Biodegradation Characteristics Research Articles

Chemically Crosslinked Alginate Hydrogel with Polyaziridine: Effects on Physicochemical Properties and Promising Applications.

Alginate biopolymer is widely employed in many industrial fields thanks to its pleasing features of biodegradability, biocompatibility, low toxicity, and relatively low cost. The gelling process of alginate with divalent cations is fairly simple and thus it is used as a versatile biomaterial to tailor the desired mechanical and moisture properties. This study focused on developing new gel formulations to enhance the properties of calcium-alginate hydrogel (CA). The newly synthesized hydrogels, referred to as CA-CHEM gels, were chemically cross-linked with different ratios of pentaerythritol tris[3-(1-aziridinyl)propionate] (PTAP) through the reaction between the carboxylic groups of alginate and aziridines of PTAP. The reaction was successfully monitored by NMR. The new CA-CHEM gels were chemically characterized using FTIR-ATR, while SEM analysis confirmed the changes in the porosity and homogeneity of the network. Additionally, thermogravimetric analyses and mechanical properties showed improvement in degradation stability and in structural strength, compared to plain CA, with an increasing PTAP content up to 1% w/w. Finally, the new CA-CHEM gels effectively controlled water absorption and release. In particular, CA-CHEM-1 performed as the most controlled system, making it promising for delivering aqueous cleaning solutions on water-sensitive surfaces such as a wooden historical musical instrument.

Advances in polysaccharide-based materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications: A comprehensive review.

Polysaccharides, the most abundant biopolymers in nature, have attracted the attention of researchers and clinicians due to its practicality in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. These biomaterials have high bioavailability and play structural and functional roles in living organisms. Polysaccharides are classified into several groups based on their origin, including plant polysaccharides and marine polysaccharides (like chitosan, hyaluronic acid, dextran, alginates, etc.) with specific applications. These biopolymers possess unique physicochemical (such as surface functional groups, solubility, and stability), mechanical (like mechanical strength and tensile), and biomedical (such as antioxidant activity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, renewability, and non-immunogenicity) characteristics which have made them excellent platforms for a wide variety of biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Ease of extraction and different preparation approaches are mentioned as other potential properties of polysaccharides that further improved their practicality in biomedical sciences. They have high drug/bioactive encapsulation capacity and sustained/controlled release manner in in vivo microenvironments. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulation, stimuli-responsive drug/bioactive release, and passive and active drug/bioactive delivery are considered the potential features of these biopolymers in pharmaceutical sciences. Polysaccharides have indicated practical applications in biomedical sciences, including biosensors, tissue engineering, implantation, wound healing, vascular grafting, and vaccines. This review highlights the advances of polysaccharide-based materials in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences.

Dynamic Imine Chemistry Enables Paintable Biogel Electrolytes to Shield On-Body Zinc-Ion Batteries from Interfacial Interference.

On-body batteries with hydrogel electrolytes are a pivotal enabling technology to drive bioelectronics for healthcare and sports, yet they are prone to failure due to dynamic interfacial interference, accompanied by e-waste production. Here, dynamic imine chemistry is proposed to design on-electrode paintable biogel electrolytes that feature temperature-controlled reversible phase transition (gelling within 1.5 min) and ultrafast self-healing capability (6 s), establishing a dynamically self-adaptive interface on cyclically deforming electrodes for shielding on-body Zn-ion batteries from interfacial interference. Consequently, the deformed Zn anode shows an exceptional cycling stability of 400 h regardless of the bending radius, and the as-assembled Zn-I2 battery delivers sufficient durability to endure 5000 deformation cycles, together extending to 1300 h and 15 000 deformation cycles via dynamically restarting the interfacial electric field, respectively. Also, the features of recyclability, biodegradation, and biocompatibility make the proposed on-body Zn-I2 batteries appealing in terms of sustainability and biosafety, enabling their successful power supply of heart rate monitors in sports. This work demonstrates the promise of dynamic biogel chemistry for green and biorelated energy-storage systems.

