Content Of Bioactive Components Research Articles

Germinated Brown Rice and Its Role in Human Health

Brown rice, unmilled or partly milled, contains more nutritional components than ordinary white rice. Despite its elevated content of bioactive components, brown rice is rarely consumed as a staple food for its dark appearance and hard texture. The germination of brown rice can be used to improve its taste and further enhance its nutritional value and health functions. Germinated brown rice is considered healthier than white rice, as it is not only richer in the basic nutritional components such as vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers, and essential amino acids, but also contains more bioactive components, such as ferulic acid, γ-oryzanol, and gamma aminobutyric acid. Moreover, germinated brown rice has been reported to exhibit many physiological effects, including antihyperlipidemia, antihypertension, and the reduction in the risk of some chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, it is likely that germinated brown rice will become a popular health food.

Light Wavelengths Regulate Growth and Active Components of Cordyceps militaris Fruit Bodies

Cordyceps militaris is widely cultivated for functional food in China and Southeast Asia. Daylight was commonly used for development of C. militaris fruit bodies. In this study, effects of light wavelengths (pink light = 1/3,450–460 nm + 2/3,620–630 nm; red light = 620–630 nm; blue light = 450–460 nm) on fruit body's production and contents of bioactive components were investigated. The results are: pink light increased dried matter contents and bioefficiency of fruit bodies to the highest (40.06/6.77%) compared with blue light (24.44/4.86%), daylight (22.69/4.55%) and red light (22.06/4.17%), respectively. Pink light significantly enhanced accumulation of carotenoids. Red light obtained the highest contents of adenosine. Pink light is the most optimal for cordycepin accumulation. In order to get the highest production of adenosine, cordycepin, carotenoids and fruit body at the same time, pink light rather than only traditional daylight should be used in the fruit body development, or light wavelengths were regulated according to target compounds of the fruit bodies. Practical Applications This study indicated that different light wavelengths have significant influences on fruit body development and accumulation of the main active compounds as cordycepin, adenosine and carotenoids. Pink light (1/3,450–460 nm + 2/3,620–630 nm) was optimal for production of adenosine, cordycepin and carotenoids. While the traditionally used daylight proved not suitable for cultivation of Cordyceps militaris. These results provided technological basis for cultivation of C. militaris and a insight to light reaction study on light wavelengths regulating accumulation of secondary metabolites.

Cloning and characterization of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in medicinal Epimedium species

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) plays an important role in the phenylpropanoid pathway and in accumulation of major secondary metabolites in medicinal Epimedium species, including icariin, epimedin A, epimedin B, and epimedin C (hereafter designated as active components). In this study, three Epimedium sagittatum PALs (EsPALs) mRNA sequences, designated respectively as EsPAL1, EsPAL2 and EsPAL3 deduced to encode 708, 716, and 739 amino acids, were isolated and characterized. Based on sequence and phylogenetic analyses, EsPAL1 was found to be closer to EsPAL2 than to EsPAL3. Spatio-temporal expression profiles and metabolic accumulation profiles revealed that EsPAL3 was highly expressed in flavonoid-enriched tissues and leaves at certain developmental stages along with high levels of active components, while EsPAL1 was highly expressed in leathery leaves along with high lignin content. Under light stress, the total flavonoid content was enhanced by 100 μM phytohormones tested or 5 % sucrose through upregulating different EsPAL isoform(s). Our findings have laid a solid foundation for improving the content of bioactive components in Epimedium via metabolically engineering EsPAL.

Variation of Medicinal Components in a Unique Geographical Accession of Horny Goat Weed Epimedium sagittatum Maxim. (Berberidaceae)

Herbal Epimedium species have been widely in Traditional Chinese Medicine for sexual enhancement, immunity improvement, anticancer and anti-aging treatment, with flavonoids and polysaccharides being the major active components. However, exhaustive depletion of wild sources warrants germplasm evaluation and quality resource exploration. A preliminarily analysis had previously indicated that a specific local geographic accession of Epimedium sagittatum found in Luotian (LT) county of Hubei Province (China) had a much higher content of total flavonoids and polysaccharides. In this study, we further investigated the medicinal component variation in the LT type under different light intensities and in different regions by the common-garden experiment. The results indicated a light intensity range of 40–160 μmol/m2/s was the most suitable for the synthesis and accumulation of total flavonoids, while polysaccharide accumulation was negatively correlated with the light intensity. Icariin was the component displaying the highest content among flavonoids, and the content of major flavonoid bioactive components was relatively stable in the third year after cultivation. There was significant correlation between the major flavonol glycoside constituents and the geographic location, and Central China followed by Northern China were the highly suitable regions for cultivation of LT type E. sagittatum. The results revealed that there was a functional balance between flavonoids and polysaccharides at different developmental stages, and the best harvesting stage should consider the primary contents of interest. This study provides important information on the exploration of quality resources, further breeding approaches and cultivation practices of E. sagittatum, and thus the important insights to enhance our understanding of quality control of traditional medicinal plants.

