Ca Bioavailability Research Articles

Fortifying casein phosphopeptides and Ca in wheat reduces the As, Cd, and Pb bioavailability based on a mouse model: Calcium and phosphate transporters and gut microbiota

Reducing the oral bioavailability of metal contaminants including As, Cd, , and Pb in foods can protect human health. Studies showed reduced metal bioavailability with elevated Ca and Fe intake; however, the effectiveness of enhancing food Ca and Fe bioavailability remains unknown. Based on a mouse bioassay and using metal accumulation in mouse tissues (kidneys and liver) as the bioavailability endpoint, this study investigated the roles of casein phosphopeptides (CPP, food nutrition fortifier) in lowering the As, Cd, and Pb bioavailability from consuming a metal-contaminated wheat. The CPP amendment at 0.10–0.50% in wheat promoted its Ca bioavailability, causing 33–62% and 59–80% decreases in the gene expression encoding for duodenal Ca and phosphate transporters in mice. This limited transcellular transport of Cd2+ and inorganic arsenate via Ca and phosphate transporters respectively, thus leading to 27% and 34% decreases in Cd and As contents in mouse kidneys fed with wheat at 0.50% CPP amendment. In addition, CPP promoted the colonization of Feacalibaculum and Bifidobacterium in mouse gut, likely promoting As excretion in feces by 81–112%. In contrast to As, and Cd, CPP failed to reduce Pb contents in mouse tissue after consuming CPP-amended wheat, probably by elevating wheat-Pb solubility in the intestinal fluid by 48–136%. However, co-amendment of 0.30% CPP and 500 ​μg ​g−1 Ca as Ca gluconate lowered the As, Cd, and Pb contents in mouse kidneys by 38–71%. The data indicate that fortifying Ca together with CPP in wheat can reduce human exposure to multi-metals via dietary intake.

Sunflower seed and peanut peptide calcium-complex promote bone mass accumulation in growing female KM mice fed a low calcium diet by improving calcium bioavailability and bone type I collagen synthesis

Previous studies have indicated that Sunflower Seed Peptide (SSP)-Ca and peanut peptide (PP)-Ca improve Ca bioavailability and enhance bone mineral density in low-Ca diet-fed male mice. However, the mechanisms of SSP-Ca and PP-Ca act in bone metabolism, and whether their effect is affected by sex remain unclear. In this study, 5 week-old female KM mice were fed a low-Ca diet and gavaged with different doses of SSP-Ca, PP-Ca, or CaCO3 for 5 weeks. SSP-Ca and PP-Ca supplementation ameliorated femur binding toughness, BMD and microarchitecture. SSP-Ca and PP-Ca intake increased the bone type I collagen levels and Co1la1 mRNA expression. SSP-Ca and PP-Ca intake also significantly increased the serum P1NP levels. In conclusion, SSP-Ca and PP-Ca promote bone mass accumulation in growing female mice fed with a low-Ca diet by improving Ca bioavailability and bone type I collagen synthesis. The study provided novel insights for Ca supplementation in adolescence.

Insights into the engineering parameters and Ca-peptide chelation of whole fish: Chemistry, structure and in vitro digestibility characteristics

This research studied the engineering parameters of fish bone powder (FBP) and whole fish powder (WFP) and compared their nutritional and structural properties to fish meat powder in order to evaluate if FBP and WFP might be utilized as a food in the future. For FBP and WFP, the parameters used were rotation speed, milling gap, and sample: water, whereas milling speed, time, and powder: medium, respectively. According to the findings, the primary variables that enhanced stress intensity (SI) and stress number (SN), leading to particle sizes of 10 and 5 μm for WFP and FBP, respectively, were milling time, colloidal gap and sample: media. The FBP had significantly (P < 0.05) higher values of zeta potential (ζ) than the FBP. The phenomenon of Ca-peptide chelation in WFP was observed by peaks at 1548 and 3302 cm−1 (FTIR spectra) compared to that FBP and fish meat. The Ca bioavailability and protein digestibility of WFP were significantly (P < 0.05) higher (40 and 80%) than those of FBP (35 and 70%), most likely due to Ca-peptide chelation. The increased protein bioavailability was also demonstrated by WFP having significantly (P < 0.05) more essential amino acids (41.30%) than FBP (33.9%). The technoeconomic analysis revealed that, when land and equipment costs are excluded, the cost of WFP is less than that of fish flesh powder, and its yield (18–22%) is higher. The findings suggest the feasibility of adding WFP in food products with improved structural and in vitro digestibility characteristics.

