Biofixation Of Carbon Dioxide Research Articles

Reduction and biofixation of carbon dioxide in palm oil mill effluent using developed microbial granules containing photosynthetic pigments

The developed microbial granules containing photosynthetic pigments had successfully achieved approximately 18–21% of carbon dioxide (CO2) removal in POME for one complete SBR cycle. Also, the granules had reached CO2 removal at 15–29% within 24h and removal of 25% after 5 days. Both results were inconsistent possibly due to the slow mass transfer rate of CO2 from gas to liquid as well as the simultaneous effect of CO2 production and respiration among the microbes. Furthermore, results showed the removal of CO2 from air increases proportionally with the CO2 removed in liquid. The CO2 biofixation of granules attained was approximately 0.23g/L/day for a week. Using the regression model, the removal of CO2 between liquid and gas, CO2 biofixation rate were highly correlated with the treatment time. A statistically significant relationship was obtained between CO2 concentration in liquid, biomass productivity and treatment time for the CO2 biofixation rate of the granules.

Characteristics of light regime on biofixation of carbon dioxide and growth of Scenedesmus obliquus with light-emitting diodes

Light regime is one of the key factors affecting the growth and carbon dioxide fixation rate of microalgae. The results of this study demonstrated that light intensity, light duration, and light quality are significant factors to control the biomass growth and carbon dioxide fixation of Scenedesmus obliquus. The optimal light intensity for S. obliquus obtained in this study is 13 000 Lux. The maximum biomass concentration and carbon dioxide fixation rate during different light cycles were 0.992 g · l−1 and 0.326 g · L−1 · d−1 obtained under continuous illumination, respectively. The white light, resulting in higher biomass concentration than the other light, indicated that sunlight is a promising light source for the culture of microalgae. This study will provide valuable information of light regime for the cultivation of microalgae in photobioreactors.

Carbon dioxide utilisation of Dunaliella tertiolecta for carbon bio-mitigation in a semicontinuous photobioreactor

Bio-fixation of carbon dioxide (CO2) by microalgae has been recognised as an attractive approach to offset anthropogenic emissions. Biological carbon mitigation is the process whereby autotrophic organisms, such as microalgae, convert CO2 into organic carbon and O2 through photosynthesis; this process through respiration produces biomass. In this study Dunaliella tertiolecta was cultivated in a semicontinuous culture to investigate the carbon mitigation rate of the system. The algae were produced in 1.2-L Roux bottles with a working volume of 1 L while semicontinuous production commenced on day 4 of cultivation when the carbon mitigation rate was found to be at a maximum for D. tertiolecta. The reduction in CO2 between input and output gases was monitored to predict carbon fixation rates while biomass production and microalgal carbon content are used to calculate the actual carbon mitigation potential of D. tertiolecta. A renewal rate of 45 % of flask volume was utilised to maintain the culture in exponential growth with an average daily productivity of 0.07 g L(-1) day(-1). The results showed that 0.74 g L(-1) of biomass could be achieved after 7 days of semicontinuous production while a total carbon mitigation of 0.37 g L(-1) was achieved. This represented an increase of 0.18 g L(-1) in carbon mitigation rate compared to batch production of D. tertiolecta over the same cultivation period.

Technology Focus: CO2 Applications (July 2013)

