Bioaccessibility Of Polyphenols Research Articles

High pressure extraction increases the antioxidant potential and in vitro bio-accessibility of bioactive compounds from discarded blueberries

ABSTRACTUnlike conventional extraction (CE) methods, high hydrostatic pressure extraction (HHPE) uses less solvent volume and reduced extraction times. We show here that HHPE increases extractability, antioxidant capacity and bio-accessibility of the bioactive compounds from discarded blueberries when compared to CE. Bioactive compounds were extracted by CE with agitation and by HHPE at 500 MPa for 5, 10 and 15 min. The highest content of anthocyanins (117.08mg 100g−1 FW), polyphenols (9.56mg 100g−1 FW), flavonoids (0.62mg 100g−1 FW) and antioxidant capacities (1853.69 and 2059.55 μMg−1 FW for DPPH and FRAP, respectively) with HHPE for 15 min. Likewise, HHPE for 15 min resulted in the highest bio-accessibility of polyphenols (62.2%) and flavonoids (62.2%), whereas 85.1% and 60.9% of antioxidant capacity measured as DPPH and FRAP, respectively. Only anthocyanins showed decreased bio-accessibility after HHPE. Antioxidant potential of discarded blueberries can be enhanced with HHPE by increasing the extractability of bioactive compounds and their bio-accessibility.

Differential contribution of grape peel, pulp, and seed to bioaccessibility of micronutrients and major polyphenolic compounds of red and white grapes through simulated human digestion

The composition and bioaccessibility of grape polyphenols and minerals is influenced by grape variety and matrix. Grape constituents may be determinant for the absorption of bioactives and are crucial for exploring grape by-products as functional food ingredients. In this study, the peel, pulp, and seeds of Vitis labrusca L. grapes were characterized by LC-DAD and ICP OES and changes in polyphenols, macro- and microelements were monitored using simulated human digestion. The pulp and seeds were characterized by flavanols, and the peels were high in phenolic acids. After the digestion, the highest bioaccessibility was found for quercetin (85%), while anthocyanins diglucosides were more bioaccessible in the gastric phase (153% and 113% for malvidin and cyanidin, respectively). The digestion of grape peels resulted in higher bioaccessibility of most minerals, suggesting the nutritional value of this constituent. These changes provide a step further towards applications and bioactive relevance of the grape parts.

In vitro bioaccessibility of microencapsulated phenolic compounds of jussara (Euterpe edulis Martius) fruit and application in gelatine model-system

Phenolic compounds from jussara fruit pulp (PO) were extracted and microencapsulated with maltodextrin (MD), inulin (IN), and gum arabic (GA). Subsequently, physical-chemical analysis was performed. The samples (PO, MD, IN, and GA) were submitted to an in vitro-simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Anthocyanin, polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity were measured before and after digestion to investigate the bioaccessibility. In addition, microcapsules were incorporated into the gelatine model-system to study the degradation kinetics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied complemented with Dunnett and Tukey's tests (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed for bioaccessibility of anthocyanin between samples. Concerning phenolic contents, GA (44.65%) presented higher recovery percentage compared to PO (30.32%, p < 0.05). In gelatine model-system, degradation constant (k) was: GA (0.0047)> MD (0.0043)> IN (0.0039) for anthocyanins, and MD (0.0153)> IN (0.0114)> GA (0.0052) for polyphenols. The color trend observed in gelatine vary from blueto red (h°). In vitro bioaccessibility of anthocyanins and polyphenols were similar in microcapsules. The results suggest that the incorporation of microencapsulated inulin is promising as it provided protection to pigment and color during storage.

Physicochemical and functional properties of ash gourd/bottle gourd beverages blended with jamun.

