Biofabrication Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Biofabrication of nanoparticles: sources, synthesis, and biomedical applications.

Nanotechnology is an emerging applied science delivering crucial human interventions. Biogenic nanoparticles produced from natural sources have received attraction in recent times due to their positive attributes in both health and the environment. It is possible to produce nanoparticles using various microorganisms, plants, and marine sources. The bioreduction mechanism is generally employed for intra/extracellular synthesis of biogenic nanoparticles. Various biogenic sources have tremendous bioreduction potential, and capping agents impart stability. The obtained nanoparticles are typically characterized by conventional physical and chemical analysis techniques. Various process parameters, such as sources, ions, and temperature incubation periods, affect the production process. Unit operations such as filtration, purification, and drying play a role in the scale-up setup. Biogenic nanoparticles have extensive biomedical and healthcare applications. In this review, we summarized various sources, synthetic processes, and biomedical applications of metal nanoparticles produced by biogenic synthesis. We highlighted some of the patented inventions and their applications. The applications range from drug delivery to biosensing in various therapeutics and diagnostics. Although biogenic nanoparticles appear to be superior to their counterparts, the molecular mechanism degradation pathways, kinetics, and biodistribution are often missing in the published literature, and scientists should focus more on these aspects to move them from the bench side to clinics.

Isotropic Silver Nanoparticles from Cytobacillus kochii Strain SW6 Isolated from Bay of Bengal Sea Sediment Water and Their Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Catalytic Potential.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles provides numerous advantages over physical and chemical methods because of low toxicity, high yields, cost-effectiveness, environmentally benign, and energy efficiency. Therefore, we focused on the facile and green synthesis of isotropic silver nanoparticles using the metabolic extract ofCytobacillus kochii. During synthesis, the physicochemical parameters were optimized and validated using the response surface methodology statistical tool. The presence of potent bioactive compounds that aid in the biofabrication of nanoparticles was identified in the gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis and the synthesis was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance peak at 420nm. Characterization of nanoparticles was performed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and X-ray diffraction. The synthesized nanoparticles showed potent antioxidant properties and displayed an excellent catalytic reduction potential in the degradation of hazardous dyes, such as methylene blue, phenol red, and 4-nitrophenol. Furthermore, compared to the chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles and crude extract, the biogenic silver nanoparticles exhibited a broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential. Our results demonstrate that the reported silver nanoparticles with unique characteristics might be of great promise as biomedical and catalytic agents for industrial applications.

A Review on Green Synthesis and Applications of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles.

Bio-fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticles by using different sources of plants, plant parts and microbial cells have become a great topic of interest nowadays due to its eco-friendly nature. The stabilizing and capping agents in biological sources are biocompatible, stable and non-toxic which make its use beneficial for various biomedical applications. The bacteria are able to utilize metal ions and convert them into their respective nanoparticles by secreting different biomolecules. The plants and plant parts contain different types of phytochemicals which play a key role in synthesis and bio-fabrication of nanoparticles. Iron oxide nanoparticles are known to have various applications in the fields of medicine, environment etc. This review summarizes the applications of iron oxide nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent, drug delivery agent, material for removal of heavy metals and dyes from aqueous system etc. Due to these wide applications of iron oxide nanoparticles its demand in various fields is increasing considerably. This review describes different approaches which are used for biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles and their applications. The review also summarizes about the surface modification strategies of iron oxide nanoparticles by using different polymers, polyelectrolytes which can be used for in-vivo applications.

Macrophomina phaseolina: microbased biorefinery for gold nanoparticle production

Biofabrication of nanoparticles via the principles of green nanotechnology is a key issue addressed in nanobiotechnology research. There is a growing need for development of a synthesis method for producing biocompatible stable nanoparticles in order to avoid adverse effects in medical applications. We report the use of simple and rapid biosynthesis method for the preparation of gold nanoparticles using Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, a soil-borne pathogen. The effect of pH and temperature on the synthesis of gold nanoparticles by M. phaseolina was also assessed. Different techniques like UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and EDX were used to characterize the gold nanoparticles. The movement of these gold nanoparticles inside Escherichia coli (ATCC11103) along with effect on growth and viability was evaluated. The biogenic gold nanoparticle was synthesized at 37 °C temperature and neutral pH. UV-Visible Spectroscopy, TEM, EDX, and DLS measurements confirm the formation of 14 to 16 nm biogenic gold nanoparticles. FTIR substantiates the presence of protein capping on Macrophomina phaseolina-mediated gold nanoparticles. The non-toxicity of gold nanoparticles was confirmed by the growth and viability assay while the TEM images validated the entry of gold nanoparticles without disrupting the structural integrity of E. coli. Biogenic method for the synthesis of nanoparticles using fungi is novel, efficient, without toxic chemicals. These biogenic gold nanoparticles themselves are nontoxic to the microbial cells and offer a better substitute for drug delivery system.

