Biocompatibility Of Biomaterials Research Articles

Fundamental characteristics of ultrasonic green formulations using Avena sativa L. extract-mediated gold nanoparticles and electroconductive nanofibers for cardiovascular nursing care

In the pursuit of novel approaches to address chronic heart failure and enhance cardiovascular nursing care, environmentally sustainable nanomaterials have taken center stage. Recent progress in regenerative medicine has opened doors for the use of biocompatible biomaterials that provide mechanical support to damaged heart tissue and facilitate electrical signaling. This study was dedicated to developing advanced electroconductive nanofibers by incorporating eco-friendly Avena sativa L. extract-mediated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into polyaniline to create an intricate cardiac patch. The AuNPs were synthesized through an environmentally friendly chemical process aided by ultrasonic conditions. Comprehensive physicochemical analyses, such as UV–Vis spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, DPPH assay, and XRD, were carried out to characterize the AuNPs. These AuNPs were then blended with a polycaprolactone/gelatin polymeric solution and electrospun to fabricate cardiac patches, which underwent thorough evaluation using various techniques. The resulting cardiac patch demonstrated excellent hemocompatibility, antioxidant properties, and cytocompatibility, offering a promising therapeutic approach for myocardial infarctions and the advancement of cardiovascular nursing care.

A first look at the formation of PEO-PDA coatings on 3D titanium

Additive manufacturing has revolutionized implantology by enabling the fabrication of customized, highly porous implants. Surface modifications using electrochemical methods can significantly enhance the bioactivity and biocompatibility of biomaterials, including 3D-printed implants. This study investigates novel coatings on 3D titanium (Ti) samples. Mesh Ti samples were designed and subjected to plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) to form a calcium phosphate coating. Subsequently, a layer of polydopamine (PDA) was applied. The electrochemical properties and morphology of the coatings were analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed well-developed coatings containing calcium phosphates (including hydroxyapatite), titanium dioxide, and polymerized dopamine, suggesting promising bioactive potential. Composite layers incorporating PDA exhibited superior protective properties compared to base PEO coatings.

A bacteriocin-based coating strategy to prevent vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium biofilm formation on materials of interest for indwelling medical devices

The ever-increasing use of exogenous materials as indwelling medical devices in modern medicine offers to pathogens new ways to gain access to human body and begin, in some cases, life threatening infections. Biofouling of such materials with bacteria or fungi is a major concern during surgeries, since this is often associated with biofilm formation and difficult to treat, recalcitrant infections. Intense research efforts have therefore developed several strategies to shield the medical devices' surface from colonization by pathogenic microorganisms. Here, we used dopamine as a coupling agent to coat four different materials of medical interest (plastic polyetheretherketone (PEEK), stainless steel, titanium and silicone catheter) with the bacteriocins, enterocin EJ97-short and the thiopeptide micrococcin P1. Water contact angle measurements and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to verify the effective coating of the materials. The effect of bacteriocins coated on these materials on the biofilm formation by a vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) strain was studied by biofilm-oriented antimicrobial test (BOAT) and electron scanning microscopy. The in vitro biocompatibility of bacteriocin-modified biomaterials was tested on cultured human cells. The results demonstrated that the binding of the bacteriocins to the implant surfaces is achieved, and the two bacteriocins in combination could inhibit biofilm formation by E. faecium on all four materials. The modified implant showed no cytotoxicity to the human cells tested. Therefore, surface modification with the two bacteriocins may offer a novel and effective way to prevent biofilm formation on a wide range of implant materials.

The Applicability of Nanostructured Materials in Regenerating Soft and Bone Tissue in the Oral Cavity-A Review.

