Biochemical Actions Research Articles

Biochemical Changes and Germination Response of Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) Seeds Subjected to Biopriming Techniques and Variable Post-priming Storage

Understanding of the storage behaviour of endangered plant species such as Indian Sandalwood, Santalum album L. is important for successful conservation. We tested biopriming method with five biopriming agents (e.g. Effective microorganisms; Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR-I and PGPR-II); Pseudomonas fluorescens and Piriformospora indica) with four uniform durations of treatments viz. 2, 4, 6 and 8 days. Hydropriming was also performed with similar condition for comparison of seed performance. The study examined the biochemical changes that occur in Sandalwood seeds during different post-priming storage periods (0, 30, 60, 90 days) to assess the efficacy of biopriming techniques on seed germination and health. Biopriming with Pseudomonas fluorescens for eight days recorded the highest germination percentage (70.67%) and the highest germination rate index (0.84). Longer durations of PGPR-I and Piriformospora indica treatment (6-8 days) lowered the imbibition period and mean germination time while increasing the germination rate. After a post-priming storage period of 30 days, only EM and Pseudomonas fluorescens treated seeds germinated while all other treatments failed to germinate. Absence of germination in any biopriming group at 60 and 90 days storage period indicated that the sandal seeds deteriorated over extended storage period. The reduction in seed viability of sandal seeds was consequent to the changes in the biochemical characteristics and action of enzymes (α and β amylases) involved in seed food reserve depletion and loss in membrane integrity.

The Effect of Rehabilitation Exercises Accompanied by the Dietary Supplement (ZMA) on Partial Tear in the Deltoid Muscle, indicated by the Electrical Activity of Throwing Athletes

The first chapter consists of an introduction to the study in its importance in using ringing magnetic X-ray to find out the range of sports injury. It also refers to the role of the scientific rehabilitation programs which go in harmony with the continuing development of medical and treating sciences as well as the role of treating ways and its importance of applying the rehabilitation programs in the recovery of sports injuries. The researcher also indicates the research significance using the style of identifying the sports injuries using the new modern medical devices and the physical, biochemical and electric action (SMG) signs as ones of developing and improving the tearing deltoid. This chapter also includes the problems emerged from the injured deltoid of partial tearing of young handbollers and the importance of identifying such problems by the modern medical devices. This helps in finding the proper.

Omega-3 and Sports: Focus on Inflammation

Inflammation is expected in sports, especially when practiced at a high level. The human body is pushed toward its limit, and this is perceived as a “stressogenic agent”. Athletes, especially elite ones, desire it because their bodies can react with super-compensation, i.e., improve muscle mass, strength, speed, resistance, and, therefore, athletic performance. Thus, the inflammatory stimuli should be there during training but also counteracted to have the body placed in the optimal conditions for reacting with super-compensation. In this sense, omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to have anti-inflammatory biochemical activity. In this review, we will present the biochemical mechanisms of action of omega-3 fatty acids through their mediators, specialized pro-resolving mediators, which have anti-inflammatory activity. A focus will be on studies on omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in sports, and we will provide indications for possible practical applications and future studies, which are undoubtedly necessary to clarify the omega-3 fatty acids used in sports practice.

The Modifications of Longevity Regulating Pathway Resulting from Endurance Effort in Arabian Horses

Abstract Recent studies have shown a highly positive effect of physical exercise on the overall condition of the body. The observed changes occur at the cellular level – proliferation, oxidative respiration, ROS degradation, whole-organism homeostasis improvement and ageing inhibition. The longevity regulating pathway is a broad term encompassing all the biochemical actions that contribute to keeping the organism in good condition and prolonging life duration. The overall aim of the present study was to describe the correlation between intensive physical activity and the expression of genes involved in biochemical processes related to longevity. A group of n=10 Arabian horses taking part in an endurance ride for 120 km were included in the study. Blood samples from the horses were taken before and after the ride to perform comparative analyses of the transcriptome profiles. Using high-throughput NGS and bioinformatics tools, the group of 9 genes with the highest up- and downregulation fold change (FC) rates were identified: PTEN, IRS2, SESN2, CCND1, TBC1D1, FOXO1, KL, TP53, and SOD2. The results of this study could lead to the identification of a genetic marker for hot-blooded horse breeding.

