Bioaccessibility Properties Research Articles

Elicitation of nutritional, antioxidant, and antidiabetic potential of barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz) sprouts and microgreens through in vitro bio-accessibility assessment

This study has redirected focus towards the untapped potential of millets, exploring their utilization as small-scale vegetables like sprouts and microgreens. This study assessed the metabolite profiles and therapeutic efficacy of barnyard millets as sprouts and microgreens for antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and bioaccessibility properties. Based on the study, sprouts contained 456.52 mg GE/g of starch and microgreens contained 470.04 mg GE/g of carbohydrates, whereas the gastric phase of microgreens showed 426.85 mg BSAE/g, 397.6 mg LE/g, 348.19 g RE/g, and 307.40 g AAE/g of proteins, amino acids, vitamin A and vitamin C respectively. Secondary metabolites were significantly concentrated in the microgreen stage which is responsible for their increased antioxidant and antidiabetic potential than sprouts. This study validated the therapeutic and nutritional value of millet sprouts and microgreens by demonstrating their significant nutritional composition.

Evaluating bioactivity and bioaccessibility properties of the propolis extract prepared with l-lactic acid: An alternative solvent to ethanol for propolis extraction

Ethanol readily solubilizes the active components of propolis. Due to certain disadvantages of ethanolic extracts, developing new non-ethanolic extraction methods is highly desirable. This study aimed to determine the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of propolis by using lactic acid extraction compared to ethanol. Various concentrations of ethanol and lactic acid were utilized to produce extracts, and an in vitro digestion procedure was applied to the extracts to compare the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds by using LC-MS/MS in extracts and HPLC-DAD in digested samples. The compounds detected in the lactic acid-based propolis solution had similar values to those in the ethanol solution at a propolis concentration of 10%. The propolis-lactic acid solution had a significantly higher antioxidant activity against DPPH radical than the one prepared with ethanol at the same concentration (p < 0.05). Chrysin and naringenin were found as the most abundant phenolic compounds in the initial samples during in vitro digestion experiments. Pinocembrin was the most bioaccessible component among the dialyzed IN fractions of ethanol and lactic acid-based solutions, whereas some compounds were not detected. The results suggest that lactic acid may be used as an alternative to ethanol for propolis extraction.

Multilayered electrospinning strategy for increasing the bioaccessibility of lycopene in gelatin-based sub-micron fiber structures

The main drawback of gelatin nano- and sub-micron fibers for delivery of lipophilic compounds such as lycopene is its quick dissolving in the oral phase. Herein, electrospinning is used to design a multilayer sandwich structure to enhance the bioaccessibility of lycopene in the target site, small intestine. For this purpose, the gelatin layers loaded with 0.05 and 0.075% (w/w) lycopene were sandwiched between the two layers of the hydrophobic electrospun proteins of zein. The rheological, physicochemical and bioaccessibility properties of the designed solutions and spun samples were comprehensively studied. The most favorable conditions for electrospinning of each layer were selected and judged by the morphological, fiber diameter distributions, production efficiency and particularly higher protection of lycopene. The encapsulation efficiencies of lycopene for the sandwich samples were measured between 83.97 and 90.51% which is in a highly acceptable level. The FTIR and DSC analyses confirmed the presence of lycopene, suggested its chemical or physicochemical interactions with protein. The improvement in the thermal resistance of encapsulated lycopene was also confirmed by DSC experiment. The release behavior of lycopene was evaluated by Kopcha, Peppas-Sahlin and Korsmeyer-Peppas models in the simulated digestive environments whereby a Fickian diffusion assisted with matrix erosion was observed. The fast and higher release of lycopene in the small intestine phase was also seen, so that the highest bioaccessibility reached to the 16.44% for the multilayered sample loaded with 0.075% (w/w) lycopene. These findings show a promising approach for designing safe delivery systems based on electrospun fibers with higher bioaccessibility for lipophilic compounds.

Cross-Linked Microencapsulation of CO2 Supercritical Extracted Oleoresins from Sea Buckthorn: Evidence of Targeted Functionality and Stability.