Comparison and assessment of leptin receptor expression by the following Origami aetheroleum study at broiler chickens COBB 500

The recently discovered protein, leptin, is a 16 kD protein consisting of 146 amino acids which is synthesized primarily by adipose tissue and is secreted into the bloodstream after cleavage of the 21 amino acids signal peptide. Leptin impacts feed intake, the neuroendocrine-axis, metabolism and immunological processes. Leptin was first identified as the gene product found deficient in the obese ob/ob mouse. The hypothalamus appears to be the primary site of action, since leptin receptors are located within hypothalamic areas associated with control of appetite, reproduction and growth. Using herbs and essential oils depends on their antimicrobial activity. Most plants have favorable multifunctional properties, which are the specific content of bioactive components. Some authors characterize phytogenic substance such as natural substances plant origin, which leave no residues in animal products and is not necessary to keep the trade period before slaughter animals. Analyzes suggest that the structural function of the receptor exists as a dimer constructively in the plasma membrane. Each receptor dimer pair is reversibly bound to one molecule of leptin. When bound, signaling pathways are responsible for beginning the activation receptor associated Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and tyrosine phosphorylation of two key residues in the intracellular part of receptor. The aim of our experiment was to optimize the methodology for monitoring the expression of the leptin receptor extracellular avian model. We used samples of internal organs and abdominal fat chickens that were fed spirit and also fat and organ samples from broiler chickens from the control group. In heard tissue, spleen, liver at a relatively high concentration of total cDNA in the sample length leptin receptor extracellular fragment located in the expected quantities.

Relationships between physiological indicators in blood, and their yield, as well as chemical composition of milk obtained from organic dairy cows

The occurrence of metabolic overload in cows maintained in organic herds is very likely, because organic production promotes feeding with high roughage diets and discourages supplementation with concentrates supplementation. It has the potential to negatively affect milk quality. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of physiological indicators in blood, reflecting the energy metabolism and liver status of dairy cows kept in organic herds, on the content of bioactive components in milk and the influence of lactation stage and feeding season on changes in milk components. A significant positive correlation was found between β-hydroxybutyric acid and the daily milk yield of lactating cows. β-Hydroxybutyric acid was negatively correlated with lactation phase and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as saturated fatty acids content in milk. A significant negative correlation was observed between average daily milk yield and alanine aminotransferase concentration in blood. A low level of production in organic farms had a positive impact on the content of conjugated linoleic acid (20% increase), vitamin A (21% increase) and vitamin E (11% increase). The study has shown significant correlations between metabolic profiles and milk yields, as well as milk composition. In addition, there is evidence that the intensity of the production system significantly influences the metabolic profile and chemical composition of cow's milk. It could even be concluded that the ecological system affects not only the quality of milk, but also the health of cows.

Safety evaluation of some wild plants in the New Nordic Diet

One of the dietary components in the New Nordic Diet, is plants from the wild countryside. However, these may have a high content of bioactive components, some of which could be toxic in larger quantities. The objective of this paper is to outline a strategy for safety evaluation of wild plants not covered in current food compositional databases and to apply the method for selected plants used in the New Nordic Diet recipes.Four examples of typical wild edible plants were evaluated (stinging nettle, sorrel, chickweed and common lambsquarters), and based on substantial equivalence with known food plants the majority of the bioactive components reported were within the range experienced when eating or drinking typical food stuffs. For most compounds the hazards could be evaluated as minor. The only precaution found was for common lambsquarters because of its presumed high level of oxalic acid.It is concluded that a substance-by-substance evaluation of intake by equivalence to common foods is a useful and efficient strategy to evaluate the safety of newly introduced wild edible plants. Further evaluation and better compositional analyses are warranted before a daily consumption of significant amounts of wild edible plants can be generally regarded as safe.