Biochemical characterization and mycorrhizal fungal community of plant species in the Brazilian seasonal dry forest.

Invasive alien plant species (IAPS) have the ability to change the biochemical properties and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) community structure in their rhizosphere. Organic acids, microbial activity, and AMF play a key role in the invader's spread and also has interactions with the soil chemical factors. Our aim here was to assess the rhizosphere's biochemical factors, AMF community composition, and soil chemical properties associated with Cryptostegia madagascariensis (IAPS) and Mimosa tenuiflora (endemic plant species) from the Brazilian Seasonal Dry Forest. The highest values of total glomalin (5.87 mg g-1 soil), root colonization (54.5%), oxalic and malic acids (84.21 and 3.01 μmol g-1 , respectively), microbial biomass C (mg kg-1 ), Na+ (0.080 cmolc kg-1 ), Ca2+ (7.04 cmolc kg-1 ), and soil organic carbon (4.59 g kg-1 ) were found in the rhizosphere of C. madagascariensis. We found dissimilarities on AMF community structure considering the studied plant species: (i) Racocetra coralloidea, Dentiscutata heterogama, Dentiscutata cerradensis, Gigaspora decipiens, and AMF's richness were highly correlated with the rhizosphere of M. tenuiflora; and (ii). The rhizosphere of C. madagascariensis was highly correlated with the abundance of Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Rhizoglomus aggregatum, Funneliformis mosseae, and Funneliformis geosporum. The results of our study highlight the importance of considering C. madagascariensis as potential hosts for AMF species from Glomerales, and a potential plant species that increase the bioavailability of exchangeable Na and Ca at semi-arid conditions.

Bioavailability of Macroelements from Synbiotic Sheep's Milk Ice Cream.

To determine the potential bioavailability of macroelements (Ca, Mg, P, K), probiotic ice cream samples (Lactaseibacillus paracasei L-26, Lactobacillus casei 431, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5, Lactaseibacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12) from sheep's milk with inulin, apple fiber and inulin, or apple fiber and control samples were submitted to in vitro digestion in the mouth, stomach and small intestine. The bioavailability of calcium in the ice cream samples ranged from 40.63% to 54.40%, whereas that of magnesium was 55.64% to 44.42%. The highest bioavailability of calcium and magnesium was shown for the control samples. However, adding 4% inulin reduced the bioavailability of calcium by about 3-5% and magnesium only by about 5-6%. Adding 4% apple fiber reduced the bioavailability of calcium by as much as 6-12% and magnesium by 7-8%. The highest bioavailability of calcium was determined in ice cream with L. paracasei, and the highest bioavailability of magnesium was determined in ice cream with L. casei. The bioavailability of phosphorus in ice cream ranged from 47.82% to 50.94%. The highest bioavailability of phosphorus (>50%) was in sheep ice cream fermented by B. animalis. In the control ice cream, the bioavailability of potassium was about 60%. In ice cream with inulin, the bioavailability of potassium was lower by 3-4%, and in ice cream with apple fiber, the bioavailability of potassium was lower by up to 6-9%. The bioavailability of potassium was significantly influenced only by the addition of dietary fiber. The results of the study confirmed the beneficial effect of bacteria on the bioavailability of Ca, Mg and P.