Two of the most exciting new technologies are biotechnology and nanotechnology. The science of nanostructures, or nanotechnology, is concerned with the development, testing, and use of structures and molecules with nanoscale dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nm. The development of materials and tools with high specificity that interact directly at the subcellular level is what makes nanotechnology valuable in the medical sciences. At the cellular or tissue level, this might be converted into focused clinical applications with the greatest possible therapeutic benefits and the fewest possible side effects. The purpose of the present study was to review the literature and explore the applicability of the nanostructured materials in the process of the regeneration of the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. An electronic search of articles was conducted in several databases, such as PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, to conduct this study, and the 183 articles that were discovered were chosen and examined, and only 22 articles met the inclusion criteria in this review. The findings of this study demonstrate that using nanoparticles can improve the mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and osteoinductivity of biomaterials. Most recently, breakthroughs in tissue engineering and nanotechnology have led to significant advancements in the design and production of bone graft substitutes and hold tremendous promise for the treatment of bone abnormalities. The creation of intelligent nanostructured materials is essential for various applications and therapies, as it allows for the precise and long-term delivery of medication, which yields better results.

A cross-linked macropore hydrogel based on M1 macrophage lysate and alginate regulates tumor-associated macrophages for the treatment of melanoma

Pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages possess the ability to change the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by releasing various inflammatory factors simultaneously, which can effectively inhibit tumor progression and relapse. Promoting macrophage polarization towards M1 may be an effective way to treat Melanoma. However, the risk of cytokine storm caused by the proliferation and excessive activation of M1 macrophages greatly limits it as a biosafety therapeutic strategy in anti-tumor immunotherapy. Therefore, how to engineer natural M1 macrophage to a biocompatible biomaterial that maintains the duration time of tumor suppressive property duration time still remains a huge challenge. To achieve this goal, we developed an injectable macroporous hydrogel (M1LMHA) using natural M1 macrophage lysates and alginate as raw materials. M1LMHA had excellent biocompatibility, adjustable degradation rate and could sustainably release varieties of natural inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin-12 (IL-12), etc. M1LMHA could repolarize anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages to M1 macrophages by the synergistic effect of released tiny inflammatory factors via the NF-κB pathway. This study supported that M1LMHA might be an effective and safe tool to activate tumor-associated immune cells, improving the efficiency of anti-tumor immunotherapy.

Comparison of skeletal muscle decellularization protocols and recellularization with adipose-derived stem cells for tissue engineering

Decellularization is a novel technique employed for scaffold manufacturing, as a strategy for skeletal muscle (SM) tissue engineering applications. However, poor decellularization efficacy is still a problem for the use of decellularized scaffolds as truly biocompatible biomaterials. For recellularization, adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are a good option, due to their immunomodulatory and pro-regenerative capacity, but few studies have described their combination with muscle-decellularized matrices (mDMs). This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of four multi-step decellularization protocols to produce mDMs and to investigate in vitro biocompatibility with ASCs. Here, we described the different efficacies of muscle decellularization methods, suggesting the need for stricter standardization of the method, considering the large range of applications in SM tissue engineering, which is also a promising platform for preclinical studies with rat disease models using autologous cells.

Human mesenchymal stromal cells-laden crosslinked hyaluronic acid-alginate bioink for 3D bioprinting applications in tissue engineering.

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is considered one of the most advanced tools to build up materials for tissue engineering. The aim of this work was the design, development and characterization of a bioink composed of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) for extrusion through nozzles to create these 3D structures that might potentially be apply to replace the function of damaged natural tissue. In this study, we focused on the advantages and the wide potential of biocompatible biomaterials, such as hyaluronic acid and alginate for the inclusion of hMSC. The bioink was characterized for its physical (pH, osmolality, degradation, swelling, porosity, surface electrical properties, conductivity, and surface structure), mechanical (rheology and printability) and biological (viability and proliferation) properties. The developed bioink showed high porosity and high swelling capacity, while the degradation rate was dependent on the temperature. The bioink also showed negative electrical surface and appropriate rheological properties required for bioprinting. Moreover, stress-stability studies did not show any sign of physical instability. The developed bioink provided an excellent environment for the promotion of the viability and growth of hMSC cells. Our work reports the first-time study of the effect of storage temperature on the cell viability of bioinks, besides showing that our bioink promoted a high cell viability after being extruded by the bioprinter. These results support the suggestion that the developed hMSC-composed bioink fulfills all the requirements for tissue engineering and can be proposed as a biological tool with potential applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