This paper reports the formulation and storage stability of Ash gourd (Benincasa hispida) and Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) juice blended with the Jamun (Syzygium cumini). Both the beverages found to be rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. The Ash gourd-Jamun (AGJ) and Bottle gourd-Jamun (BGJ) beverages showed significant bio-accessibility of polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Moreover, the addition of sugar was found to enhance the bioaccessibility of these fractions in both the beverages. Further, the biochemical attributes such as physiochemical and functional properties of Ash gourd-Jamun and Bottle gourd-Jamun blended juice were evaluated during the accelerated storage. The total soluble solids and acidity and the sensory score did not change significantly during the storage period. The AGJ exhibited a 35%, 73%, 34% and 35%, whereas BGJ shows 32%, 65%, 35% and 20% decrease in total polyphenol, anthocyanin, DPPH and inflammatory activity during the 2months of storage period respectively. However, the reduction was less in Bottle gourd-Jamun beverage. Results of the study are promising and add to the necessity and potential of gourd family based functional food development.

Tannase improves gallic acid bioaccessibility and maintains the quality of mango juice

SummaryThe effect of tannase on gallic acid (GA) bioaccessibility and auto‐oxidative browning of mango juice was investigated. After 2 h of simulated gastric digestion, the concentration of bioaccessible GA increased (P &lt; 0.05) 94.3 ± 7.0% in juice treated with 0.5 U mL−1 tannase while juice not treated with tannase had only a 6.3 ± 3.4% increase in GA. During 2–10 h of simulated intestinal digestion, tannase treated juice continued to have a higher concentration (P &lt; 0.05) of bioaccessible GA in comparison to juice that was not treated with tannase. The use of 167 U 100 mL−1 tannase while processing mango juice did not result in any differences (P &lt; 0.05) in browning measured at 420 nm, yet there was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) GA in mango juice post‐storage. Processing mango juice with tannase can help improve the bioaccessibility of mango polyphenols without hindering the quality of juice during storage.

Cellular antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibition of α-glucosidase, α-amylase and pancreatic lipase of oregano polyphenols under simulated gastrointestinal digestion

Different oregano species have been traditionally used as infusions in folk medicine. Oregano medicinal properties, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, have been partially attributed to its polyphenolic content. However, information regarding bioaccessibility of oregano polyphenols is limited. Cell-based antioxidant activity, and in vitro hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic properties of polyphenolic extracts from three species of oregano species, namely, Hedeoma patens (HP), Lippia graveolens (LG) and Lippia palmeri (LP), subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion were evaluated. LC-TOF-MS analysis of HP, LG and LP allowed the identification of 9 flavonoids and 6 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives with nutraceutical significance. Oregano polyphenolic extracts and digests from HP, LG, and LP exhibited cellular antioxidant capacity, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. Altogether, our results suggest that HP, LG and LP polyphenols exhibit potential for use as hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant agents.

Persimmon peel deastringency by CO2 and ethanol combination: Product quality and polyphenols bioavailability

Persimmons are popular worldwide owning to their unique flavor and nutritional value, while for the astringent cultivars, deastringency treatment is needed before processing. The current deastringency methods are limited to CO2 and ethanol. The aim of this work was to select optimal deastringency methods and assess the bioavailability of polyphenols in persimmon peels treated with 12 different combination of CO2 and ethanol. The level of soluble and insoluble tannins, total polyphenols bioaccessibility, antioxidant properties, color, and soluble solids were also determined. Results indicated that soluble tannin contents decreased with increasing ethanol concentration, and with an increase in carbon dioxide concentration, the insoluble tannins content increased. Application of 30% ethanol solution and 80% carbon dioxide for 24 hr has a best deastringency effect, while this treatment does not show good phenolics bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the combination of 30% ethanol solution with 70% CO2 fumigation for 24 hr at 10 °C is the best deastringency method. Practical applications This project invented a novel deastringency method by CO2 and ethanol combination, with a feature of applying to lower temperature. The aim of this work was to select optimal deastringency methods and assess the bioavailability of polyphenols in persimmon peels treated with 12 different combination of CO2 and ethanol.