Pyroptosis, gasdermins and allergic diseases.

Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death that is distinct from necrosis and apoptosis. Pyroptosis is primarily mediated by the gasdermin family of proteins (GSDMA-E and PVJK), which, when activated by proteolytic cleavage, form pores in the plasma membrane, leading to cell death. While much of the past research on pyroptosis has focused on its role in cancer, metabolic disorders, and infectious diseases, recent experimental and observational studies have begun to implicate pyroptosis in allergic diseases. These studies suggest that gasdermin-mediated pyroptosis contributes to the development of allergic conditions and could offer novel targets for therapy. Here, we review our current understanding of pyroptosis with an emphasis on the role of gasdermins as executioners of pyroptosis and potential mediators to allergic disease. We highlight new discoveries that establish a mechanistic link between the biochemical actions of gasdermins and the onset of allergic diseases. Additionally, we discuss how pyroptosis and gasdermins might contribute to the dysfunction of epithelial barrier, a key factor believed to initiate the progression of various allergic diseases.

The molecular and network mechanisms of antilipidemic potential effects of Ganfule capsules in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disorder characterized by hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Ganfule (GFL), a traditional Chinese medicine, has demonstrated therapeutic potential in the treatment of NAFLD but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood.To evaluate the biochemical mechanisms of GFL in treating NAFLD by examining its effects on biological networks, key therapeutic targets, histopathological changes and clinical implications. MethodsChemical component screening, key target prediction, biological functional enrichment analysis, lipid profile localization analysis and complex network analysis were performed on GFL using multi-database mining, network analysis and molecular docking. An NAFLD rat model was then established and treated with different doses of GFL. Histopathological evaluation and western blotting were used to verify the expression levels of key target proteins in GFL-treated NAFLD rats. ResultsNetwork analysis analysis identified 12 core targets, 12 core active ingredients and 7 core Chinese medicinal herbs in GFL potentially involved in the treatment of NAFLD. Biological functional enrichment analysis revealed the involvement of lipid metabolism, apoptosis and intracellular signaling pathways. Molecular docking confirmed a strong affinity between GFL's core compounds and certain target proteins. Histopathological examination of an NAFLD rat model showed reduced hepatocellular steatosis after GFL treatment. Western blotting revealed significant downregulation of PPARA and PPARD protein expression and upregulation of PIK3CG and PRKACA protein expression in NAFLD rats treated with lower doses of GFL. ConclusionsOur results suggest that GFL modulates key proteins involved in lipid metabolism and apoptosis pathways. GFL improved the histopathological features of NAFLD rats by regulating lipid metabolism as well as reducing hepatocyte apoptosis and hepatocellular steatosis. These findings offer insights into the biochemical mechanism of action of GFL and support its use in the treatment for NAFLD.

Synthesis and study of the processes of biochemical action of the coordination compound of cobalate II-nitrate with quinazolin-4-one, 6-benzylaminopurine on the Morus alba variety of Moraceae plants

Synthesis and study of the processes of biochemical action of the coordination compound of cobalate II-nitrate with quinazolin-4-one, 6-benzylaminopurine on the Morus alba variety of Moraceae plants

A flow equilibrium of zinc in cells of Cupriavidus metallidurans.

Understanding the biochemical action of a single enzyme or transport protein is the pre-requisite to obtain insight into its cellular function but this is only one half of the coin. The other side concerns the question of how central metabolic functions of a cell emerge from the interplay of different proteins and other macromolecules. This paper demonstrates that a flow equilibrium of zinc uptake and efflux reactions is at the core of cellular zinc homeostasis and identifies the most important contributors to this flow equilibrium: the uptake and efflux systems and metal-binding components of the cytoplasm.