Synthesis of biocomposites from microalgal peptide incorporated polycaprolactone/ κ- carrageenan nanofibers and their antibacterial and wound healing property

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising novel agents for targeting a wide range of pathogens. In this study, microalgal peptides derived from native microalgae were incorporated into polycaprolactone (PCL) with ƙ-Carrageenan (ƙ-C) forming nanofibers using the electrospinning method. The peptides incorporated in the nanofibers were characterized by fourier infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and contact angle measurement. The results showed that peptides with molecular weights < 10 kDa, when loaded into nanofibers, exhibited lower wettability. The SEM analysis revealed a thin, smooth, interconnected bead-like structures. The antimicrobial activity of the electrospun nanofibers was evaluated through disc diffusion, and minimum inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli (MTTC 443), and Staphylococcus aureus (MTTC 96), resulting in zones of inhibition of 24 ± 0.5 mm and 14 ± 0.5 mm, respectively. The in vitro biocompatibility of the synthesized nanofibers was confirmed using in HEK 293 cell lines with an increased cell viability. Interestingly, the fibers also exhibited a significant wound-healing properties when used in vitro scratch assays. In conclusion, algal peptides incorporated with PCL/ ƙ-C were found to exhibit antimicrobial and biocompatible biomaterials for wound healing applications.

In-Hydrogel Cell-Free Protein Expression System as Biocompatible and Implantable Biomaterial.

Biomaterials capable of delivering therapeutic proteins are relevant in biomedicine, yet their manufacturing relies on centralized manufacturing chains that pose challenges to their remote implementation at the point of care. This study explores the viability of confined cell-free protein synthesis within porous hydrogels as biomaterials that dynamically produce and deliver proteins to in vitro and in vivo biological microenvironments. These functional biomaterials have the potential to be assembled as implants at the point of care. To this aim, we first entrap cell-free extracts (CFEs) from Escherichia coli containing the transcription-translation machinery, together with plasmid DNA encoding the super folded green fluorescence protein (sGFP) as a model protein, into hydrogels using various preparation methods. Agarose hydrogels result in the most suitable biomaterials to confine the protein synthesis system, demonstrating efficient sGFP production and diffusion from the core to the surface of the hydrogel. Freeze-drying (FD) of agarose hydrogels still allows for the synthesis and diffusion of sGFP, yielding a more attractive biomaterial for its reconstitution and implementation at the point of care. FD-agarose hydrogels are biocompatible in vitro, allowing for the colonization of cell microenvironments along with cell proliferation. Implantation assays of this biomaterial in a preclinical mouse model proved the feasibility of this protein synthesis approach in an in vivo context and indicated that the physical properties of the biomaterials influence their immune responses. This work introduces a promising avenue for biomaterial fabrication, enabling the in vivo synthesis and targeted delivery of proteins and opening new paths for advanced protein therapeutic approaches based on biocompatible biomaterials.

Silica nanoparticles enhance the cyto- and hemocompatibility of a multilayered extracellular matrix scaffold for vascular tissue regeneration.

The limited availability of autologous vessels for vascular bypass surgeries is a major roadblock to treating severe cardiovascular diseases. Based on this clinical priority, our group has developed a novel engineered vascular graft by rolling human amniotic membranes into multilayered extracellular matrixes (ECM). When treated with silica nanoparticles (SiNP), these rolled scaffolds showed a significant improvement in their structural and mechanical properties, matching those from gold standard autologous grafts. However, it remained to be determined how cells respond to SiNP-treated materials. As a first step toward understanding the biocompatibility of SiNP-dosed biomaterials, we aimed to assess how endothelial cells and blood components interact with SiNP-treated ECM scaffolds. To test this, we used established in vitro assays to study SiNP and SiNP-treated scaffolds' cyto and hemocompatibility. Our results showed that SiNP effects on cells were concentration-dependent with no adverse effects observed up to 10μg/ml of SiNP, with higher concentrations inducing cytotoxic and hemolytic responses. The SiNP also enhanced the scaffold's hydrophobicity state, a feature known to inhibit platelet and immune cell adhesion. Accordingly, SiNP-treated scaffolds were also shown to support endothelial cell growth while preventing platelet and leukocyte adhesion. Our findings suggest that the addition of SiNP to human amniotic membrane extracellular matrixes improves the cyto- and hemocompatibility of rolled scaffolds and highlights this strategy as a robust mechanism to stabilize layered collagen scaffolds for vascular tissue regeneration.