Value-Added of Heat Moisture Treated Mixed Flours in Wheat-Based Matrices: a Functional and Nutritional Approach

The significance of heat moisture treatment (HMT) of non-wheat teff (T), chestnut (CN), and chickpea (CP) flours on dough viscoelastic and thermal parameters and on the structural and nutritional pattern of breads was investigated in untreated (−) and HMT (+) associated wheat-based (WT) matrices (WT:T:CN:CP, 66.20:7:7, wt. basis). Suitable trends for the enhancement of the physical characteristics of breads in terms of larger specific volume, higher viscoelastic and textural profiles, with lower and slower staling kinetics on aging were achieved by the pairs T-CN+, T-CP+, CN-CP+, and CN + CP+. In addition, a fine and uniformly sized cell structure with similar cell wall thickness was achieved in crumb samples. The pair T-CN+ enhanced extracted bioaccessible polyphenols, and the pair CN + CP+ synergistically promoted the antiradical activity in breads. Blended breads can be labeled as high-fiber breads (≥ 6 g DF/100 g food), and a recommended daily consumption of 250 g of bread fulfilled from 44% (men) to 67% (women) of dietary fiber requirements.

Bioaccessibility analysis of anthocyanins and ellagitannins from blackberry at simulated gastrointestinal and colonic levels

The total bioaccessibility of the main phenolic compounds from blackberry fruit using an in vitro gastrointestinal model with colonic fermentation was investigated. The incorporation of a dialysis membrane before starting the fermentation phase was included with the aim of providing more correct bioaccessibility estimations at colonic level. Phenolic compounds in the raw material and in digested samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The intestinal bioaccessibility was 1.8% for the principal anthocyanin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and less than 1% for the principal ellagitannins, lambertianin A and C. In contrast, this value was 14.9% for ellagic acid, due to its release from ellagitannin breakdown. The intestinal bioaccessibility of total polyphenols, calculated as the sum of indigenous phenolic compound contents, was 2.2%. After fermentation, only 1% of the indigenous individual polyphenols was potentially bioaccessible at colonic level. However, ellagic acid colonic bioaccessibility was around 10% due to the prevention of its further metabolization by dialysis process. Total bioaccessibility of the main blackberry polyphenols, calculated as the sum of intestinal and colonic bioaccessibility, was around 3.3%, indicating that gastrointestinal and colonic conditions affected the amount of the indigenous polyphenols and, consequently, their bioaccessibility as intact structures.

Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion, Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Capacity of Polyphenols from Red Chiltepin (Capsicum annuum L. Var. glabriusculum) Grown in Northwest Mexico.

Chiltepin, a wild chili mostly used in different traditional foods and traditional medicine in Northwest Mexico, represents a source of polyphenols. However, studies about the bioaccessibility of polyphenols as a parameter to measure the nutritional quality and bioefficacy of them in the fruit after consumption are scarce. Chiltepin showed phenolic acids and flavonoids contents between 387 and 65μg/g, respectively. Nevertheless, these values decreased after the digestion process. Before digestion, gallic acid, 4-hydroxibenzoinc acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin and luteolin were the main polyphenols found in chiltepin by HPLC-DAD and confirmed by FIA-ESI-IT-MS/MS. Gallic and chlorogenic acids were non-detected in the gastric phase, while only p-coumaric acid (5.35 ± 3.89μg/g), quercetin (5.91 ± 0.92μg/g) and luteolin (2.86 ± 0.62μg/g) were found in the intestinal phase. The bioaccessibility of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and total polyphenols after the intestinal phase was around 24, 17 and 23%, respectively. Overall, results indicated that release of polyphenols from chiltepin fruit might be affected by the food matrix and gastrointestinal conditions due to the low bioaccessibility values observed.

