) as the sole carbon source. Progressively decreasing naphthalene and anthracene concentrations were monitored in the culture medium until the 15th day of the cultivation of A. glaucus AL1. The degradation was determined through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Both decreased by 66% and 44%, respectively, for this period. The GC-MS analyses were applied to identify salicylic acid, catechol, and ketoadipic acid as intermediates in the naphthalene degradation. The intermediates identified in anthracene catabolism are 2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid, o-phthalic acid, and protocatechuic acid. The enzyme activities for phenol 2-monooxygenase (1.14.13.7) and catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (1.13.11.1) were established. A gene encoding an enzyme with catechol 1,2-dioxygenase activity was identified and sequenced (GeneBank Ac. No KM360483). The recent study provides original data on the potential of an ascomycete’s fungal strain A. glaucus strain AL 1 to degrade naphthalene and anthracene.

DEGRADATION OF ANTHRACENE BY STREPTOMYCES SPP.STRAIN AH4

Streptomyces strains AH4 performance degrading humic acid was isolated and selected from surface soils at Mitidja plain (North of Algeria) was used to biodegrade anthracene in cultured medium. Streptomyces spp strain AH4 was identified using 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Optimal conditions for the biodegradation of anthracene included: temperature of 30 °C, pH 7.2 and 50 ppm concentration of anthracene. Under these conditions and initial anthracene concentration of 50 mg.l-1, more than 70% was removed within 5 days. The metabolites anthracene formations were examined by HPLC and FTIR. Appearance of new pic at tR= 3.75 min by HPLC. FTIR, appearance of new broad absorption bands at 2858 Cm-1, 2927 Cm-1, 2955 Cm-1 and another new strong absorption band at 1734 Cm-1 in metabolites demonstrates that carboxyl group produced during anthracene degradation

Different metabolic pathways involved in anthracene biodegradation by Brevibacillus, Pseudomonas and Methylocystis Species

BackgroundPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as anthracene are one of the most toxic contaminants to our environment. Microbial biodegradation of these xenobiotics is a cost-effective technological solution. The present study aimed to recover some bacterial isolates from Beni-Suef Governorate in Egypt with high capabilities of anthracene biodegradation. The selected isolates were molecularly characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the degree of anthracene biodegradation was monitored using optical density (OD) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), PCR amplification of some selected genes encoding biodegradation of PAHs was monitored, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was applied for detecting the resulted metabolites.ResultThree bacterial isolates were studied, the 16s rRNA sequences of the isolates showed homology of the first isolate to Brevibacillus sp. (94.58 %), the second isolates showed homology to Pseudomonas sp. (94.53%) and the third isolate showed homology to Methylocystis sp. (99.61 %), all isolates showed the ability to degrade anthracene. PCR amplification of some selected genes encoding biodegradation of PAHs revealed the presence of many biodegrading genes in the selected strains. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of the metabolites resulted from anthracene biodegradation in the present study suggested that more than one biodegradation pathway was followed by the selected isolates.ConclusionsThe selected strains could represent a potential bioremediation tool in solving the PAHs problem in the Egyptian environment with a clean and cost-effective technique.Graphical

Biodegradation of Anthracene and Phenanthrene by Pseudomonas stutzeri (BUK_BTEG1) Isolated from Petrochemical Contaminated Soil

Abstract The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has identified 16 substances as priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are harmful to humans, including anthracene and phenanthrene. These substances are pervasive pollutants introduced into the environment through anthropogenic and natural processes, causing ecological concerns and necessitating the quest for new strains capable of biodegrading these toxins. A novel strain of the genus Pseudomonas was isolated and molecularly identified based on partial 16S rRNA and phylogenetic analysis as Pseudomonas stutzeri strain BUK_BTEG1 from petrochemical contaminated soil. One factor at a time (OFAT) in Bushnell-Haas (BH) media was used to optimize the strain’s biodegradation conditions. The isolate could grow up to 600 mgL−1 and 400 mgL−1 of anthracene and phenanthrene as the sole carbon source at an optimum pH of 7.0 and 7.5 respectively, inoculum concentration of 4% (v/v), and temperature of 35°C during 72 hours of incubation. The strain could degrade phenanthrene and anthracene to a maximum of 99 and 72 percent, respectively, under ideal conditions. The breakdown products’ GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of the pathway’s main metabolites, catechol, salicylic acid, and derivatives of phthalic acid. The strain exhibits promising potential for use in the bio-cleansing of environments contaminated by PAHs.metabolites.