Absorbable gelatin sponge as an intrascleral buckle in rabbits: a pilot study.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of using an absorbable gelatin sponge as an intrascleral buckle in rabbit eyes; it also monitored degradation of the gelatin sponge over time. Ten New Zealand white rabbits underwent surgery to implant an absorbable gelatin sponge as an intrascleral buckle. Weekly ophthalmic examinations were conducted before and after the procedure until the implant was fully absorbed. Assessments included external eye and fundus examinations, color fundus imaging, and optical coherence tomography. Safety and efficacy were determined by comparing pre-operative and post-operative conditions. The surgery was successfully completed in 12 of 20 eyes, yielding favorable postoperative outcomes. Eight eyes were excluded due to issues with scleral tunneling, including accidental penetration, suprachoroidal implantation of the sponge, and choroidal excavation, resulting in a success rate of 60%. The indentation produced by the gelatin sponge implant progressively decreased, entirely disappearing within 2 weeks. No complications, such as retinal or choroidal hemorrhage or detachment, were observed. Intrascleral implantation of absorbable gelatin sponge was safe and effective for scleral buckling in rabbits, demonstrating favorable biodegradation characteristics.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Natural Vs Synthetic Fiber Reinforcement in Polymer Composites

Environmental Impact Assessment of Natural Vs Synthetic Fiber Reinforcement in Polymer Composites

Composite Materials Based on Spent Coffee Grounds and Paper Pulp

The need for biodegradable and environmentally friendly materials is increasing due to resource shortages and rising levels of environmental pollution. Agro-food waste, which includes coffee grounds, is of great interest in the production of composite materials due to its low cost, low density, easy availability, non-abrasive nature, specific properties such as reduced wear on the machinery used, the absence of residues and toxic products, and biodegradable characteristics. The composite materials developed that include coffee grounds exhibit good characteristics. This field is evolving and requires further improvements, but, at this moment, it can be stated that coffee grounds are not just waste but can be transformed into a highly efficient material applicable in various domains. In this study, composite materials were prepared using paper pulp as a matrix, coffee grounds as a filler material, and water as a binding agent. The obtained composite materials were evaluated through thermal analysis, SEM, EDX, ATR-FTIR, and rheological behavior analysis. The composite materials created from paper pulp and coffee grounds proved to be effective for use in the production of seedling pots. The seedling pots created in this study are produced at a low cost, are environmentally friendly, exhibit thermal stability, have good stability over time, and have good resistance to deformation.

Gelatin, Chitosan, and Beeswax Based Edible Packaging for Food Product: A Review

The widespread use of petroleum-based plastic packaging as food packaging has raised many concerns regarding the negative impact on the environment. The increase of public awareness on environmental problems and the importance of food safety has encouraged a lot of research regarding the development of environmentally friendly food packaging that is safe for food products, such as edible packaging. Gelatin, chitosan, and beeswax have attracted attention in edible packaging research due to their biodegradability and good film-forming characteristics. Chitosan and beeswax have also been reported to have antimicrobial properties that can improve the functional properties of edible packaging. Various studies have been carried out to obtain alternative packaging from a combination of these materials. This article reviews the potential application of edible packaging made from gelatin, chitosan, beeswax and their composites as packaging for food products.

Effect of the inclusion complex formation method on the functional properties of poly (butylene adipate co-terephthalate) active films

The food waste and single-use packaging problems require efforts to develop active, sustainable packaging to extend the shelf life of perishable products. Therefore, the β-Cyclodextrin-Clove essential oil inclusion complexes (IC) obtained by ultrasound (IC-U) and kneading (IC-K) methods were incorporated into a PBAT matrix. The effect of the IC on the structural, functional, and biodegradability features of the PBAT matrix was assessed. The results show that the IC exhibited high thermal stability and adequate dispersion in the PBAT matrix during the extrusion process. The PBAT-IC films, as prototypes of packaging bags, improved the shelf life of perishable foods (blueberries), reducing their weight loss by 20 % and 8 % after 28 days at room and refrigerated temperatures, preserving the diameter of the blueberries and inhibiting fungal growth, corroborating an improvement in functional properties. Moreover, IC-U and IC-K incorporation did not affect Young's modulus (85 N/mm²), tensile strength (19 N/mm²), elongation at break (553 %), and disintegration degree (90 %) of the films, making them alternative food preservation packaging for the food industry.