Isolation, characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of compounds from the Vernonia amygdalina

The need to explore the abundance of natural products cannot be overemphasized particularly in the management of various disease conditions. In traditional medical practice, Vernonia amygdalina has been widely adopted in the management of various inflammatory disorders. The objective of this investigation was to isolate the bioactive principles from the stem-bark and root of V. amygdalina and assess the anti-inflammatory (in vitro) activity of both the crude extracts and the isolated compounds. Following extraction with the methanol, the extract was subjected to gravity column chromatography and the resultant fractions was further purified to obtained pure compounds. The structural elucidation of the compounds were based on data obtained from 1H to 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies as well as fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). Using diclofenac as a control drug, the albumin denaturation assay was used to determine the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts and isolates. Three distinct compounds characterized are vernoamyoside D, luteolin-7-α-o-glucuronide, and vernotolaside, a new glycoside. When compared to diclofenac, which has an IC50 of 167.8 μg/mL, luteolin-7-α-o-glucuronide, vernoamyoside D, and vernotolaside all showed significant inhibitions with respective IC50 values 549.8, 379.5, and 201.7 μg/mL. Vernotolaside is reported for the first time from the root. The assertion that the plant is used in traditional medicine for the management of inflammatory disorder is somewhat validated by the confirmation of the existence of the compounds with the biochemical actions. Further validation of the isolated compounds would be required in animal studies.

Eperisone Hydrochloride, a Muscle Relaxant, Is a Potent P2X7 Receptor Antagonist.

Eperisone Hydrochloride was launched in Japan in 1983 and has been used to improve muscle tone and treat spastic paralysis (Originator: Eisai Co., Ltd.). However, its biochemical mechanism of action is unknown. SB Drug Discovery was used to evaluate purinergic P2X (P2X) receptor antagonism using fluorescence. In this study, we discovered that its target protein is the P2X7 receptor. Also, P2X receptor subtype selectivity was high. This finding demonstrates the (Eperisone-P2X7-pain linkage), the validity of P2X7 as a drug target, and the possibility of drug repositioning of Eperisone Hydrochloride.

PRECLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF NITROGEN-CONTAINING HETEROCYCLIC DERIVATIVES FOR BREAST CANCER INTERVENTION IN ANIMAL MODELS

Due to their inherent adaptability and distinctive physicochemical characteristics, the majority of heterocycle compounds and generally frequent heterocycle units found in the majority of medications now on the market have established them as genuine bases of medicinal chemistry. In addition to the medications that are now on the market, several more are being researched for their possible effectiveness in treating a variety of cancer. Specifically, these molecules inherent adaptability and dynamic core scaffold have been used in anticancer research. However, much like every other potential anticancer medication, heterocyclic compounds have drawbacks. We give a succinct summary of heterocyclic active compounds and families in this study, along with an emphasis on their primary medical uses.While examining the primary biochemical mechanisms of action, biological targets, structure-activity connections, and fundamental limitations in the utilisation of these substances, we have concentrate on those that are appropriate for cancer therapy.

Natural Products and Derivatives Applied for Skin Care: An Updated Review

Abstract: In contemporary cosmetics, botanicals and natural extracts remain vital components and have been used in formulations since ancient times. However, natural and botanical products can still be highly effective in treating aging skin, even though they are becoming more technological and invasive. Many natural products are being elucidated through biochemical mechanisms of action, correlating with traditional uses of many plants for skin benefits. Different formulations of medicinal and pharmaceutical substances incorporate synthetic molecules and chemicals, which is the principal cause of dermal toxicity. Consumers' awareness about personal health and safety and the desire for safer cosmetics free of harmful chemicals have driven the cosmetics and personal care market toward natural ingredients. The commercialization of natural products derived from herbs and bees is possible. Our purpose is to present a comprehensive and critical review emphasizing the benefits of natural products for skin care, women's purchasing patterns, and updated information about natural products.