A Comprehensive Analysis on Nutritional and Antioxidant Characteristics of a Traditional Roasted Maize Flour (Furniko) of Pontic Greeks: Comparative Study to Related Flour Products

Furniko flour (FF) is a traditional roasted flour derived from a maize landrace, commonly consumed by Greeks of Pontic origin in the northern regions of Greece. Despite its perceived nutritional benefits, there is a lack of scientific data to support and highlight its value. This study aimed to compare the nutritional, physicochemical, anti-nutritional, functional, and antioxidant characteristics of FF with those of traditional and non-traditional types of maize flour. Furniko flour (FF) presented the highest values for protein (10.86 ± 0.36 g/100 g), fat (5.05 ± 0.08 g/100 g), K (539.93 mg/100 g), Mg (126.38 mg/100 g), P (296.4 mg/100 g), Zn (2.44 mg/100 g), and total phenolic content (TPC) (156 mg GAE/100 g). However, FF exhibited lower levels of Fe (3.83 mg/100 g), carbohydrates (70.55 ± 0.24 g/100 g), and antioxidant activity (0.27 ± 0.02 µmol of TE/g) than other types of flour examined. Furniko’s functional properties make it an excellent source for porridges, while its low content of antinutrients reduces the possibility of low bioavailability of Fe, Zn, Mg, and Ca. Due to its significant and functional characteristics, Furniko flour could be considered an important material in the food industry, especially in bakery goods and health-oriented foods like energy bars, breakfast cereals, and gluten-free pasta. More research is needed, however, to thoroughly investigate its dietary potential and compatibility with other components.

Studies on Nutritional Profile and Mineral Bioavailability of some Solanum Species Consumed as Fruits in Ekiti State, Nigeria

African eggplants are highly valued constituents of the Nigerian food. However, their nutritional potentials have not been fully tapped due to inadequate information on their nutritional and anti-nutritional qualities. This present study investigated the proximate, minerals, anti-nutrient contents as well as the estimation of mineral ratios and Mineral Safety Index of four selected edible solanum species namely, Solanum anguivi, S. gilo, S. menalogena and S. aethiopicum. The proximate contents (%) ranged from 4.19-5.46 (moisture content), 1.71-2.49 (crude fat), 4.57-5.45 (crude ash), 3.76-4.93 (crude protein), 5.20-6.30 (crude fiber) and 77.14-78.58 (carbohydrate). The solanum species were good sources of energy with total metabolizable energy of 1.458MJ-1.484MJ. The four solanum species contained high K, Ca, Mg, low Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, while amount of Cd, Ni and Pb were very low. The mineral ratios of K/Na, Ca/Mg, Ca/K, Zn/Cu and [K/(Ca+Mg)] were below the minimum good ratios levels of 1.0, 4.17, 4.0, 8.0 and 2.2 respectively which are good for man. The anti-nutrient contents revealed low phytate, oxalate and cyanide levels. The calculated Phytate/Zn, Phytate/Ca and Oxalate/Ca were lower than the threshold levels and would support absorption and bioavailability of Zn and Ca in the samples while that of Phytate/Fe was above the critical value and this indicates unavailability of iron in these eggplant fruits. The mineral differences observed showed that S. menalogena and S. aethiopicum had greater minerals while the Mineral Safety Index results revealed that the body could not be overloaded with any of the minerals investigated. The eggplants are rich in fiber, ash, carbohydrate and minerals with moderate protein. The low level of the anti-nutrient is good and poses no deleterious effect when consumed. The eggplants have nutritional health benefits; hence, their consumption should be encouraged to address food insecurity in Nigeria

Effect of fermentation stages on the nutritional and mineral bioavailability of cacao beans (Theobroma cacao L.)