Technology Focus Research-and-development modeling has shown that CO2 can diffuse a small distance into the thick shale caprocks above brine aquifers used for sequestration and cause migration of siderite (iron carbonate), magnesite (magnesium carbonate), calcite, and other precipitates back into the target zone, which is what is wanted for mineral sequestration of CO2. I bring this up because, eventually, the industry may want to enhance the oil recovery from fractured shale oil (e.g., Bakken, Niobrara, and Monterey). A keynote speaker at the 2013 SPE Unconventional Reservoir Conference in The Woodlands, Texas, suggested that the industry may eventually want to improve recovery of the Bakken by waterflooding. CO2 might also be an enhanced-oil-recovery direction for shale oil and effect a dual benefit of storage of CO2. Shale (and other mudstones) has significantly more mineral components with iron and other metals (e.g., clays and pyrite) than do typical clastic and carbonate oil reservoirs. As a result, the geochemical reactions and adsorption will be more complex than the typical CO2 floods have shown over the last 30-plus years. A university laboratory effort was published in this focus area in 2011 and also in the SPE Journal on using organic-rich shale for CO2 storage. Today, reservoir simulators are robust and give the user great comfort in predicting how recovery performance will be affected by CO2 injection and, to a limited degree, geomechanical alterations. However, the industry currently has no functional true 3D reactive transport simulator that can help engineers efficiently model the CO2 flooding in shale where geochemical reactions and thermodynamic phase transitions take place simultaneously. Reservoirs that have rock assemblages consisting of a few mineral components have been modeled to a limited degree but are difficult to simulate beyond a teaching/research-and-development level. Very few truly reactive transport reservoir simulators exist. The few reactive reservoir simulators that are available are fairly good at 1D, possibly 2D, models but fail as a fast robust general engineering tool when large mineral assemblages with large orders-of-magnitude differences in kinetic reaction rates are to be modeled in three dimensions. A fast reactive transport simulator tool will need to be in place for engineering purposes for CO2 storage, as well as for EOR engineering studies, in shale. As an additional side note, the 2014 US president’s budget submitted to the US Congress has cut the carbon-storage program by approximately 47% but has increased the carbon-capture research side of the program (by approximately 43%), which is the economic bottleneck of the carbon capture, utilization, and storage process, especially for power plants. Whether the US Congress will go along with this is yet to be determined because there is some opposition, especially from congress members from coal states. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 157136 Evaluating a Depleted Oil and Gas Field in the East Coast of Trinidad for Disposal of Carbon Dioxide by D.J. Jaggernauth, Petrotrin SPE 156983 Enhanced CO2 Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers by Nanoparticles: Numerical-Simulation Results by Harpreet Singh, The University of Texas at Austin, et al. SPE 157396 Sustainable Production of Biochemicals and Biofuels Based on Biofixation of Carbon Dioxide by Microalgae by W.A.P. van den Bos, TNO, et al.

Biofixation of Carbon dioxide by Chlamydomonas sp. in a Tubular Photobioreactor

The biogas production from anaerobic digestion is a potential fuel for power generators application, if biogas can be upgraded to the same standards as fossil natural gas by CO2, H2S, and other non-combustible component removal. Microalgae Chlamydomonas sp. has potency to biofix the carbon dioxide and can be used as an additional food ingredient. The variations of flow rate and carbon dioxide concentration in the process resulting different value of biomass production and carbon dioxide biofixation. Biomass production at 40% carbon dioxide concentration obtained 5.685 gr/dm3 at 10% carbon dioxide concentration obtained 4.892 gr/dm3. The greatest value of carbon dioxide absorption occurs at a 40% concentration amounting to 12.09%. The rate of growth and productivity of microalgae tend to rise in 10% and 20% (%v) carbon dioxide concentration, but began started a constant at 30% and 40% (%v) carbon dioxide concentration. Biomass production tends to increase in light conditions while a constant in dark conditions. This study used Chlamydomonas sp. as media culture and performed on bubble column and tubular reactor with 6 litres of culture medium at a temperature of 28oC and atmospheric pressure.

Carbon dioxide fixation by microalgae cultivated in open bioreactors

The biofixation of carbon dioxide (CO 2) by microalgae has been proven to be an efficient and economical method, mainly due to the photosynthetic ability of these microorganisms to use this gas as a source of nutrients for their development. The aim of this work was to study the growth of Spirulina LEB18 and Chlorella kessleri microalgae, exposed to controlled and non-controlled conditions, with the injection of different concentrations of CO 2. The cultures was carried out in 6 L open raceway ponds, under controlled conditions at 30 °C and 39 μE m −2 s −1 and under non-controlled conditions, protected by a tunnel of transparent film. The experiments were subjected to CO 2 injections at concentrations of 0.038, 6, 12 and 18% (v/v). The highest concentration of biomass (4.95 g L −1) and maximum daily fixation (0.21 g g −1 d −1) were obtained for Spirulina LEB18 in culture that was prepared in non-controlled conditions with an injection of 6% (v/v) of CO 2. C. kessleri had maximum ( p < 0.0008) specific growth rate (0.84 d −1) when grown with 18% (v/v) of CO 2 in non-controlled conditions of cultivation.

Effect of cultivation mode on microalgal growth and CO 2 fixation

The biofixation of carbon dioxide (CO 2) by marine microalgae cultivation has been regarded as one of the potential to diminish the greenhouse effect and produce the biomass. To compare and select the high efficiency cultivation mode, the effect of two different cultivation modes on the performances of growth and CO 2 biofixation from air for energy marine microalgae Chlorella sp. was determined in this work. In one mode the microalga was cultivated using static (open) method and in the other mode it was cultivated using aerated (closed) method. It was found that, under the experimental conditions, the specific growth rate and CO 2 fixation rate of the aerated (closed) cultivation were 0.5121 (d −1) and 1.3784 g CO 2/l d, and are 1.78 and 5.39 times that of the static (open) cultivation, respectively. In addition, the effects of pH value and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of the culture medium were analyzed and compared in two cultivation modes. The result indicates the aerated (closed) mode can effectively enhance the performance on microalgal growth and CO 2 biofixation.