Hydrolyzable and biocompatible aliphatic polycarbonates with ether-functionalized side chains attached via amide linkers

Investigating polymer degradation mechanisms enables the establishment of controlled degradation techniques for the development of sustainable and recyclable materials. Hydration can play a crucial role in controlling the hydrolysis of polymers. Here, ether-functionalized aliphatic polycarbonates (APCs) susceptible to nonenzymatic hydrolysis were developed for application as biocompatible biomaterials. Among these polymers, those grafted with 2-methoxyethyl and 3-methoxypropyl side chains via an amide group were highly wettable, strongly interacted with water, and experienced almost complete hydrolysis in phosphate-buffered saline over 30 days, which was attributed to the hydrogen bonding between water and the amide/methoxy groups. In an alkaline medium, all amide-linked APCs were completely hydrolyzed within 30 days, regardless of the side-chain structure. In contrast, the nonamide-linked APCs and a representative aliphatic polycarbonate, poly(trimethylene carbonate), were minimally degraded in the buffer and experienced <31% degradation under alkaline conditions. The APC with the 3-methoxypropyl side chain exhibited platelet adhesion properties comparable to those of ether-functionalized APCs previously reported as blood-compatible polymers. Thus, our results demonstrate the effects of an amide linker on the hydration and hydrolytic properties of APCs and can help establish new design concepts for degradable polymers.

Posaconazole Loading and Release Behavior in Surface-Modified Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticular System

In conventional drug treatments, high toxic effects, low solubility, and low bioavailability of the active substance cause insufficient drug release in the target tissue and undesirable side effects in healthy tissue. Various drug delivery systems are utilized to eliminate these undesirable effects. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) are biocompatible biomaterials that have a large surface area, high pore volume, and enhanced adsorption capacity. With MSN-mediated controlled drug release, the active substance concentration in the blood is kept within the desired therapeutic range. Posaconazole (PCZ) is an antifungal agent. Absorption of PCZ is difficult due to its low solubility in aqueous and acidic environments, low therapeutic effect and low bioavailability. The use of controlled drug release systems avoids these problems and facilitates the absorption and release of PCZ. In this study, it is aimed to enhance the PCZ adsorption and release by using a drug delivery system. MSNs were synthesized by sol-gel method, and surface modification of nanoparticles was achieved using (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES). PCZ was loaded on APTES-modified MSN successfully. MSN, APTES-modified MSN and PCZ loaded APTES-modified MSN were characterized. Diffusion controlled release of PCZ was observed in drug release studies.

Fabrication, Characterization, Antibacterial and Biocompatibility Studies of Graphene Oxide Loaded Alginate Chitosan Scaffolds for Potential Biomedical Applications

Graphene oxide nanomaterial possesses greater biocompatibility. Chitosan alginate is produced from chitin by deacetylation, it is a biodegradable and biocompatible biomaterial. Graphene has a large specific surface area that enhances the antibacterial effect by enabling biocompatible interactions with bacterial membranes. To fabricate a biocompatible graphene oxide loaded alginate chitosan scaffold for potential biomedical uses and perform the characterization, antibacterial, and biocompatibility properties of ALG-CHI-GO scaffolds. The scaffolds were prepared by mixing the solution of ChitosanHCl (5 %) and graphene oxide-oxidized alginate (10 %). This gelled mixture is freeze-dried (lyophilization) to form the scaffold and is later characterized using FTIR and SEM, The scaffolds were then tested for in biocompatibility towards peripheral blood mononuclear cells and antibacterial properties against Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans. The biocompatibility towards peripheral blood mononuclear was checked using the annexin V PI assay. To conclude that the fabricated Graphene oxide loaded chitosan alginate scaffold was found to be biocompatible and showed antibacterial properties. Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Biocompatibility, Chitosan alginate scaffolds, Graphene oxide.