Synthesis and Anti‐inflammatory Effect of Simple 2,3‐Diarylindoles. On Route to New NSAID Scaffolds

AbstractNitrogen‐containing drugs represent one of the worldwide most extensive sources of treatments for different diseases. Indomethacin as example, is one of the most important non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatories (NSAID) indol‐containing drug. Its relevance has been demonstrated the last 50 years with excellent pharmacological results. Its efficacy as an anti‐inflammatory treatment, inspired us the exploration of indol‐containing structurally less elaborated compounds which kept and/or improve the anti‐inflammatory activity compared with indomethacin. Herein is summarized and discussed our initial findings on the synthesis and anti‐inflammatory effect of different 2,3‐diarylindoles, designed for strategically favoring the plausible and selective interactions with COX‐2, on route to new simple NSAID scaffolds. The TPA model and formalin test were used in this study to generate inflammation in mice for conducting the assays with the synthesized 2,3‐diarylindoles. Docking analysis revealed stronger N−H indolic interactions with COX‐2 for 6‐methoxy‐2‐phenyl‐3‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1H‐indole, one of the most active of the synthesized compounds when compared with indomethacin. This, experimentally match with the anti‐inflammatory observed effect and putatively indicates the biochemical action mechanism.

Biostimulants in agriculture: innovations in seed treatment and coating technologies

Biostimulants have emerged as a promising tool in modern agriculture to enhance crop productivity and resilience. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on the use of biostimulants in seed treatment and coating technologies. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms of action of various biostimulants, including seaweed extracts, humic substances, protein hydrolysates and microbial inoculants, on seed germination and early plant growth are discussed. Different methods of applying biostimulants to seeds, including priming and soaking, are examined, highlighting their advantages and limitations. The review also explores the effects of biostimulant seed treatments on plant growth, development under optimal conditions and stress tolerance under suboptimal conditions. Future perspectives and recommendations for the development and use of biostimulant seed treatments in agriculture are provided, emphasising the need for standardised testing protocols, context-specific approaches, and integration with other sustainable practices.

Brain Tissue Oxygen Dynamics Under Localised Hypoxia in the Awake State and the Physical Neuroprotective Effects of General Anaesthesia.

Brain health directly depends on maintaining a level of tissue oxygen that is high enough to avoid global hypoxia and local brain ischaemia. It is well documented that general anaesthesia has an anti-hypoxic neuroprotective effect. Previous studies of this effect primarily assessed the biochemical actions of anaesthetics. Physical actions were not well studied because the quantification of oxygen dynamics has only recently been described. Based on known oxygen, blood, and neuronal measurements, under various anaesthesia protocols and in the awake state, we mathematically analysed physical anaesthesia effects on oxygen distribution for localised hypoxia. From this, we built a universal equation of oxygen dynamics which can be applied to both animal and human subjects in awake and anaesthetised states, under normoxia, hyperoxia, and hypoxia. Using this equation, we determined that a proper anaesthesia protocol can protect up to 167 mm3 of local hypoxic cortical brain tissue via oxygen diffusion from healthy neighbouring areas.

Modafinil, an atypical CNS stimulant?

Modafinil is a central nervous system stimulant approved for the treatment of narcolepsy and sleep disorders. Due to its wide range of biochemical actions, modafinil has been explored for other potential therapeutic uses. Indeed, it has shown promise as a therapy for cognitive disfunction resulting from neurologic disorders like ADHD, and as a smart drug in non-medical settings. The mechanism(s) of actions underlying the therapeutic efficacy of this agent remains largely elusive. Modafinil is known to inhibit the dopamine transporter, thus decreasing dopamine reuptake following neuronal release, an effect shared by addictive psychostimulants. However, modafinil is unique in that only a few cases of dependence on this drug have been reported, as compared to other psychostimulants. Moreover, modafinil has been tested, with some success, as a potential therapeutic agent to combat psychostimulant and other substance use disorders. Modafinil has additional, but less understood, actions on other neurotransmitter systems (GABA, glutamate, serotonin, norepinephrine, etc.). These interactions, together with its ability to activate selected brain regions, are likely one of the keys to understand its unique pharmacology and therapeutic activity as a CNS stimulant. In this chapter, we outline the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of modafinil that suggest it has an "atypical" CNS stimulant profile. We also highlight the current approved and off label uses of modafinil, including its beneficial effects as a treatment for sleep disorders, cognitive functions, and substance use disorders.