Isosorbide-Based Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives Through UV-Cured Crosslinking with a Balance Between Adhesion and Cohesion.

The development of sustainable pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) from natural biomass resources has attracted increasing attention owing to their non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable features. In this study, a bio-based acrylic PSA with tunable adhesion and cohesion was synthesized by a selective chemical modification of isosorbide-5-acrylate (IA) and its copolymerization with butyl acrylate and acrylic acid through UV-curing crosslinking. During the UV-curing process, the synthesized isosorbide diacrylate ester (IDAE) served as the crosslinker, effectively improving the crosslinking degree of PSA. The impact of IA and IDAE on the mechanical properties of PSA was studied. Moreover, to achieve a balance between adhesion and cohesion, the optimal composition was identified. The addition of IA significantly enhances the stiffness of PSA. Furthermore, the combined effect of IA and IDAE improves the overall adhesion properties of the PSA. The optimal bio-based PSA demonstrates a peel force of 13.9 N/25 mm and a persistent time of 6820 min, promising to replace traditional petroleum-based PSAs.

Novel synthetic UV screen compounds inspired in mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs): Antioxidant capacity, photoprotective properties and toxicity

The combination of environmental stress on the ozone layer, climate change and a greater sun exposure due to outdoor habits has led to an increase in skin cancer cases and other health issues related with UV radiation. Researchers are searching for new alternative UV filters that could protect our skin from the deleterious effects of UV radiation while also presenting low toxicity and biodegradable character (unlike the UV filters currently available in the market). In this work, two compounds inspired in the natural oxo-mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) have been synthesized and their antioxidant and photoprotective properties, as well as their in vitro and in vivo toxicity effects were evaluated. Both compounds featured a strong UV-B absorption together with a high antioxidant capacity, close to 50 μmol TE g−1 DW in the ABTS assay. Compound 1 presented an absorption peak at 285–300 nm, whereas compound 2 showed a wider band with a peak around 295–305 nm and two shoulders at 318 and 342 nm. The addition of 5 % of compound 2 to galenic formulas increased the photoprotection, reaching SPF values of 4. Both compounds were stable under UV radiation exposure. Regarding toxicity, the synthetic compounds did not show cytotoxic activity against healthy human cell lines or significant toxicity over zebrafish embryos. Compound 1 showed a complete lack of toxicity over zebrafish, although compound 2 showed slight, not-significant effects on viability, hatching, pericardial stability or body axis formation over 5 mg mL−1. Moreover, compound 1 presented relatively antitumoral activities against HCT-116 cells (selective index:1.49). The relevant antioxidant and photoprotective ability together with the great advantage provided by the reduced toxicity to health cells or zebrafish embryos, make these compounds promising candidates to be exploited as functional ingredients with specific applications in the biotechnological or pharma sector.

Chitosan Nanoparticles as a Potential Drug Delivery System in the Skin: A Systematic Review Based on In Vivo Studies

AbstractChitosan nanoparticles (ChNP) represent an interesting technological platform for drug delivery to the skin due to their mucoadhesive, nontoxic, and biodegradable characteristics, offering advantages in bypassing the stratum corneum and improving drug delivery in dermal administration. This systematic review analyzed the in vivo applicability of ChNP as a substance delivery system to the skin. A literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, SciELO, and Lilacs using the keywords “nanoparticle,” “chitosan,” and “skin.” Inclusion criteria involved in vivo studies investigating the effects of topical use of these nanoparticles, published between 2013 and 2023, and comparing the nanoparticulate formulation with the free drug. The prevalence of studies conducted on animal models was 94.1%, while only 5.9% were performed on humans. The results suggest that ChNP formulations improved the delivery of therapeutic agents and demonstrated superior efficacy compared to formulations containing the free drug; they exhibited good permeability and tolerability, gradual release of the active molecule, and faster results with minimal adverse effects. Therefore, ChNP containing active substances for topical application emerges as a safe and effective platform with significant potential for drug delivery to the skin, opening new perspectives for their use in innovative formulations.