High Counts and Anthracene Degradation Ability of Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella parvula Isolated From the Oral Cavity of Cigarette Smokers and Non-smokers.

The composition and metabolic functions of oral microbiota are affected by many factors including smoking leading to several health problems. Cigarette smoking is associated with changes in oral microbiota composition and function. However, it is not known if the depletion of certain bacterial genera and species is due to specific toxins in cigarette smoke, or indirectly due to competition for colonization with smoking-enriched bacteria. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of cigarette smoking on the microbial prevalence and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) biodegradation of selected enriched and depleted oral bacteria from oral microbiota of smokers compared to that in non-smokers. Samples of oral rinse from smokers and non-smokers were collected (n = 23, 12 smokers and 11 non-smokers) and screened for oral bacterial strains of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp., and Veillonella spp. Comparing counts, S. mutans, V. tobetsuensis, and V. dispar showed higher counts in smokers compared to non-smokers while the Lactobacillus spp. were higher in non-smokers. Lactobacillus fermentum was prevalent in smokers, representing 91.67% of the total Lactobacillus spp. isolates. The biodegradation potential of anthracene; a representative of PAHs of collected isolates, in single and mixed cultures, was assayed with anthracene as the sole source of carbon using 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (2,6-DCPIP) as indicator. S. mutans isolates recovered from smokers showed higher degradation of anthracene compared to those recovered from non-smokers. The anaerobic anthracene biodegradation activity of V. parvula isolates from non-smokers was the highest among all isolates of the three recovered genera from the same subject. The anthracene biodegradation potential of Lactobacillus spp. was variable. Combinations of isolated bacteria in co-cultures showed that Lactobacillus spp. interfered with anthracene biodegradation ability along with the viable counts of S. mutans and Veillonella spp. In conclusion, oral dysbiosis due to cigarette smoking was observed not only due to changes in oral bacterial relative abundance but also extended to bacterial functions such as anthracene biodegradation tested in this study. Microbe–microbe interactions changed the anthracene biodegradation potential and growth of the microbial mixture compared to their corresponding single isolates, and these changes differ according to the constituting bacteria.

Bioelectricity generation by natural microflora of septic tank wastewater (STWW) and biodegradation of persistent petrogenic pollutants by basidiomycetes fungi: An integrated microbial fuel cell system

The microbial fuel cell is a unique advantageous technology for the scientific community with the simultaneous generation of green energy along with bioelectroremediation of persistent hazardous materials. In this work, a novel approach of integrated system with bioelectricity generation from septic tank wastewater by native microflora in the anode chamber, while Psathyrella candolleana with higher ligninolytic enzyme activity was employed at cathode chamber for the biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Six MFC systems designated as MFC1, MFC2, MFC3, MFC4, MFC5, and MFC6 were experimented with different conditions. MFC1 system using natural microflora of STWW (100%) at anode chamber and K3[Fe(CN)6] as cathode buffer showed a power density and current density of 110 ± 10 mW/m2 and 90 ± 10 mA/m2 respectively. In the other five MFC systems 100% STWW was used at the anode and basidiomycetes fungi in the presence or absence of individual PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, and anthracene) at the cathode. MFC2, MFC3, MFC4, MFC5, and MFC6 had showed power density of 132 ± 17 mW/m2, 138 ± 20 mW/m2, 139 ± 25 mW/m2, and 147 ± 10 mW/m2 respectively. MFC2, MFC3, MFC4, MFC5, and MFC6 had showed current density of 497 ± 17 mA/m2, 519 ± 10 mA/m2, 522 ± 21 mA/m2 and 525 ± 20 mA/m2 respectively. In all the MFC systems, the electrochemical activity of anode biofilm was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry analysis and biofilms on all the MFC systems electrode surface were visualized by confocal laser scanning microscope. Biodegradation of PAHs during MFC experimentations in the cathode chamber was estimated by UV–Vis spectrophotometer. Overall, MFC6 system achieved maximum power density production of 525 ± 20 mA/m2 with 77% of chemical oxygen demand removal and 54% of coulombic efficiency at the anode chamber and higher anthracene biodegradation (62 ± 1.13%) at the cathode chamber by the selected Psathyrella candolleana at 14th day. The present natural microflora - basidiomycetes fungal coupled MFC system offers excellent opening towards the simultaneous generation of green electricity and PAHs bioelectroremediation.

