Bioaccumulation In Liver Research Articles

Role Of Selenium and Vitamins E And C In Combating Cadmium Bioaccumulation in The Selected Tissues of Rats: A Therapeutic Approach

The aim of the present investigation is to check the therapeutic role of selenium (Se) and vitaminE and C on cadmium (Cd) induced bioaccumulation in liver, kidney and testis of Cd treated rats. Wistar strain male albino rats were treated with cadmium chloride at a dose of 1/10th of LD50 /48h i.e. 22.5 mg/Kg body weight for 7, 15 and 30 days (d) time intervals. Then 15d Cd treated rats were divided into two groups. Group I supplemented with Se (1mg/kg body weight) and II group received combination of Se, vitamins E (300mg/kg) and C (200mg/kg) and observed for 7, 15 and 30days. After specific time intervals, rats were decapitated and tissues such as liver, kidney and testis were isolated and used for the estimation of Cd bioaccumulation levels by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS – Schimadzu AA6300). There was a significant elevation in Cd concentrations in the test tissues with increased period of Cd treatment. Maximum Cd accumulation was found in 30d Cd treated rat kidney (42.80±0.30μg / gm). However, there was a significant reduction in Cd bioaccumulation with Se and vitamin E and C supplementation. Maximum decrease in Cd accumulation was found in 30d rat kidney (5.04 ±0.08μg / gm) supplemented with the combination of Se andvitamin E and C. Our findings clearly envisage that combined supplementation of Se and vitamin E and C is more effective in reducing the Cd body burden when compared to the individual mode of supplementation.

Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation in Liver and Muscle Tissues of the Common Sole Fish (Solea solea) Inhabiting Damietta Fishing Harbor, Egypt

Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation in Liver and Muscle Tissues of the Common Sole Fish (Solea solea) Inhabiting Damietta Fishing Harbor, Egypt

Pomegranate Juice Diminishes The Mitochondria-Dependent Cell Death And NF-kB Signaling Pathway Induced By Copper Oxide Nanoparticles On Liver And Kidneys Of Rats.

BackgroundPomegranate (Punica granatum L) has been used since ancient times in the traditional medicine of several cultures, particularly in the Middle East. It is an essential commercial crop full of bioactive compounds with several medical applications. Pomegranate is very popular for its biological effects exerted by phenolic compounds via free radical scavenging abilities. It has revealed high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and is beneficial for the amelioration of liver and kidney diseases.PurposeTo elucidate the potential efficacy of pomegranate juice (PJ) against copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs)-induced apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress damage.Study design37 nm sized CuO-NPs were prepared by precipitation method and characterized by using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Zetasizer nano-and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM). 30 Wistar rats were partitioned into 6 equal groups as follows: Group 1 (negative control), groups 2 & 3 (PJ control groups), group 4 (CuO-NPs group), groups 5 & 6 (CuO-NPs + PJ groups). Methods: Hepato-renal protective effect of PJ was evaluated by measuring levels of serum marker enzymes (ALT, AST,blood urea nitrogen and creatinine). Cu NPs bioaccumulation in liver and kidneys was determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The oxidative stress markers, Rt-PCR analysis, histopathological and immunohistochemical studies were carried out in the liver and kidneys to support the above parameters.ResultsRats injected with CuO-NPs showed higher levels of the above serum marker enzymes, alteration of oxidant–antioxidant balance together with severe pathological alterations in liver and kidney tissues and overexpression of both caspase-3 and nuclear factor kappa B protein (NF-ĸB) associated with upregulation of Bax gene and downregulation of Bcl2 gene in these organs. PJ ameliorated all of the above toxicological parameters.ConclusionPJ was proved to be a potential hepato-renal protective agent against liver and kidney damage induced by CuO-NPs via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects.