Effect of simulated digestion on the phenolic components of red grapes and their corresponding wines

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the simulated gastro-intestinal (GI) digestion on the phenolic profile and the antioxidant capacity (AC) of grapes and red wines. Mouth and stomach digestion increased the bioaccesibility of TP (total polyphenols) in grapes, while in wine these compounds were already bioaccessible. Intestinal digestion reduced the bioaccessible polyphenols of grapes and wines, mainly due to the alkaline pH of the digestive fluid. Only 16% and 52% of the initial TP in grapes and wine, respectively, were found after assay (dialysed plus nondialysed fractions). Moreover, 21% and 39% of grape and wine AC, respectively, was conserved. In spite of the significant loss of polyphenols during digestion, both grapes and red wine still retain AC. Anthocyanins were less affected by human GI tract. Therefore, they could be the most relevant compounds to explain the AC of both grapes and red wine after GI.

Effect of artichoke fermentation by probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei LMG P-22043 and of digestion process on polyphenols and antioxidant activity

This investigation shows the influence of the fermentation process started with the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei LMG P-22043 (PF) on the fate of health promoting polyphenols in artichoke in comparison with not started fermented artichokes (NSF). The fermentation process did not influence significantly the polyphenol compositions. However, low variations mainly related to the isomerization process of dicaffeoylquinic acids, probably due to the different pH values of the two samples, were observed. Further, the total polyphenol bioaccessibility of PF artichoke was lower (34%) than of NSF artichoke (64%) in small intestine. Moreover, both polyphenol isomerization and bioaccessibility influenced the antioxidant activity that was significantly lower for PF artichoke than for NSF ones. These effects were probably related to the bioprotective process exerted by the probiotic strain on the food matrix, with the consequent limited release of polyphenols in the digestion liquids, making them available for further metabolism and absorption in the colon.

In vitro digestion with bile acids enhances the bioaccessibility of kale polyphenols.

Kale (Brassica oleracea) is a leafy green vegetable belonging to the Brassicaceae family, and kale leaves have large amounts of dietary fiber and polyphenolics. Dietary fiber can bind bile acids, thus potentially decreasing cholesterol levels; however, whether the polyphenols from kale contribute to in vitro bile acid binding capacity remains unclear. In the present study, kale was extracted with hexane, acetone, and MeOH : water and the dried extracts, as well as the fiber-rich residue, were tested for their bile acid binding capacity. The fiber-rich residue bound total bile acids in amounts equivalent to that bound by raw kale. The lyophilized acetone extract bound significantly more glycochenodeoxycholate and glycodeoxycholate and less of other bile acids. To test whether bile acid binding enhanced the bioaccessibility of polyphenolic compounds from kale, we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry to identify chemical constituents and measure their bioaccessibility in an in vitro digestion reaction. This identified 36 phenolic compounds in kale, including 18 kaempferol derivatives, 13 quercetin derivatives, 4 sinapoyl derivatives, and one caffeoylquinic acid. The bioaccessibility of these phenolics was significantly higher (69.4%) in digestions with bile acids. Moreover, bile acids enhanced the bioaccessibility of quercetin by 25 times: only 2.7% of quercetin derivatives were bioaccessible in the digestion without bile acids, but with bile acids, their accessibility increased to 69.5%. Bile acids increased the bioaccessibility of kaempferol from 37.7% to 69.2%. The extractability and biostability of total phenolics in the digested residue increased 1.8 fold in the digestions with bile acids. These results demonstrated the potential use of kale to improve human health.

Potential bioaccessibility and functionality of polyphenols and cynaropicrin from breads enriched with artichoke stem

In this study, an artichoke stem powder (ASP) was used at three concentrations (3%, 6% and 9%) in the formulation of new breads. The bioaccessibility of polyphenols and cynaropicrin from the ASP-enriched breads was evaluated in vitro by using a digestion model combined to high resolution mass spectrometry analysis. The overall total antioxidant capacity of the bioaccessible and unsolubilized fractions obtained during the intestinal steps and the potential ability to modulate α-glucosidase activity were tested. Data showed that 82% of totally bioaccessible polyphenols and 74% of cynaropicrin were released during the duodenal digestion whereas 88% of caffeic acid was released in the colon step. The antioxidant capacity and the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the duodenal extract correlated with the amount of ASP in the bread. Data demonstrated that ASP might be a valuable functional ingredient to create a reducing environment in the intestine and to partially modulate glucose metabolism.