Analysis of the complex composition of cacao beans during the fermentation stages provided critical information for evaluating its quality and nutritional attributes. In this work, the effect of fermentation on cacaos’ nutritional, mineral, and bioavailability was established from day 0 (d0) to day 8 (d8). Standard AOAC method was used to determine the proximate composition. Total mineral content was determined using the cost-effective MP-AES. Simulation of the human digestive process from the mouth to the small intestine was used to establish the mineral bioavailability. As a result, increasing fermentation days reduces the amount of nutritional content and increases its fat content. Fermentation causes an outward migration, which reduces total mineral content while having a positive effect on reducing potential heavy metals such as Pb and Ni at about 60 % and 50 %, respectively, in d6 at pH 4.84. Mobility of the minerals increases as the pH level decreases due to the penetration of organic acid in the beans. The high bioavailability of Mn, Ca, Fe, and Zn was noted in d5 and d6. Aside from flavor precursor development, results suggest that fermenting cacao beans to its optimum day reduces the risk of heavy metals and positively enhances the bioavailability of minerals necessary for human nutrition.

Determination of Calcium Levels with XRF and Literature Review of its Bioavailability in Vitro of Dahlia Tubers Syrop (Dahlia Pinnata Cav.)

Calcium bioavailability (Ca) states the ratio of available calcium to the amount of calcium consumed during metabolic processes. The bioavailability of Ca is calculated by the difference between the amount of Ca in the consumed food product and the excreted feces. In this research, calcium can be obtained from dahlia tuber syrup (Dahlia pinnata Cav.). The purpose of this study was to discuss the determination of Ca levels and a literature review of the Ca bioavailability of dahlia tuber syrup (Dahlia pinnata Cav.) in vitro. The content of Ca in dahlia tubers was determined experimentally using an XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) instrument. The bioavailability of Ca was determined by predicting the ratio of inulin and Ca content. The results showed that the Ca content of dahlia tuber syrup was 197,57 ppm. The bioavailability of Ca in dahlia tuber syrup in vitro was predicted from a relatively high ratio of inulin content of around 65-86% and FOS levels from hydrolysis of 5% dahlia tuber inulin about 15,41-29,38% or an average of 22,395%, on Ca levels is 81,46-85,33%. The results of the study on the bioavailability of Ca in dahlia tuber syrup (Dahlia pinnata Cav.) have a fairly high level. The high bioavailability of Ca can increase calcium absorption in the body and have health effects, among others, for heart and bone health.

Bioavailability of Macro- and Microelements in Rats Fed Hypercholesterolemic Diets Containing Actinidia arguta Fruits.

The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of different cultivars of Actinidia arguta (kiwiberry) on the bioavailability of mineral elements and to examine the mineral profile of rats fed atherogenic diets enriched with kiwiberries. The following cultivars of Actinidia arguta were used: Bingo, M1, Anna, Weiki, Jumbo, and Geneva. Kiwiberry has recently become popular in the market. It is a precious source of biologically active components, vitamins, and minerals. The livers, spleens, and kidneys were examined for mineral contents using the flame atomic absorption spectroscopy method. The bioavailability of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu was evaluated. The addition of kiwiberries in atherogenic diets increased the contents of Fe in the rat liver. The bioavailability of Mn, Zn, and Cu, calculated on the basis of the contents in the livers, was significantly decreased in rats fed diets with 5% additional kiwiberries. We supposed that the effect of kiwiberry on the bioavailability of the studied minerals may be related to the diet components of bioactive substances present in fruits (polyphenols, vitamins, dietary fiber, and tannins).

Bioavailability evaluation of calcium, magnesium and zinc in Brazilian cheese through a combined model of in vitro digestion and Caco-2 cells

Cheese has important nutritional properties as a result of their protein, lipid and essential minerals content. This study analyzed the bioavailability of Ca, Mg and Zn in Brazilian cheeses, using the in vitro INFOGEST digestion method coupled with assays in Caco-2 cells. Furosine content (marker of the early Maillard reaction) was also evaluated. Two self-produced fresh cheeses, cow and goat Minas frescal; and two commercial matured goat cheeses, Blue and Pyramid, were analyzed. Mineral bioaccessibility after in vitro digestion was in the range of 44.4–74.7 %, 54.8–66.1 % and 18.2–38.7 % for Ca, Mg and Zn, respectively. Bioaccessibilty was significantly affected by the mineral and fat content level. The digested fresh cheeses (Minas frescal) showed the highest values of soluble Ca and Mg; and the Pyramid goat cheese presented the greatest Ca and Zn transport efficacy across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Furosine could be a useful indicator to evaluate cheese ripeness and its indirect effect on the mineral availability.