Potentially toxic elements in commonly consumed fish species from the western Mediterranean Sea (Almería Bay): Bioaccumulation in liver and muscle tissues in relation to biometric parameters

Marine pollution is one of today's most relevant problems. Public awareness has been raised about the harmful potential of heavy metals (HMs) accumulating in edible fish and possibly ending up in human diet through the food chain. This study aimed to characterize and evaluate As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb contents in four edible fish species from the western Mediterranean Sea. Liver and muscle toxic elements were determined by GF-AAS in Mullus surmuletus, Merluccius merluccius, Auxis rochei and Scomber japonicus from Almería Bay (Spain). Muscular composition, biometrics and trophic levels were also determined. The mean PTE concentration levels (mg kg−1, DW) in fish muscle tissue were: As (2.90–53.74), Cd (0.01–0.18), Cr (0.53–2.01), Cu (0.78–6.93), Ni (0.06–0.24), Pb (0.0–0.32). These concentrations did not exceed the maximum limits set by European legislation (Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006) for the intake of these marine species. Accumulation of toxic elements tends to be seen in the liver (As (7.31–26.77), Cd (0.11–8.59), Cr (0.21–2.94), Cu (2.64–16.90), Ni (0.16–1.03), Pb (0.0–0.99)). As was the element at highest risk in this Mediterranean region, especially due to red mullet values in muscle. The high As contents with living habits as benthic species that feed near the coast. HMs, especially muscle Cd contents, were associated with higher contents of lipids and organic matter, and bigger specimen size (length and weight), while As was linked to higher fish protein content. However, these relationships between potentially toxic elements (PTE) and biometric indices and body composition parameters depend on species. Finally, the THQ indices indicated that eating fish from Almería Bay poses no human health risk despite pollution from the Almería coastline.

Trace elements bioaccumulation in liver and fur of Myotis myotis from two caves of the eastern side of Sicily (Italy): A comparison between a control and a polluted area

Environmental pollution is a topic of great interest because it directly affects the quality of ecosystems and of all living organisms at different trophic and systematic levels. Together with the global climate change, the long-term surviving of many species of plants and animals is threaten, distributional patterns at global and regional levels are altered and it results in local assemblages of species that are quite different from those that currently constitute coevolved communities. .For this study, the species Myotis myotis was used as bioindicator and it was sampled from two caves in the south-east of Sicily, Pipistrelli chosen as control area and Palombara chosen as polluted area, to measure the concentrations of trace elements in fur and liver tissues. Results showed higher content of essential elements in fur in bats sampled from Pipistrelli. Conversely, higher concentrations of toxic metals in liver such as As, Cd, Pb and Hg were measured in bat samples in Palombara cave, where specimens have a hunting area extended within the boundaries of the petrochemical plant. Nevertheless, we cannot consider Palombara population as polluted by metal contamination since their tissue concentrations are overall lower than toxic thresholds values suggested for small mammals. Likewise, we cannot exclude other kind of pollutants as potential stressors of the examined population, contributing with the decreasing of bat colonies in Sicily.

Evaluating the potential of gold, silver, and silica nanoparticles to saturate mononuclear phagocytic system tissues under repeat dosing conditions

BackgroundAs nanoparticles (NPs) become more prevalent in the pharmaceutical industry, questions have arisen from both industry and regulatory stakeholders about the long term effects of these materials. This study was designed to evaluate whether gold (10 nm), silver (50 nm), or silica (10 nm) nanoparticles administered intravenously to mice for up to 8 weeks at doses known to be sub-toxic (non-toxic at single acute or repeat dosing levels) and clinically relevant could produce significant bioaccumulation in liver and spleen macrophages.ResultsRepeated dosing with gold, silver, and silica nanoparticles did not saturate bioaccumulation in liver or spleen macrophages. While no toxicity was observed with gold and silver nanoparticles throughout the 8 week experiment, some effects including histopathological and serum chemistry changes were observed with silica nanoparticles starting at week 3. No major changes in the splenocyte population were observed during the study for any of the nanoparticles tested.ConclusionsThe clinical impact of these changes is unclear but suggests that the mononuclear phagocytic system is able to handle repeated doses of nanoparticles.

Modulation of 17β-estradiol induced estrogenic responses in male goldfish (Carassius auratus) by benzo[a]pyrene and ketoconazole.