Effect of in vitro‐simulated gastrointestinal digestion on the stability and antioxidant activity of blueberry polyphenols and their cellular antioxidant activity towards HepG2 cells

SummaryIn this study we investigated the influence of in vitro‐simulated gastrointestinal digestion on the bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of polyphenols from blueberries (Vaccinium spp.). Total phenolic, anthocyanin, and flavonoid content was determined, and extract and digesta compositions were analysed by HPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS. The phenolic compounds were relatively stable under a gastric environment, whereas polyphenols and anthocyanins were unstable under an intestinal environment. The bioaccessibility of polyphenol, anthocyanin, and flavonoid was greatly decreased after the intestinal digestion, and the recoveries were only 13.93%, 1.95%, and 15.68% (the IN sample), respectively. Polyphenolic profile alteration occurred during in vitro‐simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Changes of phenolic compound antioxidant activity during digestion correlated with polyphenol, flavonoid, and caffeic acid concentrations. Digested extract cellular antioxidant activity was lower than non‐digested extract activity (P &lt; 0.05). Polyphenol dose–response correlations with cellular antioxidant activity were observed. These results indicated that in vitro‐simulated gastrointestinal digestion significantly impact polyphenols and their antioxidant activity.

Impact of in-vitro gastro-pancreatic digestion on polyphenols and cinnamaldehyde bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity in stirred cinnamon-fortified yogurt

In this study, cinnamon powder was supplemented into yogurt as a functional ingredient. The total phenolic compounds, individual phytochemicals and radical scavenging activity of the yogurts were measured and compared with a cinnamon water extract treated in the same way as the fortified yogurt. Cinnamon-fortified yogurt displayed higher total phenolic content (P < 0.05) and higher radical scavenging activity (P < 0.05) compared to plain yogurt. Phenolic acids, flavonols and cinnamaldehyde were identified in the cinnamon-fortified yogurt. Results showed that only the 34.7% of the total phenolic compounds present in the cinnamon water extract were found in the cinnamon-fortified yogurt, the remaining being bound to milk proteins. A low recovery was also found for the individual phytochemicals. However, in-vitro digestion of the cinnamon-fortified yogurt resulted in the release of phenolic compounds from milk proteins so that at the end of the digestion the amount of phenolic compounds recovered in the cinnamon-fortified yogurt was higher than that found in the digested cinnamon water extract (P < 0.05). These results clearly showed that yogurt matrix enhance the gastro-intestinal stability and the bioaccessibility of cinnamon polyphenols. Cinnamon-fortified yogurt can be considered an important source of dietary bioaccessible polyphenols.

Anchovy mince (Engraulis ringens) enriched with polyphenol-rich grape pomace dietary fibre: In vitro polyphenols bioaccessibility, antioxidant and physico-chemical properties

The aim of this study was to evaluate technological and antioxidant properties, including in vitro bioaccessibility of polyphenols, conferred on raw anchovy mince by the addition of polyphenol-rich grape pomace dietary fibre at different concentrations. For this purpose, headed and gutted anchovy was heat-flayed, deboned and mixed with 0%, 2%, 3%, 4% grape pomace dietary fibre. A significant increase (P<0.05) in the concentration of polyphenols and associated antioxidant capacity was detected when grape pomace dietary fibre was incorporated in a proportion of at least 2% of the final mixture. In vitro digestion showed that the higher the grape pomace dietary fibre content, the higher was the proportion of polyphenols reaching the large intestine. Additionally, it was observed that the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay seems to be more suitable for evaluating antioxidant capacity in this kind of samples than FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) assay.Technological properties such as mechanical and water holding, as well as sensory scores, indicated excellent qualities and acceptability of all samples. Hence, given the good acceptance of these samples, it should be feasible to make fish products based on mince anchovy as a means of increasing dietary intake of polyphenols with antioxidant capacity, especially considering the high concentration of polyphenols bioaccessible in the large intestine.