Rapid UV Photo-Cross-Linking of α-Lactalbumin Hydrogel Biomaterial To Enable Wound Healing.

Although both the function and biocompatibility of protein-based biomaterials are better than those of synthetic materials, their usage as medical material is currently limited by their high costs, low yield, and low batch-to-batch reproducibility. In this article, we show how α-lactalbumin (α-LA), rich in tryptophan, was used to produce a novel type of naturally occurring, protein-based biomaterial suitable for wound dressing. To create a photo-cross-linkable polymer, α-LA was methacrylated at a 100-g batch scale with >95% conversion and 90% yield. α-LAMA was further processed using photo-cross-linking-based advanced processing techniques such as microfluidics and 3D printing to create injectable hydrogels, monodispersed microspheres, and patterned scaffolds. The obtained α-LAMA hydrogels show promising biocompatibility and degradability during in vivo testing. Additionally, the α-LAMA hydrogel can accelerate post-traumatic wound healing and promote new tissue regeneration. In conclusion, cheap and safe α-LAMA-based biomaterials could be produced, and they have a beneficial effect on wound healing. As a result, there may arise a potential partnership between the dairy industry and the development of pharmaceuticals.

Densification of Calcium Phosphate from Biogenic Waste for Biomedical Application

Introduction: Calcium phosphate-based biomaterial is commonly employed in biomedical applications such as dental applications, bone substitution and filler tissue engineering. Its excellent biocompatibility and potential bio-implant material have attracted many researchers to broaden their hydroxyapatite (HA) studies. Methods: The present work used waste eggshells as the source of calcium precursor to synthesize HA via a solid-state reaction. The eggshells were calcined at 700°C and mixed with the phosphate precursor, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD). Following this, the mixture was ball-milled at 400 rpm for 2h and then heat treated at 800°C to produce pure eggshell-derived HA powder. The synthesized HA powder was then consolidated by uniaxial pressing (~6.5 – 7.1 tons) and sintered at 4 different temperatures of 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C and 1250°C. Results: From the XRD analysis of the sintered HA samples, it was found that an increase in sintering temperature up to 1250°C did not affect the phase stability of the HA phase. Besides that, grain size, relative density and hardness of the sintered HA samples were also increased with sintering temperature. It was observed that HA dense sample prepared by compacting at 7.1 tons followed by sintering at 1250°C showed the best combination of mechanical properties among all samples with a relative density of 94.6% and a hardness of 3.7 GPa. Conclusion: The current result is significant in supporting the potential of the synthesized eggshell-derived calcium phosphate powder as an ideal alternative for the creation of cost-effective, biocompatible biomaterials for biomedical applications.

A Comparison of Chitosan Adhesion to KOH and H2O2 Pre-Treated Electrospun Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Nanofibers

Chitosan coatings could effectively increase the biostability and biocompatibility of biomaterials while maintaining their structural integrity. In this study, electrospun fibrous polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) membranes were pre-treated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and then modified with dopamine (DA) and glutaraldehyde (GA) to improve their adhesion with chitosan (CS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angles (WCA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to demonstrate the successful generation of DA and GA-modified PHB fibers. KOH pre-treated PHB membranes exhibited superior binding efficiency with CS at low concentrations compared to their H2O2 pre-treated counterparts. The thermal analysis demonstrated a considerable decrease in the degradation temperature and crystallinity of KOH pre-treated membranes, with temperatures dropping from 309 °C to 265.5 °C and crystallinity reducing from 100% to 25.59% as CS concentration increased from 0 to 2 w/v%. In comparison, H2O2 pre-treated membranes experienced a mild reduction in degradation temperature, from 309 °C to 284.4 °C, and a large decrease in crystallinity from 100% to 43%. UV-vis analysis using Cibacron Brilliant Red 3B-A dye (CBR) indicated similar binding efficiencies at low CS concentrations for both pre-treatments, but decreased stability at higher concentrations for KOH pre-treated membranes. Mechanical testing revealed a considerable increase in Young’s modulus (2 to 14%), toughness (31 to 60%), and ultimate tensile stress (UTS) (14 to 63%) for KOH-treated membranes compared with H2O2 pre-treated membranes as CS concentration increased from 0 to 2 w/v%.