Biodiesel from oilgae, biofixation of carbon dioxide by microalgae: A solution to pollution problems

Algae containing 30–75% of lipid by dry basis can be called oilgae. All microalgae species produce lipid however some species can contain up to 70% of their dry weight. Microalgae appear to be the only source of renewable biodiesel that is capable of meeting the global demand for transport fuels. Biodiesel production by using oilgae is an alternative process in contrast to other procedures not only being degradable and non-toxic but also as a solution to global warming via reducing emission gases. Algae-based technologies could provide a key tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power plants and other carbon intensive industrial processes. Because algae are rich in oil and can grow in a wide range of conditions, many companies are betting that it can create fuels or other chemicals cheaper than existing feedstocks. The aim of microalgae biofixation of CO 2 is to operate large-scale systems that are able to convert a significant fraction of the CO 2 outputs from a power plant into biofuels.

Isolation and selection of microalgae from coal fired thermoelectric power plant for biofixation of carbon dioxide

Abstract Global warming is thought to be caused mainly by the emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), with thermoelectric power plants being responsible for about 7% of global CO 2 emissions. Microalgae can reduce CO 2 emissions from thermoelectric power plants, but for this use, they must be resistant to the mixture of gases produced by the power plants. We isolated the microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella kessleri from the waste treatment ponds of the Presidente Medici coal fired thermoelectric power plant in the Southernmost Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul and investigated their growth characteristics when exposed to different concentrations of CO 2 . When cultivated with 6% and 12% CO 2 , C. kessleri showed a high maximum specific growth rate ( μ max ) of 0.267/day, with a maximum biomass productivity ( P max ) of 0.087 g/L/day at 6% CO 2 . For S. obliquus , the highest maximum dry weight biomass value was 1.14 g/L with 12% CO 2 . We also found that these two microalgae also grew well when the culture medium contained up to 18% CO 2 , indicating that they have potential for biofixation of CO 2 in thermoelectric power plants.

Biofixation of carbon dioxide by Spirulina sp. and Scenedesmus obliquus cultivated in a three-stage serial tubular photobioreactor

The increase in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide is considered to be one of the main causes of global warming. As estimated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) criteria, about 10-15% of the gases emitted from the combustion coal being in the form of carbon dioxide. Microalgae and cyanobacteria can contribute to the reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide by using this gas as carbon source. We cultivated the Scenedesmus obliquus and Spirulina sp. at 30 degrees C in a temperature-controlled three-stage serial tubular photobioreactor and determined the resistance of these organisms to limitation and excess of carbon dioxide and the capacity of the system to fix this greenhouse gas. After 5 days of cultivation under conditions of carbon limitation both organisms showed cell death. Spirulina sp. presenting better results for all parameters than S. obliquus. For Spirulina sp. the maximum specific growth rate and maximum productivity was 0.44 d(-1), 0.22 g L(-1)d(-1), both with 6% (v/v) carbon dioxide and maximum cellular concentration was 3.50 g L(-1) with 12% (v/v) carbon dioxide. Maximum daily carbon dioxide biofixation was 53.29% for 6% (v/v) carbon dioxide and 45.61% for 12% carbon dioxide to Spirulina sp. corresponding values for S. obliquus being 28.08% for 6% (v/v) carbon dioxide and 13.56% for 12% (v/v) carbon dioxide. The highest mean carbon dioxide fixation rates value was 37.9% to Spirulina sp. in the 6% carbon dioxide runs.

A batch study on the bio-fixation of carbon dioxide in the absorbed solution from a chemical wet scrubber by hot spring and marine algae