Effect of ultrasound on microbiological load and antioxidant properties of blackberry juice

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound (60 and 80% amplitude, 15 and 25 min) of blackberry juice on physicochemical (pH and total soluble solids), microbiological analysis (total plate count and Enterobacteria), and in vitro intestinal bioaccessibility of polyphenols and antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH). Ultrasound treatment caused a decrease of microbial count of blackberry juice and remained its physicochemical properties without change. The blackberry juice had a high antioxidant activity, however, after of the in vitro digestion process only 28% of total polyphenols were considered as intestinally bioaccessible, with the contribution of 30 to 60% of antioxidant activity in the bioaccesible fraction. The treatment at 80% amplitude for 15 min was the better treatment due it had an increase of bioaccessibility of polyphenols and antioxidant activity measured by ABTS. Our results showed that ultrasound treatment can preserve the blackberry juice without impairing to its antioxidant characteristics. Practical applications Blackberries are mostly consumed fresh but are also commercialized as individually quick frozen packs, bulk, frozen, seedless or seeded puree, freeze-dried, juice, or concentrate. During fruit juices processing, thermal treatment and other conditions such as oxidation, light exposure, sugar addition, changes in pH, and temperature readily reduce the content of antioxidant compounds and its nutritional properties. Ultrasound is a non-thermal processing technology with potential to replace the traditional thermal pasteurization, achieve microbial safety in fruit juices and remained its antioxidant properties of the blackberry juice.

Simulated gastrointestinal digestion and in vitro colonic fermentation of date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed polyphenols

SummaryDate seeds are a by‐product of date fruit industry and a rich source of polyphenols. In this study, in vitro bioaccessibility and colonic fermentation of major polyphenols from date seed powder (DSP) and DSP‐fortified yoghurt (DSPY) were investigated using HPLC. Catechin, epicatechin and procyanidin A2, B1 and B2 were stable during simulated gastric and sequential intestinal digestion. Bioaccessibility was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher for all compounds from DSPY compared with DSP. After in vitro colonic fermentation of insoluble digestion materials, most of the target compounds were metabolised by faecal bacteria to ferulic acid, 3‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3‐phenylpropionic acid and 3‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid. DSPY contained significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher level of free polyphenols as indicated by higher bioaccessibility; however, the stability of the polyphenols and their fermentation products from DSPY were similar to that of DSP alone. These data would be useful in product developments incorporating DSP as a source of polyphenols in food products.

The matrix of fruit & vegetables modulates the gastrointestinal bioaccessibility of polyphenols and their impact on dietary protein digestibility

Fruit and vegetables (F&V) polyphenols have numerous positive health effects, ascribed either to their antioxidant activity within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) or to bioactivity of their absorbed metabolites. The effect of the F&V matrix on the gastrointestinal bioaccessibility of polyphenols was investigated along with its possible interaction with protein digestion. Minipigs were fed a complete meal with either cubed F&V (apple, plum, artichoke) added, or the corresponding phenolic extract (PE). Gastric and ileal chymes were kinetically collected over the postprandial period. The overall polyphenol bioaccessibility in the stomach was found to be 1.5% and 3.1% after F&V and PE consumption, respectively. The lower release rate from artichoke than from apple showed evidence of a plant effect. Flavanol monomers and glucoside conjugates were not recovered in the ileum in agreement with their absorption in the upper GIT. Interestingly, PE, but not F&V, significantly decreased the speed and efficiency of dietary protein digestion.