Versatile and User-Friendly Anti-infective Hydrogel for Effective Wound Healing.

Wound dressings play a crucial role in facilitating optimal wound healing and protecting against microbial infections. However, existing commercial options often fall short in addressing chronic infections due to antibiotic resistance and the limited spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria frequently encountered at wound sites. Additionally, complex fabrication processes and cumbersome administration strategies pose challenges for cost-effective wound dressing development. Consequently, there is a pressing need to explore easily engineered biocompatible biomaterials as alternative solutions to combat these challenging wound infections. In this study, we present the development of an anti-infective hydrogel, P-BAC (polymeric bactericidal hydrogel), which exhibits simple administration and promotes efficient wound healing. P-BAC is synthesized via a one-step fabrication method that involves the noncovalent cross-linking of poly(vinyl alcohol), N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride-AgCl nanocomposite, and proline. Remarkably, P-BAC demonstrates broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both planktonic and stationary cells of clinically isolated Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, resulting in a significant reduction of bacterial load (5-7 log reduction). Moreover, P-BAC exhibits excellent efficacy in eradicating bacterial cells within biofilm matrices (>95% reduction). In vivo experiments reveal that P-BAC accelerates wound healing by stimulating rapid collagen deposition at the wound site and effectively inactivates ∼95% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells. Importantly, the shear-thinning property of P-BAC simplifies the administration process, enhancing its practicality and usability. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the potential of this easily administrable hydrogel as a versatile solution for effective wound healing with potent anti-infective properties. The developed hydrogel holds promise for applications in diverse healthcare settings, addressing the critical need for improved wound dressing materials.

The Past, Present and Future of Biomaterials

Biomaterials are substances that can be introduced into the body or tissue for a wide array of therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. Biomaterials can be of both natural or synthetic origin. The first examples describing the use of biomaterials includes the Neanderthals use of wood as dental implanting materials, and from 7th BC to the 4th AD, the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome used various other naturally occurring substances and metals for treatment of wounds and other medical complications. In 16th century in Europe, silver and gold materials were used for dental repair and iron threads were used for bone repairs and various immobilization procedures.1 Significant advancement has been made in the field of biomaterials in the recent decades, and both natural and synthetic biomaterials have been effectively used to replace various human tissues such as teeth, ligaments, tendons, bones, and load-bearing implants. The biocompatibility, bioactivity, and mechanical properties of biomaterials plays a pivotal role in meeting the need for long-term implants and bone replacement. Biomaterials in use include but are not limited to metal-based biomaterials (titanium alloys, alumina, stainless steel, zirconia, cobalt-chromium alloys) and polymer-based biomaterials (polymethyl methacrylate and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene). These are usually selected because they meet the required criteria of mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and desired physical and chemical properties. Considerable progress has been made in improving the effectiveness of artificial joints, reducing wear, and extending the life of implants or prostheses inserted into the human body.2,3 Until recently, the focus had been on biomaterials as replacement materials. However, the main issue is immune rejection of the introduced material. Therefore, the focus has changed to using biomaterials for tissue regeneration. A viable cellular construct in a controlled laboratory environment for the purpose of transplantation can be achieved by using bioactive scaffolds that provide a structured environment to support cell growth and their function. Another strategy has been to trigger tissue regeneration within the body itself by using porous meshes or degradable bioactive materials which can facilitate the process.2 These techniques pose a risk of infection. Extensive research is currently underway to address these problems. In a recent study, scientists have successfully fabricated a composite scaffold of cellulose and silver nanoparticles.4 This innovative scaffold showed promising properties in preventing microbial infections and has the potential to prevent infections at wound sites.However, while it is important to acknowledge the above-mentioned beneficial properties of biomaterials; there is still a long way to go to achieve the desired goals. Immunomodulating biomaterials have been developed with the potential to effectively overcome common chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Supramolecular biomaterials, formed by non-covalent interactions between molecular components are being fabricated which can be activated or deactivated in response to physiological signals or which can mimic the signaling mechanisms seen in real biological systems. In addition, injectable biomaterials for delivering therapeutic drugs, proteins and genetic material are being developed, for treating a wide range of diseases via targeted delivery by bypassing immune system recognition. The use of synthetic and naturally produced injectable biomaterials in ongoing research has the potential for future applications in the treatment of bone deformities, detection and treatment of cancer, and heart related diseases.&#x0D; In Pakistan, researchers have diverted their attention towards biomaterials sciences and its potential role in biomedical devices since last two decade, evident from the increasing number of publications and patents. However, there is still a scarcity of good quality applied research in the field. In addition, the lack of capacity for conducting clinical trials of biomedical devices developed in Pakistan is also a hindrance to the commercialization of these products. For these products to reach the market, high quality clinical trials according to international best practices have to be conducted. It is imperative for Pakistan to develop centers where phase I and II clinical trials can be conducted that comply with the required international methodological, ethical and regulatory guidelines. This will only be possible where the triple helix model of Government-Academia-Industry collaboration is implemented in its true spirit.&#x0D; Editor-in-ChiefHow to cite this: Alamgir W, Haider A. The Past, Present and Future of Biomaterials. Life and Science. 2023; 4(4): 363-364 . doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.500&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Elektrolit içerisindeki bor miktarının PEO ile kaplanan Ti45Nb'nin korozyon özelliklerine etkisi