Carbon dioxide mass transfer is a key factor in cultivating micro-algae except for the light limitation of photosynthesis. It is a novel idea to enhance mass transfer with the cyclic procedure of absorbing CO 2 with a high performance alkaline abosorber such as a packed tower and regenerating the alkaline solution with algal photosynthesis. Hence, the algae with high affinity for alkaline condition must be purified. In this study, a hot spring alga (HSA) was purified from an alkaline hot spring (pH 9.3, 62 °C) in Taiwan and grows well over pH 11.5 and 50 °C. For performance of HSA, CO 2 removal efficiencies in the packed tower increase about 5-fold in a suitable growth condition compared to that without adding any potassium hydroxide. But ammonia solution was not a good choice for this system with regard to carbon dioxide removal efficiency because of its toxicity on HSA. In addition, HSA also exhibits a high growth rate under the controlled pHs from 7 to 11. Besides, a well mass balance of carbon and nitrogen made sure that less other byproducts formed in the procedure of carboxylation. For analysis of some metals in HSA, such as Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, related to the photosynthesis increased by a rising cultivated pH and revealed that those metals might be accumulated under alkaline conditions but the growth rate was still limited by the ratio of bicarbonate (useful carbon source) and carbonate. Meanwhile, Nannochlopsis oculta (NAO) was also tested under different additional carbon sources. The results revealed that solutions of sodium/potassium carbonate are better carbon sources than ammonia carbonate/bicarbonate for the growth of NAO. However, pH 9.6 of growth limitation based on sodium was lower than one of HSA. The integrated system is, therefore, more feasible to treat CO 2 in the flue gases using the algae with higher alkaline affinity such as HSA in small volume bioreactors.

Carbon Dioxide Mitigation using Thermophilic Cyanobacteria

Microalgal biofixation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in photobioreactors is a promising strategy for CO2 mitigation, addressing the increased concerns over greenhouse gases (GHG). Previous studies on the subject focused mainly on the use of mesophilic cyanobacteria, not on thermophilic cyanobacteria. The specific objective of this study was to characterise Chlorogleopsis sp. (or SC2), a thermophilic cyanobacterial species collected from the Yellowstone National Park, as a potential candidate species for microalgal CO2 biofixation. The results showed that: (1) the thermophilic SC2 grew very well at the elevated temperature of 50 °C and at an elevated CO2 level of 5% (v/v supplemented); (2) the species also exhibited high light adaptability, growing successfully both under high light intensity (246·1 μmol m−2 s−1) and low light intensity (36·9 μmol m−2 s−1); (3) the optimum light intensity for SC2 among three light intensities tested was 200 μmol m−2 s−1; and (4) the maximum carbon-assimilation rate achieved by SC2 was 20·45 mg [C] l−1 d−1, occurring at 200 μmol m−2 s−1 and at 5% CO2 level, and delivered at the low flow rate condition of 0·002 l [gas] l−1 [medium] min−1. Thus, SC2's high-temperature tolerance, high light adaptability, and reasonably high carbon-assimilation rate make SC2 a promising thermophilic cyanobacteria for use in a CO2-mitigating photobioreactor.

Some characteristics of microalgae isolated in Taiwan for biofixation of carbon dioxide

To contribute the biological mean of CO2 fixation, more than 200 microalgal isolates were screened from lakes, ponds, sediments, hog wastewater, paddy fields, hot springs, and seawater in Taiwan. Two unicellular microalgae, Chlorella sp. NTU-H15 and Chlorella sp. NTU-H25, were isolated from hog wastewater. In the laboratory, they were able to grow up even in aeration containing CO2 up to 40% and have growth rates of 0.21 to 0.22g dry wt l^(-1)d^(-1) at 2O% CO2. Both algae had the same growth rate in the range from 5 to 4O% CO2 and had a similar light response between 190 and 589 μmol m^(-2) s^(-1). Chlorella sp. NTU-H15 had a higher growth rate than Chlorella sp. NTU-H25 at pH 4.0 and (≥)35℃.Chlorella sp. NTU-H15 was able to tolerate high concentrations of CO2, high cell density, and a broad-range of temperature and pH Each liter of Chlorella sp. NTU-H15 produced 1.8g of dry cell. The maximum growth rate was 0.28g dry wt l^(-1)d^(-1), and the specific growth rate was 0.27 d^(-1)at l5% CO2. Each mg of chlorophyll produced 1.6mM O2 min^(-1) at 700μmol m^(-2)s^(-1) at 30℃ and 10 mM NaHCO3. While each liter of Chlorella sp. NTU-H25 produced 1.7g of dry cell, the maximum growth rate was 0.27g dry wt 1^(-1)d^(-1), and the specific growth rate was 0.27 d^(-1). Both isolates are suitable for dense cultivation to fix CO2 directly and to produce cell biomass.

CO 2 capture and disposal: The realism of large scale scenarios

Several options for the capture and disposal of carbon dioxide from combustion of fossil fuels in power plants have been proposed and proven technically feasible. So far, most feasibility studies have been limited to single or a few power plants. A need was felt to assess the feasibility of reducing e.g. Europe's carbon dioxide emissions by, say, 30% through capture and disposal and/or utilisation. With background in available studies, the paper discusses the realism of disposal on a large scale in the ocean, in aquifer and in hydrocarbon reservoirs, as well as biofixation of carbon dioxide.