Initial carbonate weathering is linked with vegetation development along a 127-year glacial retreat chronosequence in the subtropical high mountainous Hailuogou region (SW China)

AimsThe retreat of glaciers is exposing new terrains to primary plant succession around the globe. To improve the understanding of vegetation development along a glacier retreat chronosequence, we (i) evaluated a possible link between base metal (Ca, Mg, K, Na) supply and vegetation establishment, (ii) determined the rates of the establishment of soil and plant base metal stocks, and (iii) estimated the size of the main base metal fluxes.MethodsWe determined base metal stocks in the soil organic layer, the mineral topsoil (0–10 cm), and in leaves/needles, trunk, bark, branches and roots of the dominating shrub and tree species and estimated fluxes of atmospheric deposition, plant uptake and leaching losses along the 127-yr Hailuogou chronosequence.ResultsTotal ecosystem Ca and Mg stocks decreased along the chronosequence, while those of K and Na were unrelated with ecosystem age. Fortyfour and 30% of the initial stocks of Ca and Mg, respectively, were leached during the first 47 years, at rates of 130 ± 10.6 g m−2 year−1 Ca and 35 ± 3.1 g m−2 year−1 Mg. The organic layer accumulated at a mean rate of 288 g m−2 year−1 providing a bioavailable base metal stock, which was especially important for K cycling.ConclusionsWe suggest that the initial high Ca bioavailability because of a moderately alkaline soil pH and carbonate depletion in 47 years, together with the dissolution of easily-weatherable silicates providing enough Mg and K to the pioneer vegetation, contributed to the establishment of the mature forest in ca. 80 years.

Bioavailability of Ca, K, Mg and Na in Arabian Yellow Finned Sea Bream (Acanthopagrus arabicus) with Estimated Daily Intake for Human Consumption

Yellow finned sea bream (Acanthopagrus arabicus) is a commercially important fish of coastal water of Pakistan. It is widely consumed by the people within and outside the country. Therefore, the paper investigates the concentration of macro-minerals (Ca, K, Mg and Na) in its meat and gills. The concentrations of different elements demonstrated statistically significant difference (P &lt; 0.01) between meat and gills of the fish. Significantly higher concentrations of calcium and lower concentrations of potassium and sodium were recorded in gills compared to those in meat. In meat, mean concentrations were found in the order Na (5.41%) &gt; K (3.44%) &gt; Ca (2.16%) &gt; Mg (0.24%), while in gills, the mean concentrations were Ca (57.72%) &gt; Na (3.43%) &gt; K (1.19%) &gt; Mg (0.31%). Statistically significant correlations (P &lt; 0.05) were noted between the body weight and the concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the meat of fish. The results are also compared with estimated daily intake and dietary reference intake values. The present study suggests that Acanthopagrus arabicus is an important source of macro-minerals for human consumption.&#x0D;

Bioavailabilitas Mineral Ca (in vitro) pada Jagung (Zea mays L), dengan Penambahan Asam Sitrat dan Fitase Bacilus subtilis HG