The aquatic environment is challenged with complex mixtures of chemicals that may interact biochemically with each other in non-target aquatic organisms through a combination of actions, resulting in unpredictable mixture toxicity. This study focuses on the interactive effects of chemicals, including benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and ketoconazole (KCZ), on 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced estrogenic responses in male goldfish (Carassius auratus). The possible interactions between BaP or KCZ and E2 were investigated on the expression of cytochromeP4501A (CYP1A, biotransformation enzyme) and on its corresponding catalytic activity 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD activity), as well as on the expression of CYP19 (steroidogenic enzyme) and E2 bioaccumulation in liver. Exposure to E2 caused a significant increase in estrogenic responses corresponding with the E2 bioaccumulation. When comparing results to the E2 exposure group, co-exposure to BaP resulted in an increase in the cyp1a mRNA expression and its corresponding EROD activity and a marked decrease in the E2 bioaccumulation, but the expression of aromatase was not altered. Conversely, co-treatment with KCZ significantly suppressed the E2-modulated expression of metabolism and synthesis enzymes, which were accompanied by an increase in the E2 bioaccumulation. These data suggest that the modulation of E2-induced estrogenic responses by BaP and KCZ were correlated to the alterations of E2 bioaccumulation in goldfish, leading to a combination of changes in the capacity of biotransformation and steroidogenesis. The complex interactions between chemicals with different modes of actions highlight the need for caution in determining the safety of combined pollution in the aquatic environment.

The effect of arsenic on some antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in various tissues of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio).

The effect of arsenic bioaccumulation in liver, kidney, skin, muscle, and intestinal tissues of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) was investigated on lipid peroxidation and certain antioxidant enzyme activities. In this study, three aquarium groups were formed from mirror carp: control group, 0.5-, and 1-mg/L arsenic concentrations. The fish were dissected after 1 month. Arsenic bioaccumulation, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities were determined in the tissues. Results showed that arsenic was accumulated in liver, kidney, muscle, skin, and intestinal tissues. As the final product of lipid peroxidation, MDA levels were determined to have increased in all tissues with the exception of muscle. On the other hand, CAT and SOD enzyme activities in the fish tissues were decreased as compared to the control group. In the muscle tissue, differences were observed in the enzyme activities depending on arsenic concentration. Considering the increases in enzyme inhibition and MDA levels, liver was observed to be the main tissue affected in response to the arsenic toxicity.

Potential risks of natural mercury levels to wild predator fish in an Amazon reservoir

Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal that bioaccumulates in aquatic organisms and along food chain. Many studies have reported the problem of mercury exposure in aquatic systems from Amazon basin, but very few have focused on the potential risks to wild fish. The present study reports the bioaccumulation of mercury and alterations in target organs of the predator fish Hoplias malabaricus (traíra) from Samuel reservoir, Amazon basin, Northern Brazil. About 18% of fish had mercury levels in muscle exceeding the safe limit for ingestion through food, established by WHO (0.5 μg Hg g(-1)). Fish were separated in two groups according to mercury bioaccumulation in liver (<0.2 μg Hg g(-1)-group I and >0.2 μg Hg g(-1)-group II) for biomarker comparisons. Catalase activity and number of macrophage centers were statistically higher in group II, confirming the potential of Hg to interfere with redox balance and to recruit defense cells to the liver. Conversely, erythrocyte nuclear alterations were less frequent in group II, indicating a more rigorous selection of erythrocytes or hormesis pattern of response. Glutathione S-transferase activity, lipid peroxidation, and histopathological analyses were not statistically different in the liver and gills of both groups. Comparison of lipid peroxidation levels of these fish with others captured in Southern Brazil during another study and the high incidence of morphological alterations in the liver and gills suggest that the bioaccumulation of mercury during continuous exposure is posing potential risks to the species.

Bioremediation the toxic effects of mercury-exposure in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by using Lemna gibba L.

The effect of mercury (Hg) toxicity, its impact on histopathological changes, the median lethal concentration (LC50-96 h) and the bioremediation effect of Lemna gibba L to Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, were investigated through semi -static acute toxicity test developed with mercury chloride (HgCl 2). ). Fingerlings (2.76±0.21 cm and 0.51±0.12 g) were kept durin g 96 hours in 5-liter glass aquaria, according to the following mercury concentrations, set up in three replicates: 0.00 (control), 0.037 , 0.185 , 0.370 , 0.740 , 0.925 mg Hg L -1 . The value of LC50-96h was estimated in 0.240 mg Hg L - 1 . This study indicated that:1) Hg poisoning caused structural damage in the fish organs ,2) Lemna gibba L (weed and extract) were effective in removing Hg from water and reducing Hg bioaccumulation in liver and muscular tissues of fish , 3) The addition of Lemna gibba L-extract reduced significantly (P<0.05 ) the Hg level uptake as compared to fish exposed to Hg alone and 4) Addition of Lemna gibba L remediated the toxic effect of Hg and provided protection against the degenerative action of Hg. (Oreochromis Niloticus) by using Lemna gibba L. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):336-343). (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Oxidative stress response of Forster's terns (Sterna forsteri) and Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) to mercury and selenium bioaccumulation in liver, kidney, and brain