In‐depth analysis of low abundant proteins in bovine colostrum using different fractionation techniques

Bovine colostrum is well known for its large content of bioactive components and its importance for neonatal survival. Unfortunately, the colostrum proteome is complicated by a wide dynamic range, because of a few dominating proteins that hamper sensitivity and proteome coverage achieved on low abundant proteins. Moreover, the composition of colostrum is complex and the proteins are located within different physical fractions that make up the colostrum. To gain a more exhaustive picture of the bovine colostrum proteome and gather information on protein location, we performed an extensive pre-analysis fractionation of colostrum prior to 2D-LC-MS/MS analysis. Physical and chemical properties of the proteins and colostrum were used alone or in combination for the separation of proteins. ELISA was used to quantify and verify the presence of proteins in colostrum. In total, 403 proteins were identified in the nonfractionated colostrum (NF) and seven fractions (F1-F7) using six different fractionation techniques. Fractionation contributed with 69 additional proteins in the fluid phase compared with NF. Different fractionation techniques each resulted in detection of unique subsets of proteins. Whey production by high-speed centrifugation contributed most to detection of low abundant proteins. Hence, prefractionation of colostrum prior to 2D-LC-MS/MS analysis expanded our knowledge on the presence and location of low abundant proteins in bovine colostrum.

Enhancement of bioactive compounds content and antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil.) through freeze concentration technology

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of freeze concentration of aqueous extract of mate leaves on the content of bioactive components and antioxidant activity of the concentrated fluid and the ice obtained. Five stages of freeze concentration were studied. In relation to the total dry matter content, the concentration factor increased eightfold by the end of the process. The concentrated fluid showed increasing values of phenolic compounds in all the freeze concentration stages. Although process efficiency reduced significantly in comparison with the first stage due to the retention of phenolic compounds in ice, it remained about 75% in all the stages. The isolated phenolic compounds detected by HPLC, such as chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, 3,4-dihidroxibenzoic acid and gallic acid, improved substantially in all freeze concentration stages. The methylxanthines caffeine and theobromine contents also increased significantly with the application of the freeze concentration procedure. The antioxidant activity of the concentrated fluid of each freeze concentration stage, measured by FRAP and DPPH assay, was significantly higher in comparison to that of the feed extract. Moreover, the values of both antioxidant assays were significantly correlated with the content of phenolic compounds and methylxanthines of the aqueous extract of mate. Freeze concentration is an effective technique to raise the content of bioactive components and enhance the antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of mate leaves.

Wheat Aleurone: Separation, Composition, Health Aspects, and Potential Food Use

Over the last three decades substantial attention has been given to the role of dietary fiber in health and disease, in particular diabetes, cardiovascular disease, intestinal health, and some types of cancer. As a result the food industry started to add back fiber to refined foods and develop fiber rich foods. Scientists suggested that whole grain foods are superior to foods enriched with fibers obtained/synthesized using enzyme treatment, and thermal or chemical processing because the content of bioactive components and micronutrients in whole grain is more abundant. This triggered interest in how to isolate the micronutrient rich aleurone fiber fraction from wheat. Aleurone is a single cell layer at the inner site of the bran. It contains most of the minerals, vitamins, phenolic antioxidants, and lignans of the wheat grain. Novel milling and dry-fractionation techniques have recently allowed for full-scale separation of aleurone cells from the other layers of wheat bran, yielding a fiber rich concentrate which potentially contains many of the “whole grain kernel bioactives,” which recently have been used in a variety of studies. The present review highlights available data on aleurone isolation, composition, intestinal physiology, and its metabolism and potential health benefits as well as its use in food.

Dynamic accumulations of bioactive components in different germplasm Isatis indigotica and comparative of its quality of medical material

To study the dynamic accumulations of bioactive components in different germplasm Isatis indigotica and compare its quality of medical material, in order to provide a basis for breeding and high yield cultivation of I. indigotica. The planting samples were collected during growth period, bioactive components in different germplasm Isatis indigotica were measured. The dynamic accumulations of bioactive components in different germplasm I. indigotica were consistently changed in a field experiment. The differences of bioactive components contents in medical material of I. indigotica were significant. The germplasm from Gansu Longxi showed a high yield and good quality characters in Fuyang area, and may be applied to production.

Developing new types of wheat with enhanced health benefits

The consumption of wholegrain wheat is associated with a number of health benefits which may relate to the presence of a range of dietary fibre, phytochemical, vitamin and mineral components. Analysis of 150 bread wheat lines within the HEALTHGRAIN programme showed wide variation in content and composition of bioactive components within 150 bread wheat lines. Furthermore, in some cases (notably arabinoxylan in flour and tocols, sterols and alkylresorcinols in wholemeal) this variation was highly heritable and hence accessible to plant breeders. A number of tools are therefore being developed to facilitate the selection of these components in plant breeding programmes including molecular markers, biochemical kits and NIR calibrations.