Effect of C/N substrates for enhanced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and Poly Cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation.

Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) influenced Poly Cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) degrading Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from the marine environment. To increase the EPS production by Klebsiella pneumoniae, several physicochemical parameters were tweaked such as different carbon sources (arabinose, glucose, glycerol, lactose, lactic acid, mannitol, sodium acetate, starch, and sucrose at 20g/L), nitrogen sources (ammonium chloride, ammonium sulphate, glycine, potassium nitrate, protease peptone and urea at 2g/L), different pH, carbon/nitrogen ratio, temperature, and salt concentration were examined. Maximum EPS growth and biodegradation of Anthracene (74.31%), Acenaphthene (67.28%), Fluorene (62.48%), Naphthalene (57.84%), and mixed PAHs (55.85%) were obtained using optimized conditions such as glucose (10g/L) as carbon source, potassium nitrate (2g/L) as the nitrogen source at pH 8, growth temperature of 37°C, 3% NaCl concentration and 72h incubation period. The Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm architecture was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The present study demonstrates the EPS influenced PAHs degradation of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Heavy metals and antibiotics resistance of bacteria isolated from Marchica lagoon: biodegradation of anthracene on submerged aerated fixed bed reactor

ABSTRACT Heavy metals resistant and polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading bacteria isolated from Marchica lagoon. Six isolates, Pseudomonas putida, Orchobactrum antropi, Staphylococus epidermidis, Brevundimonas diminuta, Serratia ficaria and Bacillus anthracis were characterized on the basis of biochemical and 16S rDNA. The strains that showed high resistance to heavy metals were also studied for their antibiotics resistance and growth kinetics. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of metals at variant concentrations (10-38 mM) were determined in liquid and solid medium. Strains were showed an extreme resistance against metals with the MIC values of Cu (9 mM), Cd (6.25 mM), Cr (2.5 mM), Ag (0,625), and Hg (0,156). Furthermore, growth rates were decreased in the presence of metals (compared to the control). The anthracene elimination from synthetic wastewater was determined in a submerged aerobic fixed-film reactor. Optimal conditions for bacterium growth and biodegradation of anthracene are determined as: temperature of 37 °C, pH 7, and initial anthracene concentration of 20 mg/l. It emerged that at anthracene concentrations 5-40 mg/l, COD removal efficiency were 84.62%; 90.62%; 91.36% and 71.4% respectively.

Application of laccase immobilized rice straw biochar for anthracene degradation.

The present study explores the immobilization of ligninolytic enzyme-laccase on the surface of rice straw biochar and evaluates its application for anthracene biodegradation. The rice straw biochar was acid-treated to generate carboxyl functionality on its surface, followed by detailed morphological and chemical characterization. The surface area of functionalized biochar displayed a two-fold increase compared to the untreated biochar. Laccase was immobilized on functionalized biochar, and an immobilization yield of 66% was obtained. The immobilized enzyme demonstrated operational stability up to six cycles while retaining 40% of the initial activity. Laccase immobilization was further investigated by performing adsorption and kinetic studies, which revealed the highest immobilization concentration of 500 U g-1 at 25°C. The adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm model at equilibrium, and the kinetic study confirmed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The equilibrium rate constant (K2) at 25°C and 4°C were 3.6×10-3g U-1 min-1 and 4×10-3g U-1 min-1 respectively for 100 U g-1 of enzyme loading. This immobilized system was applied for anthracene degradation in the aqueous batch mode, which resulted in complete degradation of 50mgL-1 anthracene within 24h of interaction exposure.