Bioindicators of oxidative stress were examined in prebreeding and breeding adult and chick Forster's terns (Sterna forsteri) and in prebreeding adult Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) in San Francisco Bay, California. Highest total mercury (THg) concentrations (mean ± standard error; µg/g dry wt) in liver (17.7 ± 1.7), kidney (20.5 ± 1.9), and brain (3.0 ± 0.3) occurred in breeding adult Forster's terns. The THg concentrations in liver were significantly correlated with hepatic depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH), increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG):GSH ratio, and decreased hepatic gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity in adults of both tern species. Prefledging Forster's tern chicks with one-fourth the hepatic THg concentration of breeding adults exhibited effects similar to adults. Total mercury-related renal GSSG increased in adults and chicks. In brains of prebreeding adults, THg was correlated with a small increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity, suggestive of a compensatory response. Brain THg concentrations were highest in breeding adult Forster's terns and brain tissue exhibited increased lipid peroxidation as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, loss of protein bound thiols (PBSH), and decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes, GSSG reductase (GSSGrd), and G-6-PDH. In brains of Forster's tern chicks there was a decrease in total reduced thiols and PBSH. Multiple indicator responses also pointed to greater oxidative stress in breeding Forster's terns relative to prebreeding terns, attributable to the physiological stress of reproduction. Some biondicators also were related to age and species, including thiol concentrations. Enzymes GGT, G-6-PDH, and GSSGred activities were related to species. Our results indicate that THg concentrations induced oxidative stress in terns, and suggest that histopathological, immunological, and behavioral effects may occur in terns as reported in other species.

Assessing sediment hazard through a weight of evidence approach with bioindicator organisms: A practical model to elaborate data from sediment chemistry, bioavailability, biomarkers and ecotoxicological bioassays

Quality assessments are crucial to all activities related to removal and management of sediments. Following a multidisciplinary, weight of evidence approach, a new model is presented here for comprehensive assessment of hazards associated to polluted sediments. The lines of evidence considered were sediment chemistry, assessment of bioavailability, sub-lethal effects on biomarkers, and ecotoxicological bioassays. A conceptual and software-assisted model was developed with logical flow-charts elaborating results from each line of evidence on the basis of several chemical and biological parameters, normative guidelines or scientific evidence; the data are thus summarized into four specific synthetic indices, before their integration into an overall sediment hazard evaluation. This model was validated using European eels ( Anguilla anguilla) as the bioindicator species, exposed under laboratory conditions to sediments from an industrial site, and caged under field conditions in two harbour areas. The concentrations of aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace metals were much higher in the industrial compared to harbour sediments, and accordingly the bioaccumulation in liver and gills of exposed eels showed marked differences between conditions seen. Among biomarkers, significant variations were observed for cytochrome P450-related responses, oxidative stress biomarkers, lysosomal stability and genotoxic effects; the overall elaboration of these data, as those of standard ecotoxicological bioassays with bacteria, algae and copepods, confirmed a higher level of biological hazard for industrial sediments. Based on comparisons with expert judgment, the model presented efficiently discriminates between the various conditions, both as individual modules and as an integrated final evaluation, and it appears to be a powerful tool to support more complex processes of environmental risk assessment.

Study of dimethoate bioaccumulation in liver and muscle tissues of Clarias batrachus and its elimination following cessation of exposure

AbstractAbstract: Dimethoate accumulation in liver and muscle tissues of a fresh‐water fish, Clarias bactrachus L., was measured by gas liquid chromatography. Fish were exposed to a sub‐lethal concentration of the pesticide in the laboratory water tank for a period of eight days. The accumulation increased up to two days, followed by decrease on the 4th and 8th days of exposure in both liver and muscle tissues. Maximum accumulation was found in liver. After eight days of exposure, fish were released into pesticide‐free water to study the rate of loss of the pesticide. It was found that liver and muscle tissues were cleared of dimethoate after four and eight days respectively.