Comparative Study of Contents of Several Bioactive Components in Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia of Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms

Mushrooms have been consumed for thousands of years, and several bioactive components were found therein, including lovastatin, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine. The study reported herein was to analyze these three bioactive components in 15 fruiting bodies and 9 mycelia of 19 species of mushrooms from genera Agaricus, Agrocybe, Auricularia, Boletus, Ganoderma, Hypsizygus, Inonotus, Lentinus, Morchella, Pleurotus, Tremella, Termitomyces, and Volvariella. The results show that Hypsizygus marmoreus contained the highest amount of lovastatin (628.05 mg/kg) in fruiting bodies and Morchella esculenta contained the highest amount (1438.42 mg/ kg) in mycelia. Agaricus brasiliensis contained the highest amount of GABA (1844.85 mg/kg) in fruiting bodies, and mycelia of Boletus edulis, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, and Termitomyces albuminosus contained extraordinarily higher amounts (1274.03, 1631.67, and 2560.00 mg/kg, respectively). Volvariella volvacea contained the highest amount of ergothioneine (537.27 mg/kg) in fruiting bodies and mycelia; Boletus edulis, Pleurotus ferulae, and P. salmoneostramineus contained relatively higher amount of ergothioneine too (258.03, 250.23, and 222.08 mg/kg, respectively). However, none of these components was detected in fruiting bodies of Inonotus obliquus. In conclusion, these three bioactive components were commonly found in most mushrooms, and these results might be related to their beneficial effects.

Correlation Between Antioxidant Activity of Garlic Extracts and WEHI-164 Fibrosarcoma Tumor Growth in BALB/c Mice

The biological activities of garlic may be affected by different processing methods. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate potential anticancer effects of different type of processed garlic extracts on WEHI-164 tumor cells in inbred BALB/c mice and correlate the tumor growth rates with some garlic constituents. In a preclinical trial 60 BALB/c mice were injected with WEHI-164 tumor cells and divided into six groups of 10 animals. Group 1 mice received 200 μL of saline, and groups 2-6 were injected intraperitoneally with fresh, microwaved, 3-month-old, leaves, and boiled garlic extracts, respectively, at 20 mg/kg/0.2 mL. Three weeks following tumor inoculation, the mean tumor size in garlic extract-treated groups was reduced with significant reductions observed in the fresh and microwaved extract groups compared with the control group (P<.05). The antioxidant capacity and the amounts of allicin, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds in differentially processed garlic were evaluated and correlated with their anticancer activities. There was a linear correlation between the amounts of allicin, flavonoids, or phenolic components derived from fresh, microwaved, 3-month-old, leaves, and boiled garlic and cancer growth prevention. In conclusion, garlic has anticancer activity against WEHI-164 tumor cells, and processing such as heating reduces its effect dramatically. The anticancer activities of different kinds of garlic are related to the level of allicin, flavonoids, and phenolic components. Therefore, fresh garlic has the highest content of bioactive components and the greatest anticancer efficacy.

Flavonoids, Phenolics, and Antioxidant Capacity in the Flower of Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.

Flavonoids and phenolics are abundant in loquat flowers. Methanol had the highest extraction efficiency among five solvents, followed by ethanol. Considering the safety and residue, ethanol is better as extraction solvent. The average content of flavonoids and phenolics of loquat flower of five cultivars were 1.59 ± 0.24 and 7.86 ± 0.87 mg/g DW, respectively, when using ethanol as extraction solvent. The contents of both bioactive components in flowers at different developmental stages and in the various flower tissues clearly differed, with the highest flavonoids and phenolics content in flowers of stage 3 (flower fully open) and petal, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was measured using FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS methods. The values of ABTS method was highest, followed by DPPH, the lowest was FRAP, when using vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) as unit. Correlation analysis showed that the ABTS method showed the highest correlation coefficients with flavonoids and phenolics, i.e., 0.886 and 0.973, respectively.

Nutrigenomics analyze of expression of extracellular leptin receptor by the following essential oil monitoring at the avian models

Leptin gene was identified in 1994 by positional cloning. His mutation is considered extreme obesity surface phenotype and infertility in ob/ob mice. Most of the research, which followed the discovery of this hormone, focused on the role of leptin in regulating body weight, in order to clarify the pathophysiology of obesity. Many research results show that leptin is not only important in regulating food intake and energy balance, but also performs functions such as metabolic and neuroendocrine hormone. Using herbs and essential oils depends on their antimicrobial activity. Most plants have favorable multifunctional properties, which are the specific content of bioactive components. Some authors characterize fytogénne substance such as natural substancese plant origin, which leave no residues in animal products and is not necessary to keep the trade period before slaughter animals. Analyses suggest that the structural function of the receptor exists as a dimer constructively in the plasma membrane. Each receptor dimer pair is reversibly bound to one molecule of leptin. When bound, signaling pathways are responsible for beginning the activation receptor associated Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and tyrosine phosphorylation of two key residues in the intracellular part of receptor.