Microalgae-bacterial consortiums for enhanced degradation of nonylphenol: Biodegradability and kinetic analysis

The widespread use of non-ionic surfactant nonylphenol (NP) has led to significant water pollution, posing a threat to both ecological stability and human health. However, the efficient biodegradation method and system of NP-biodegradation remain complex scientific challenges. In this study, we isolated and characterized three Pseudomonas sp. strains SW-1 (Scenedesmus quadricauda-associated), ZL-2 (Ankistrodesmus acicularis-associated), XQ-3 (Chlorella vulgaris-associated), and one NP-degrading Cupriavidus sp. strain EB-4, which exhibited the ability to utilize NP as the sole carbon source. Furthermore, four consortiums of microalgae-bacterial, S. quadricauda and SW-1 (S-SW), A. acicularis and ZL-2 (A-ZL), C. vulgaris and XQ-3 (C-XQ), S. quadricauda and EB-4 (S-EB), were constructed to investigate their biodegradability and kinetic characteristics of NP degradation from water. The consortiums showed higher degradation efficiency compared to individual microalgae or bacteria. The C-XQ consortium exhibited the highest degradation rate, removing over 94% of NP within just seven days. The first-order model with the following order of degradation rate by consortiums was C-XQ (0.3960 d−1) > S-SW (0.3506 d−1) > A-ZL (0.1968 d−1) > S-EB (0.1776 d−1). Compared with the results of our previous study, the interaction between microalgae and bacteria is not a simple additive relationship. Our findings highlight the potential of an algal-bacterial consortium for the remediation of NP-contaminated environments.

Exploring the relationship between lignin structure and antioxidant property using lignin model compounds

Lignin has a natural polyphenol structure that is expected to replace chemically synthesized antioxidants as a native antioxidant with biodegradable and convenient source characteristics. However, the improvement of the antioxidant property of lignin and its application as an antioxidant are still somewhat limited due to the lack of understanding of the relationship between specific lignin structures and antioxidant property. Therefore, the study of the relationship between lignin structure and antioxidant property is crucial to realize the high-quality application of lignin. In this experiment, the scavenging ability of free 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) radicals was determined for different grades of acetylated tannins, typical lignin model compounds and different structural units of milled wood lignin to investigate the relationship between lignin structure and antioxidant property. Based on the experimental results, some structure-activity relationships were proposed and the mechanism of the antioxidant property of lignin was discussed. The number of phenolic hydroxyl groups was linearly and positively correlated with antioxidant property, and the scavenging of DPPH radicals increased significantly with the increase in the number of methoxy groups in the model compounds. Moreover, aldehyde and carboxyl groups had a negative effect on the antioxidant property of lignin, while methoxy, alkyl and alcohol hydroxyl groups played a positive role. The guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) units favored the antioxidant property, so the difference in the content of structural units in lignin under certain conditions of phenolic hydroxyl content also affected the antioxidant property. Therefore, the antioxidant property of aspen milled lignin was higher than that of other milled lignin from different wood species. Finally, the mechanism of DPPH free radical scavenging by lignin was revealed to better understand the relationship between lignin structure and antioxidant property.

Extraction and Characterization of Chitosan from Snail Shells (Achatina fulica)

Background: Chitosan due to biodegradable and non-toxic characteristics has versatile applications. Extraction and characterization of Chitosan from Snail Shells In January, 2023 Achatina fulica was performed. Methods: A chemical process involving demineralization and deproteinization was utilized to extract 2000g Chitin from Achatina fulica shells. To produce chitosan, the chitin was subjected to deacetylation. The chitosan was subsequently characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The physicochemical charactristics and mineral compositionswere investigated and the data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20.0. Results: The chitosan obtained from the process was 75%. It exhibited a Degree Of Deacetylation of 82.31%, a molecular weight of 2.65×105 g/mol, an intrinsic viscosity of 1,007.2 mg/g, and a solubility of 70%. The pH value of chitosan in acetic acid solution was recorded at 6.38, with a solubility of 70%. The proximate analysis revealed moisture, ash, fat, protein, crude fiber, and carbohydrate contents of 0.32, 0.72, 2.01, 0.13, 0.15, and 96.67%, respectively.The mineral analysis revealed sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc concentrations of 32.10, 21.80, 721, 288.60, 123.75, 41.77, and 8.48 mg/g, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis identified the region characterized by the presence of calcite and calcium phosphate, indicating residual minerals in the extracted chitosan, which contribute to its crystalline structure. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy demonstrated functional groups such as amino and hydroxyl groups, whereas Scanning Electron Microscopy reported an irregular particle size with rough surfaces and a microfibrillar crystalline structure. Conclusion: The current investigation has the potential to promote the sustainable use of a locally abundant yet underutilized resource, assisting in waste reduction and creation of innovative bioactive materials which could be applied in food preservation, pharmaceuticals, and medical devices.