Potential of bacterial culture media in biofabrication of metal nanoparticles and the therapeutic potential of the as-synthesized nanoparticles in conjunction with artemisinin against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.

In the recent past, various groups have proposed diverse biocompatible methods for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs). Besides culture biomass, culture supernatants (CS) are increasingly being explored for the synthesis of NPs; however, with the ever-increasing exploration of various CS in the biofabrication of NPs, it is equally important to explore the potential of various culture media (CMs) in the synthesis of metal NPs. Considering these aspects, in the present investigation, we explore the possible applicability of various CMs in the biofabrication of metal NPs. The synthesis of NPs was primarily followed by UV/VIS spectroscopy, and, thereafter, the NPs were characterized by various physiochemical techniques, including EM, EDX, FT_IR, X-ray diffraction, and DLS measurements, and finally, their anticancer potentialities were investigated against breast cancer. In addition, the NPs were examined in conjunction with artemisinin for therapeutic benefits against aggressive and highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Cumulatively, the results of the present study collated the potentials of various bacterial CMs in the biofabrication of metal NPs and ascertained the efficacy of the as-synthesized silver nanoparticles, especially the combinatorial entity as intriguing breast cancer therapeutics. The data of the presentstudy plausibly assist in advancing the therapeutic applicability of the combinatorial amalgam against aggressive and highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.

Biofabrication of gold nanoparticles by Shewanella species

BackgroundShewanella oneidensis MR-1 (MR-1) and Shewanella xiamenensis BC01 (SXM) are facultative anaerobic bacteria that exhibit outstanding performance in the dissimilatory reduction of metal ions. Shewanella species have been reported to produce metal nanoparticles, but the mechanism and optimization are still not extensively studied and clearly understood. Herein, the effects of pH, biomass, gold ion concentration, and photoinduction are evaluated to optimize gold nanoparticle (Au@NP) production by Shewanella.ResultsThe highest amount of Au@NPs produced by SXM and MR-1 were 108 and 62 ppm, respectively, at pH 5 when 2.4 g/L biomass was immersed in 300 ppm gold ions and 50 mM lactate under a light intensity of 100 µmol/m2/s. By scanning election microscopy and zeta potential analysis, the proposed mechanism of Au@NP formation was that Shewanella used lactate as electron donors for the Mtr pathway, stimulated by photosensitive proteins resulting in the nucleation of NPs on the cell membrane. Besides, the resting cells retained the ability for biofabrication of nanoparticles for nearly 25 days.ConclusionsThe optimal conditions evaluated for Au@NPs production by Shewanella were biomass, pH, ions concentration, and photoinduction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to explore a two-step mechanism for Au@NPs formation in Shewanella. First, the HAuCl4 solution reacted with sodium lactate to form metallic gold ions. Second, the metallic gold ions were adsorbed onto the outer membrane of cell, and the formation of Au@NPs at the surface was triggered. Shewanella-based Au@NPs production could be a potential ecofriendly solution for the recovery of Au ions from secondary resources like industrial waste.

Sustainable and Effectual Bio Fabrication of Gold Nanoparticles for Screening of Milk Adulteration

Sustainable and Effectual Bio Fabrication of Gold Nanoparticles for Screening of Milk Adulteration In the present scenario, the amelioration of bio fabrication of nanoparticles has been extensively studied to overcome the harmful effects of chemical synthesis. Gold nanoparticles have found eminence in food and pharmaceutical industries due to their unique physico-chemical properties as well as their inert nature. The present work focuses upon less-stringent, non toxic and eco-friendly biosynthesis of Gold nanoparticles by Aspergillus versicolor as a reducing agent. An efficient approach for fungal growth was discussed wherein the biomass was cultivated under non-limiting conditions, followed by addition of gold salt solution. Production of gold nanoparticles has been successfully achieved using Aspergillus versicolor and the change of biomass colour from colourless to maroon was achieved within 18 hours of incubation period. Cyclic Voltammetry studies were conducted to show to the reducing efficiency of the strain. UV-Vis Spectroscopy studies of blank Czapek Dox media revealed no characteristic peak near the 540 nm range indicating no extracellular synthesis (as per no change in media colour) and only intracellular Gold Nanoparticle formation. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of peaks which were ascribed to functional groups of NH2, O-H, C=O, C-N, N-H, C-Cl and C-Br. The XRD results revealed varied particle sizes of 29.22 nm, 18.9 nm, 20.43 nm, 16.04 nm, 15.26 nm Gold nanoparticles. SEM results depicted the irregular spherical shape and morphology of the intracellularly adhered gold nanoparticles. The role of pH was emphasized in the mechanistic aspects of nanoparticle formation. Further, the efficacy of the gold nanoparticles was evaluated to screen varied concentrations of melamine adulteration in milk samples. Melamine is a common adulterant in milk and milk products, especially in baby foods leading to several cases of renal failure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on screening of milk adulteration by biologically synthesized gold nanoparticles.