Oleoresin supercritical extracts from sea buckthorn were microencapsulated in whey proteins isolate and casein, in two states: native (N) and cross-linked mediated by transglutaminase (TG). The encapsulation efficiency showed values higher than 92% for total carotenoids and lycopene. Phytochemicals content was 352.90 ± 1.02 mg/g dry weight (DW) for total carotenoids in TG and 302.98 ± 2.30 mg/g DW in N, with antioxidant activity of 703.13 ± 23.60 mMol Trolox/g DW and 608.74 ± 7.12 mMol Trolox/g DW, respectively. Both powders had an inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase, of about 40% for N and 35% for TG. The presence of spherosomes was highlighted, with sizes ranging between 15.23–73.41 µm and an agglutination tendency in N, and lower sizes, up to 35 µm in TG. The in vitro digestibility revealed a prolonged release in an intestinal environment, up to 65% for TG. Moisture sorption isotherms were studied at 20 °C and the shape of curves corresponds to sigmoidal type II model. The presence of cross-linked mediated aggregates in TG powders improved stability and flowability. Our results can be used as evidence that cross-linked aggregates mediated by transglutaminase applied for microencapsulation of oleoresins have the potential to become new delivery systems, for carotenoids and lycopene, being valuable in terms of their attractive color and biological and bioaccessibility properties.

Evaluating Bioactivity and Bioaccessibility Properties of Turkish Propolis Extracts Prepared with Various Solvents

Propolis is rich in polyphenols with a large number of biological activities. Many researchers currently focusing on propolis attributing to its broad spectrum of biological activities and thus considered as a functional food. In vitro propolis digestibility is an important factor on evaluation of biological activity. This study was designed to assess bioaccessibility alterations of water, ethanol, and monopropylene glycol extracts of Turkish propolis by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The total content of polyphenols was investigated by Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric method. Antioxidant activities of extracts was estimated by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Significant decreases were found in the total phenolic and antioxidant capacities in the digested fractions when compared to the undigested extracts. Approximately 87 and 91% losses were determined in the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of propolis extracts after in vitro post gastric digestion, respectively.

Bioactive and bioaccessibility characteristics of honeybee pollens collected from different regions of Turkey

Pollens used by honey bees as a primary protein source has been attracted attention due to their positive health effects. The geographical and botanical origin of honeybee pollens affect their nutritional value as well as bioactive and bioaccessibility properties. This study investigated the bioactive and bioaccessibility properties (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity) of some honeybee pollens collected from different seaside regions of Turkey. Results indicated that total phenolic content, total flavonoid and total antioxidant (DPPH and CUPRAC) were between 3.9 and 9.2 mg GAE/g, 1.2–1.9 mg CAE/g sample, 1.7–17.6 mg TEAC/g and 0.68–3.04 mg TEAC/g, respectively. As for the bioaccessible fraction (IN) of collected pollens was 0.24–0.37 mg GAE/g for total phenolic, 0.01–0.08 TEAC/g for total flavonoid, 0.01–0.38 mg TEAC/g for DPPH and 0.01–0.4 mg TEAC/g for CUPRAC. Maximum recovery (%) was obtained for the sample collected from Canakkale city of Turkey for total phenolics (7.3%), total flavonoids (5.9%) and DPPH (6.6%). The results of the present study showed that bee pollen can be used as a resource of bioactive compounds in the daily diet due to the bioaccessibility properties and be added to formulation of the different food products to improve functionality.

Influence of methylcellulose on attributes of β-carotene fortified starch-based filled hydrogels: Optical, rheological, structural, digestibility, and bioaccessibility properties

There is considerable interest in controlling the gastrointestinal fate of nutraceuticals to improve their efficacy. In this study, the influence of methylcellulose (an indigestible polysaccharide) on lipid digestion and β-carotene bioaccessibility was determined. The carotenoids were encapsulated within lipid droplets that were then loaded into rice starch hydrogels containing different methylcellulose levels. Incorporation of 0 to 0.2% of methylcellulose had little impact on the dynamic shear rheology of the starch hydrogels, which may be important for formulating functional foods with desirable textural attributes. The microstructure, lipid digestion, and β-carotene bioaccessibility of the filled hydrogels were measured as the samples were passed through simulated oral, gastric, and small intestinal phases. The lipid digestion rate and carotenoid bioaccessibility decreased with increasing methylcellulose. This effect was attributed to the ability of the methylcellulose to inhibit molecular diffusion, promote droplet flocculation, or bind gastrointestinal components thereby inhibiting triacylglycerol hydrolysis at the lipid droplet surfaces. This information may be useful for rationally designing functional foods with improved nutritional benefits.