Developing more biocompatible biomaterials with mechanical properties similar to those of cortical bone has long been a challenge for scientists. They are still working on new alloys and coating processes to meet this challenge. Among these biocompatible materials, ß-titanium alloys, which will prevent stress-shielding and have a Poisson’s ratio very close to the cortical bone, have been attracting the attention of scientists for a long time. In addition to this, the PEO method, which makes it possible to embed ions into the oxide layer, has also come to the fore in recent years as a surface treatment in order to increase the corrosion resistance, wear resistance and biocompatibility of biomaterials and also to provide antibacterial/antimicrobial properties. In this study, Ca and P-containing oxide layers with two different boron content and no boron content were successfully formed on Ti45Nb ß-titanium alloy substrate by using the PEO method. Surface characterization and corrosion resistance tests of these layers were carried out. The obtained results were compared with each other and with the uncoated substrate. XRD analysis showed that the coatings are primarily composed of two major polymorphs of TiO2, anatase and rutile. Static electrochemical measurements were made in diluted Foetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and hydrogen peroxide added serum. H2O2 was added to simulate the inflammatory state in the body. The measurements showed that all the coated samples had lower corrosion current densities compared to the uncoated ones both in serum and H2O2-added serum.

Development and evaluation of tilapia skin-derived gelatin, collagen, and acellular dermal matrix for potential use as hemostatic sponges

Hemostasis plays a critical role in the early stage of wound healing, especially in acute wounds which can significantly improve the survival of patients. Based on the excellent biocompatibility of natural biomaterials, in this study, we prepared a series of novel hemostatic sponges by using tilapia skin, a marine biological resource, and extracting tilapia skin-derived gelatin, collagen, and acellular dermal matrix through five different methods. Using in vitro sheep blood and in vivo rat liver hemorrhage models, we found that tilapia skin sponges had excellent coagulation and hemostatic abilities. Among them, the collagen sponge exhibited optimal hemostasis performance because it could accelerate clotting by binding to the specific sites of blood cells and platelets. Furthermore, the sponges' porous structure enhanced the capability to absorb blood, thus effectively promoting hemostasis. In summary, we reported an efficient and convenient method to prepare marine biological resources into sponges, which provided a novel class of alternatives for hemostasis in acute wounds with broad application prospects.