Impact of ketogenic diet on cardiovascular disease.

A comprehensive review of the current literature was conducted to summarize the potential therapeutic and management roles of ketogenic diet (KD) for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Consensus has not been reached on the optimal diet for individuals with cardiovascular risk factors. KDs are characterized by high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and appropriate protein content, and have gained popularity in recent years in the management of various conditions, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses available in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were reviewed. The current body of preclinical and clinical evidence on the efficacy of KD in the management of CVD remains limited. Specific applications of KD seem to suggest a positive impact on management of CVD. However, conflicting results and a lack of precise molecular and biochemical mechanisms of action provide ample opportunity for future investigation. More multidisciplinary studies are needed to determine the true clinical benefit of KD in the management of CVD and so justify its expanded clinical use.

Plasma Sterilization for Bacterial Inactivation: Studies on Probable Mechanisms and Biochemical Actions

Plasma Sterilization for Bacterial Inactivation: Studies on Probable Mechanisms and Biochemical Actions

Removal of thallium by MnOx coated limestone sand filter through regeneration of KMnO4: Combination of physiochemical and biochemical actions

Treatment of industrial thallium(Tl)-containing wastewater is crucial for mitigating environmental risks and health threats associated with this toxic metal. The incorporation of Mn oxides (MnOx) into the filtration system is a promising solution for efficient Tl(I) removal. However, further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanism behind MnOx-enhanced filtration and the rules of its stable operation. In this study, limestone, a cost-effective material, was selected as the filter media. Raw water with Mn(II), Tl(I), and other pollutants was prepared after a thorough investigation of actual industrial wastewater conditions. KMnO4 was added to induce the formation of MnO2 on limestone surfaces, while long-term operation led to enrichment of manganese oxidizing microorganisms (MnOM). Results revealed a dual mechanism. Firstly, most Mn(II) were oxidized by KMnO4 to form MnO2 attaching to limestone sands, and both Tl(I) and residual Mn(II) were adsorbed onto the newly formed MnO2. Subsequently, enzymes secreted by MnOM facilitated oxidation of remaining Mn(II), resulting in the generation of biogenic manganese oxides (BioMnOx) with numerous vacancies during long-term operation. The generated BioMnOx not only adsorbed Mn(II) and Tl(I) but also promoted their oxidation process. This approach offers an effective and sustainable method for removing both Mn(II) and Tl(I) from industrial wastewater, thereby addressing the challenges posed by thallium-contaminated effluents.

The Effectiveness of Spraying nTiO2 on Coating Mortars in Historical Buildings Aimed at Reducing Fungal Growth

In historic mortars, the main binder used are calcitic or dolomitic lime. However, these mortars are also susceptible to the biochemical action of fungi causing undesirable changes in those materials. Nanotechnology has been investigated as a strategy to mitigate the deterioration of the cultural heritage. Photocatalysis has proven effective as an agent of degradation of organic contamination by inhibiting the recolonization of substrates affected by biological growth. This study verifies the effectiveness of a nanometric photocatalyst (nTiO2-P25, 3% in deionized water) sprayed on the surface of simple lime–sand mortar (1:4 mass trace), typically used in historical buildings, against the growth of Aspergillus niger fungal isolates, inoculated with a 106 spore/mL suspension. The samples were exposed to the incidence of artificial radiation of UVA light with a wavelength of 285 nm to activate the nTiO2. We observed a reduction in fungal colonies, especially after four hours of exposure per day, reaching 100% in the staining reduction in one case. Another aspect observed was that the previous application of nTiO2 on the mortar samples caused alterations in the morphology of the A. niger fungus structures, evidence of a disturbance in the growth of the colonies or even their reduction over time.