Exploring mechanical properties of eco-friendly hybrid epoxy composites reinforced with sisal, hemp, and glass fibers

It is now widely accepted that various subsets of hybrid fiber composites reinforced with combined natural and synthetic fibers can significantly expand the applicability of composite-based materials in design and technology practice. The already existing unnatural circumstances on the planet put natural fibers far ahead of traditions in the field of materials thanks to their biodegradability characteristics, availability and over-term endurance and corrosion resistance. At the same time, composites are rapidly taking their place in many industries and sectors of the economy as metals in as much as it is economically and energetically justified. This study evaluates the mechanical properties of hybrid composites reinforced with glass, hemp, and sisal fibers. Using a hand lay-up method with epoxy resin, composite laminates were fabricated and tested for tensile, flexural, impact strengths and hardness test in accordance with ASTM standards. The experimental results revealed that glass-sisal fiber composites achieved the highest tensile strength of 69.1 MPa, while glass-hemp-sisal fiber composites exhibited superior flexural strength of 15.22 MPa and impact strength of 137.45 kJ/m2 while best hardness value was 24.73 HV for glass-sisal fibre composite. These findings underscore the potential of glass-sisal-hemp fiber-reinforced epoxy composites as viable alternatives to traditional synthetic fiber-reinforced materials in automotive industry where there are no structural loadings i.e. automobile interiors; offering enhanced mechanical performance and sustainability.

Preparation of Phosphorylated Chitosan From the Cuttlebone of Sepia pharaonis and the Effect of Concentration on Oral Clinical Pathogens.

Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, has attracted scholarly interest because of its antibacterial, biocompatible, and biodegradable characteristics. We can phosphorylate the cuttlebone of Sepia pharaonis, a natural source of chitin, to enhance its antimicrobial properties. Phosphorylated chitosan is promising for treating oral infections, which are the causative agents of a variety of dental disorders. The goalof this study is to look into how to make phosphorylated chitosan from cuttlebone and what effect different concentrations have on killing oral clinical pathogens like Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida tropicalis. We extracted chitin and chitosan from the cuttlebone of a specimen of S. pharaonis. We then synthesized phosphorylated chitosan by phosphorylating chitosan. We then assessed the antimicrobial activities of phosphorylated chitosan using the well diffusion method. We characterized and evaluated it using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Fourier emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Phosphorylated chitosan, in 100% concentration, had the highest inhibition zone of 14 ± 0.82 mm against P. aeruginosa and E. coli (14 ± 0.75). However, the two different concentrations studied showed no activity against both Candida tropicalis and S. mutans. This work successfully used the cuttlebone of S. pharaonis to yield phosphorylated chitosan, subsequently demonstrating its antimicrobial potential against dental clinical pathogens. Different concentrations of phosphorylated chitosan strongly controlled its antimicrobial activity, with larger concentrations exhibiting stronger inhibitory effects. According to these findings, phosphorylated chitosan appears to be a promising material for dental care solutions that target clinical bacteria in the mouth.