Abstract. Background &amp; Aims: Mineral Ca is the most abundant mineral in the human body. Lack of mineral Ca in the human body in the long term will result in loss and calcification. Corn is food ingredient that contains vegetable calcium, it is widely consumed by Indonesians. The purpose of the research to obtain information on the bioavailability of the mineral Ca (in vitro) in corn (Zea mays L) with the addition of citric acid and phytase’s Basillus subtilis HG isolate.Methods: The research consists of two steps. The first step is to determine the best treatment in reducing phytate acid in corn with variations of the submersion duration and the citric acid concentrate, with the variation of phytase enzyme concentrations. The second step is to determine the bioavailability of mineral Ca through in vitro proses. The data analysis used two way anova and one away anova.Results: The results of the research: 1) the best treatment to reduce phytate acid in found in the immersion of corn with 9% citric acid for 12 hours in the amount of 32.45%, whereas in the variation of the concentration of phytase enzyme 250µL/50mL in the amount 50.09%. 2) The highest bioavailability of mineral Ca through in vitro is in amount of 56.880% with 9% citric acid for 12 hours and with the increment of phytase enzyme 250µL/50mL.Conclusion: The increase in bioavailability of mineral Ca in corn (Zea mays L) was influenced by the addition of citric acid concentration, submersion duration, and the concentration of phytase enzyme. Research on mineral bioavailability can be further developed by examining other foodstuffs containing phytate acid, and carried out by more sophisticated methods and analyzed, and the methods that have been done can be used to study the degradation of phytate to other bivalent minerals.Keywords: bioavailability of mineral Ca; phytate acid; citric acid; phytase

Mechanochemical preparation of chrysomycin A self-micelle solid dispersion with improved solubility and enhanced oral bioavailability

BackgroundChrysomycin A (CA) has been reported as numerous excellent biological activities, such as antineoplastic and antibacterial. Though, poor solubility of CA limited its application in medical field. Due to good amphiphilicity and potential anticancer effect of disodium glycyrrhizin (Na2GA) as an excipient, an amorphous solid dispersion (Na2GA/CA-BM) consisting of CA and Na2GA was prepared in the present study by mechanochemical technology (roll mill ML-007, zirconium balls, 30 rpm, 2.5 h) to improve the solubility and oral bioavailability of CA. Then, Na2GA/CA-BM was self-assembled to micelles in water. The interaction of CA and Na2GA in solid state were investigated by X-ray diffraction studies, polarized light microscopy, and scanning electron microscope. Meanwhile, the properties of the sample solution were analyzed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron. Furthermore, the oral bioavailability and antitumor ability of Na2GA/CA-BM in vivo were tested, providing a theoretical basis for future application of CA on cancer therapy.ResultsCA encapsulated by Na2GA was self-assembled to nano-micelles in water. The average diameter of nano-micelle was 131.6 nm, and zeta potential was − 11.7 mV. Three physicochemical detections showed that CA was transformed from crystal into amorphous form after treated with ball milling and the solubility increased by 50 times. Na2GA/CA-BM showed a significant increase of the bioavailability about two time that of free CA. Compared with free CA, the in-vivo antitumor studies also exhibited that Na2GA/CA-BM had an excellent inhibition of tumor growth.ConclusionsNa2GA/CA-BM nanoparticles (131.6 nm, − 11.7 mV) prepared by simple and low-cost mechanochemical technology can improve oral bioavailability and antitumor efficacy of CA in vivo, suggesting a potential formulation for efficient anticancer treatment.Graphic abstract

Variation in oxalate content among corm parts, harvest time, and cultivars of taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott)

Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) is considered a dietary staple food crop for millions of people throughout tropical and subtropical regions. Depending on the cultivar, taro may contain oxalic acid deposited in plant tissues as calcium oxalate crystals, causing a very unpleasant burning sensation in the mouth. In the present study, oxalate content was quantified in four different parts of the taro corm, as well as variation in dry matter, Ca, and the oxalate content of corms harvested at different developmental stages, from 5 months after planting (MAP) to 13 MAP. The results revealed that the level of oxalates varies according to corm part and cultivar. The cultivars with the lowest and highest water-soluble and total oxalate content in the central part, which is critical for human nutrition, were VU268 (87 and 134 mg 100 g−1 DW) and VU384 (182 and 230 mg 100 g−1 DW, respectively). Water-soluble oxalates accumulate mainly in the central and lower parts, while insoluble oxalates are concentrated in the marginal part of the corm. Their content can be almost halved by removing a 1 cm thick marginal layer (peeling). The oxalate/Ca molar ratio ranged from 0.78 in the upper to 1.31 in the central part, suggesting that the bioavailability of Ca in corms could be low. The dry matter content and Ca, insoluble and total oxalate levels vary according to the harvest time. The lowest total oxalate content was determined at 8 MAP (the usual time for taro harvest), while water-soluble oxalates increased with growing period. The proper assessment of corm maturity before harvest is, therefore, a critical step in controlling corm quality. Taro breeding programs aimed at reducing corm acridity need to take into consideration these results when designing protocols for optimum nutritional quality improvement of new cultivars.

Amino Acid Profile, Mineral Bioavailability, and Sensory Properties of Biscuits Produced from Composite Blends of Wheat, Coconut and Defatted Fluted Pumpkin Seed Flour

The objective of this work was to produce biscuits from composite flour of wheat, coconut, and defatted fluted pumpkin seed and to evaluate the mineral bioavailability, amino acid profile and sensory properties of the composite biscuits. Wheat/coconut/defatted fluted pumpkin seed flours were blended in the ratio; 100/0/0, 80/10/10, 70/20/10, 60/30/10, 50/40/10, 40/50/10 and labelled as sample A, B, C, D, E and F respectively. Biscuits were baked with these composite flours using the creaming method. Lysine content ranged from 3.35-5.07g/100g, with sample F given significantly higher value followed by samples E (4.70g.100g) and D (4.33g/100g). All the essential amino acids increased significantly with increased substitution of coconut and fluted pumpkin seed flour, except phenyl-lanine and cysteine that decreased from 4.98 – 3.90 and 1.22 – 0.69g/100g respectively in sample A to E. Sample E gave higher total Ca, Fe, K and Zn of 26.89, 17.92, 86.02 and 2.82mg/100g respectively. Percentage bioavailability of Ca, Fe, Na, K and Zn were significantly higher in sample F with values of 59.67, 51.35, 58.22, 59.67 and 47.74% respectively. Sample E recorded the highest overall acceptability score of 6.38. This score was however not significantly different from scores obtained for samples A, B, C and D. Production of composite biscuits with 50/40/10% wheat/coconut/defatted fluted pumpkin seed flour is highly recommended.

Influence of Species Differences, Relative Metals Concentrations and pH on Uptake of Metals in Water by Fish

This study was designed to assess the effect of relative metals concentrations, pH and species variations on the uptake of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in water, fish and fish parts to monitor the toxicity potentials of consuming these fish. The water and fish samples were obtained from four locations (Farin gada stream, Lamingo Dam, Nasco pond and mining pond) in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria, Water and six fish species samples were collected from the four locations, digested and analysed using Buck Scientific Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, model 210VGP. Results show that pH of the water sources from Farin gada stream, Lamingo Dam, Nasco pond and mining pond were 7.1, 6.5, 7.0 and 7.2 respectively. The concentrations of Cu in the water sources were 0.030±0.001, 0.010±0.003, 0.020±0.000, 0.027±0.000 in Farin Gada stream, Nasco pond, Lamingo Dam and mining pond respectively; Fe were 2.2±0.1, 0.0±0,000, 0.2±0.003 and 0.3±0.001; Ca were 305±3.0, 37±1.5, 110±3.5 and 163±4.5; Mg were 160±3.6, 126±4.8, 79±1.9 and 95±2.8 in that order above. Different fish species from the same water source bioaccumulated Cu, Fe, Ca and Mg at varying concentrations depending on source, fish species or the physicochemical properties. Different fish species have different preferences as to which part (body, gills and head) of the fish these metals are concentrated more. Lamingo Dam had five fish species, mining pond had three, while Nasco pond and Farin Gada stream had one each. The results established that uptake and bioavailability of Cu, Fe, Ca and Mg by fish in water depend on species variation, relative concentration of the metals in the source of water and the pH of the water.