Polynuclear aromatic anthracene biodegradation by psychrophilic Sphingomonas sp., cultivated with tween-80

Anthracene is a low molecular weight polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) being identified as a precedence toxic contaminant in the ecosystem. Thus, the present work was designed to evaluate anthracene biodegradation efficiency by selected marine bacteria. From the marine isolates, the most effective anthracene biodegrading strain was identified as Sphingomonas sp., KSU05. Time course batch growth results indicated that the isolate KSU05 was capable of surviving up to 500 mg/L of anthracene. The influence of various nutrient sources were screened for enhanced growth and pyrene degradation, based on results glucose and tween-80 were used for further optimization studies. Batch experimental analysis showed maximum biodegradation (70.5%) of anthracene (50 mg/L) with enhanced survival of Sphingomonas sp. KSU05 was observed at 96 h of cultivation. Box-Behnken design optimization results showed that the culture conditions enhanced the anthracene biodegradation (90.0%) at pH 7.0, 0.3 mM of tween-80 concentration, and 5.5% of glucose concentration. In addition, the isolate Sphingomonas sp. KSU05 was found to rapidly degrade anthracene within 96 h. The anthracene intermediates was analyzed using Gas chromatography mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS). Overall, this research shown that the Sphingomonas sp., cultivated with suggested optimum conditions could provide an effective prospective for the degradation of anthracene from contaminated environment.

Biodegradation of Naphthalene, Anthracene and Ammonia-N in Sequential Fed Batch Reactor

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) belongto a group of hydrophobic organic compounds that contains two or more fused benzene rings in cluster arrangement. Due to its ubiquitous presence, carcinogenic and mutagenic properties, recalcitrant nature, PAH compounds have gathered great environmental concern. In this study, a mixed microbial culture is used to degrade 500 mg/L of naphthalene (NAP), 100 mg/L of anthracene (ANT) and 300 mg/L of ammonia-N (NH4-N) in anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic sequential bioreactor operated in fed batch condition. Anaerobic reactor removed maximum 71% of NAP, 36% of ANT, 49% of NH4-N and 79% of COD with total HRT of 16 days. Anoxic reactor was found capable for almost complete removal of all the pollutants from the effluent of anaerobic and aerobic reactor during recycling. Residualconcentration of all the pollutants were efficiently degraded in the aerobic reactor with overall removal efficiency of 92% NAP, 70% ANT, 80% NH4-N and 90% COD.

Biodegradation of phenol, anthracene and acenaphthene singly and consortium culture of indigenous microorganism isolates from underground coal gasification area

The gasification of Coal has a potential for long term energy supply in the future by conversion of non-mineable coal seams to syngas for various industrial applications. However, recalcitrant aromatic compounds such as phenol, anthracene, and acenaphthene from UGC are potential to contaminate groundwater, soil and the broader environment. Therefore, the polluted environment required bioremediation. The purpose of this study was to determine the capability of Bacillus velezensis and Stenotropromonas maltophilia isolated from the area of Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) on biodegradation of phenol, anthracene, and acenaphthene in the single and mixed cultures. The degradation of pollutants in the concentration range of 250-500 ppm evaluated by measuring of the ability of bacteria to grow in single component supplemented mineral salt media, screening tests for hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and biodegradation ability by gravimetric analysis method. The results showed biodegradability of phenol, anthracene, and acenaphthene at concentration 500 ppm after 14 days by S. maltophilia were 60,2%, 80,4%, and 82,5%. B. velezensis showed 79% of biodegradability of phenol, anthracene 79,8%, and acenaphthene 81,1%. The consortium of both isolates has the highest percentage of phenol, anthracene, and acenapthene biodegradation 83,4 %, 83, 53 % and 83,47 % respectively.