Effect of microfi ltration on bioactive components and antioxidant activity of açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.)

Microfiltration of centrifuged acai pulp was performed using two types of membrane (ceramic and polymeric), each one at two temperatures (25 and 35°C), aiming to evaluate the influence of these parameters on its chemical composition and antioxidant activity. Temperature and membrane material did not significantly influence the bioactive components contents and the antioxidant activity of the two obtained fractions. However, permeate flux was strongly dependent on both factors, reaching the highest mean value (117 l/h m2) with the ceramic membrane at 35°C. Clarified juice, the permeate fraction, contained about 16 mg/100 g of anthocyanins, 138 mg/100 g of total phenolics and 9 µmol Trolox/g of antioxidant activity. The retained fraction, with characteristics similar to the original acai fruit, presented 75 mg/100 g of anthocyanins, 433 mg/100 g of total phenolics and 31 µmol Trolox/g of antioxidant activity. Therefore, microfiltration of acai resulted in two fractions with distinct characteristics, both ri...

ULTRASONIC EXTRACTION OF HEMPSEED OIL

ABSTRACTIn the present study, the use of ultrasonic conditions for the extraction of oil from hempseeds was investigated. The results show that ultrasonic extraction (UE) requires a shorter operating time and results in less solvent consumption than solvent extraction (SE). The optimal conditions for UE are as follows: power output: 200 W; exposure time: 25 min; acting on–off ratio: 20:20 (s/s); and solvent‐to‐solid ratio: 7:1 (v/w). The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis indicated that the composition of the hempseed oil that is extracted is not significantly (P ≤ 0.05), if at all, affected by UE. Additionally, the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryhydrazyl scavenging activity during the UE is 13.5% higher than that obtained under SE in this test. Hempseed oil that is extracted by UE has a higher ultraviolet‐absorbing capacity than the oil obtained by SE. These tests indicate that UE may be a new, acceptable and even potentially superior commercial oil extraction process for preserving the naturally occurring content of bioactive components that are found within the oil.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn this investigation, we found that hempseed oil extracted using ultrasonic‐assisted techniques has unique ultraviolet‐absorbing properties and better 2,2‐diphenyl‐l‐picryhydrazyl radical‐scavenging activity when compared with oil obtained by solvent extraction. It can be concluded that ultrasonic‐assisted extraction is a potential method for producing better hempseed oil for food and cosmetic applications.

Relationship between the Contents of Bioactive Components in Grain and the Release Dates of Wheat Lines in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen

The EU FP6 HEALTHGRAIN has generated an extensive database on the contents of phytochemicals (alkylresorcinols, tocols, sterols, phenolic acids, folates) and dietary fiber components in the grain of wheat, including analyses of 150 lines grown on a single site in Hungary in 2005 and a smaller set of lines grown under five (three lines) or six (23 lines) different environments (in Hungary in 2005, 2006, and 2007 and in France, Poland, and the United Kingdom in 2007). The lines analyzed included land races and varieties bred between the mid-19th and early 21st centuries. These results have been analyzed to determine whether the contents of these groups of bioactive components in the grain have decreased with the development of intensive plant breeding in the second part of the 20th century. No decreases in the contents of any groups of bioactive components were observed in relation to release date, showing that selection for increased yield and protein quality has been effectively neutral for other grain components.

Recent Patents on Eggshell: Shell and Membrane Applications

The chicken eggshell and its membranes are an inexpensive and abundant waste material which exhibit interesting characteristics for many potential applications. The eggshell is formed mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and is used widely as an animal feed, lime (Ca(OH)2) substitute or a fertilizer. Moreover, the associated eggshell membranes have a high content of bioactive components, as well as properties of moisture retention and biodegradability which have potential use for clinical, cosmetic, nutraceutical and nanotechnology applications. The eggshell membranes have been also used for biosorption of heavy metals and dyes and as a template to synthesize metal nanoparticles. The combination of nanosized calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) biomaterials synthesized from eggshell and eggshell membrane show promise to develop drug delivery system and nanowires for electronic devices. In addition, a derived product, the soluble eggshell membrane protein (SEP) has applications in tissue engineering. This review discusses the patented applications of eggshell membrane waste: shell and membrane for the last 10 years as well as their future applications.