Solid state fermentation of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum): implications on bioactive compounds, mineral content and in vitro bioavailability.

In the present study, solid-state fermentation (SSF) of four fenugreek cultivars viz. HM-57, AFG-2, RMT-1 and RMT-303 were carried out using Aspergillus awamori and its effect on antioxidant properties, phenolic content and bioactive compounds were studied. Macro (Ca, K, and Na) as well as micro (Fe, Zn, and Cu) elements and in vitro bioavailability of the unfermented fenugreek (UFF) and Aspergillus-fermented fenugreek (AFF) samples were assessed with standard methods. On 5th day, total phenolic and condensed tannin contents showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase for all cultivars. Further, HPLC analysis confirmed formation of some new bioactive (vanillin, benzoic acid and catechin) compounds. Similarly, extracts from all AFF also showed an increase in the antioxidant potential such as inhibition of DPPH, hydroxyl free radical scavenging, reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity up to 5th day of SSF. Mineral in AFF were found with enhanced values when compared with respective UFF. In vitro bioavailability of Fe, Zn and Ca was also improved during SSF. Results from the present study may be helpful to food industry in developing new health foods and may provide a rational for development of functional ingredient in preparation of novel nutraceuticals.

MO055STABLE CALCIUM ISOTOPES: A NOVEL BIOMARKER OF BONE MINERAL CONTENT IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Abstract Background and Aims In CKD dysregulated calcium (Ca) homeostasis is common and causally associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and vascular calcification. Currently available radiological measures and biomarkers do not allow accurate evaluation of BMD. The aim of our study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of stable Ca isotopes in determining bone mineral content. Method We measured stable Ca isotopes 44Ca and 42Ca by plasma-ionization mass-spectrometry in blood and urine. The relationship between bone Ca gain and loss is calculated using a compartment model based on Ca kinetics, and expressed as δ44/42Ca. Ca absorption from bones increases δ44/42CaBlood and δ44/42CaUrine, and resorption decreases these fractions. 104 children in CKD4-5 and on dialysis (CKD4-5D), 40 matched controls and 100 adults underwent Ca isotope measurement, bone biomarkers, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and tibial peripheral quantitative CT scan (pQCT), an accurate measure of cortical BMD. Results In healthy children the δ44/42CaBlood and δ44/42CaUrine were higher than in adults (p&amp;lt;0.0001), reflecting avid Ca uptake during bone formation. Since urinary Ca excretion is impaired in CKD, δ44/42CaBlood was higher and δ44/42CaUrine lower in children with CKD4-5D compared to controls (p&amp;lt;0.001 for both); Figure 1. In CKD2-5D δ44/42CaBlood positively correlated with cholecalciferol (p=0.01) and alfacalcidol (p=0.002) doses, implying increased bone Ca uptake when Ca bioavailability is increased. δ44/42CaBlood positively correlated with biomarkers of bone formation (alkaline phosphatase, p=0.05) and negatively with bone resorption markers (PTH, p=0.013; TRAP5b, p&amp;lt;0.001 and CTX, p=0.006). δ44/42CaBlood positively correlated with tibial cortical BMD-Z-score (p=0.006, R2=0.39), and DXA hip BMD-Z-score (p=0.02). On multivariable linear regression analysis significant and independent predictors of tibial cortical BMD-Z-score were δ44/42CaBlood (β=0.68, p=0.006) and PTH (β-0.39, p=0.04), together predicting 67% of the variability in BMD. Conclusion Ca isotope ratios provide a novel, non-invasive method of assessing bone mineralization. Further studies are in progress to define optimal levels of δ44/42CaBlood that can guide safe and effective treatment to prevent Ca deficiency or overload.