The feasibility of using epoxy resin reinforced with sugar cane bagasse residue for a high performance coatings: a cost of goods sold and blue ocean analysis

The natural and biodegradable characteristics of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) make it a promising ingredient for composite materials. Researchers have explored ecological and low-cost materials, identifying SCB as a green option with low pollution levels. This study investigates the strategic position for SCB and epoxy composite when applied as high-performance coatings. Epoxy resin is valued for its adhesion, strength and durability. Integrating sustainable, cost-effective reinforcements is vital for enhancing these properties and reducing environmental impact. SCB, a sugar industry waste, has favorable characteristics like fibrous structure and polymer compatibility. In this research, SCB residue was processed and incorporated into epoxy resin. Both analisys the Cost of Goods Solds (COGS) and a Blue Ocean Strategy analysis identified new market opportunities, positioning this composite as a sustainable, high-performance solution in coatings. It´s relevant to point that SCB could offer substantial improves on corrosion resistance, offering a sustainable alternative with competitive performance and cost.

Cure, mechanical and swelling characteristics of composites of neoprene rubber and starch from non-edible variety of dioscorea tuber

Composites of Polychloroprene rubber (CR, Neoprene rubber) reinforced with starch from non-edible variety of dioscorea tuber were prepared using three different vulcanizing systems. The cure, mechanical, solvent resistance and biodegradable characteristics of the composites were studied. The addition of starch from dioscorea tuber was found to improve CR’s tensile strength. The maximum torque value increases with the loading of filler and it was found to be the highest at 20 phr. The addition of starch from dioscorea tuber was found to improve CR’s tensile strength and highest value observed at 20 phr. Among the different curing systems studied, the modified DCP system shows maximum mechanical properties, optimum properties of the composites are at 20 phr. The values of the swelling coefficients were determined by examining the intake of the solvents N, N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide and water by the composites. The soil burial test indicated that biodegradability of CR enhanced with the addition of starch. The findings of mechanical properties are supported by studies using scanning electron microscopy. Since starch is a naturally occurring biopolymer, adding it encourages microbial activity, which breaks down the composite components. This quality is essential for resolving plastic waste-related environmental issues. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will aid in the development of materials for specific product applications like gasoline hoses, tire sidewalls, seals, and so on.

Synergistic effects of starch and carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii in composite film formation: Physicochemical and degradable properties

Rising concerns around plastic pollution from single-use plastic (SUPs), especially food packaging, have driven interest in sustainable alternatives. As such, algae biomass has gained attention for bioplastic production due to algae's rapid growth and abundant polysaccharides. This research focuses on extracting carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii, extensively cultivated in Sabah, Malaysia, and utilizing it in combination with starch and glycerol to develop algae-based films. The physicochemical properties and degradation rate of these films were evaluated, revealing that the addition of carrageenan enhanced overall thermal stability meanwhile increasing water solubility, water content but reducing the degradation rate and swelling degree. This is primarily due to the crystalline structures of carrageenan, which provide a more rigid arrangement compared to the network of starch polymers. However, the incorporation of starch into the blends has enhanced the elongation and surface morphology, resulting in more balanced properties. Overall, these carrageenan films displayed impressive thermal, mechanical, and biodegradability characteristics, establishing their viability as substitutes for conventional plastics.

Ageing behavior of starch-based food packaging bioplastics in riparian sediments and sediment-derived dissolved organic matter in the soil environment

Riparian sediment (RS) is a translational zone separating aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. To this date, the bioplastic's UV ageing and biodegradation features in these contaminated sediments remain unknown. It is a considerable concern to investigate whether a food packaging film can interact with RS and riparian sediment-derived Dissolved Organic Matter (RS-DOM) during biodegradation and UV ageing respectively, after disposal in a natural environmental setting. To address this research gap, for the first time, this study investigates the biodegradation and UV ageing of starch/PPst/GTR films intended for food packaging applications in RS and RS-DOM respectively. The findings revealed that RS comprises major fulvic acid DOM components. Remarkably, research demonstrates the leaching of humic acid-like DOM from the film promotes aromaticity and humification as UV ageing progresses from the third to the tenth day. Comparable DOM samples were darkly analysed, revealing aromatic proteins I and II. Furthermore, an elevated carbonyl carboxyl index confirmed significant degradation of films during UV ageing. Lesser humification, aromaticity, and higher biological activity were confirmed by a HI < 10 and BIX > 0.6 respectively. In comprehension, these findings reveal that the starch/PPst/GTR food packaging film will have a lesser adverse environmental impact after disposal, offering a hopeful outlook for the future of bioplastics.