Bioelectric Potentials Research Articles

Evolution of Bioelectric Membrane Potentials: Implications in Cancer Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies.

Electrophysiology typically deals with the electrical properties of excitable cells like neurons and muscles. However, all other cells (non-excitable) also possess bioelectric membrane potentials for intracellular and extracellular communications. These membrane potentials are generated by different ions present in fluids available in and outside the cell, playing a vital role in communication and coordination between the cell and its organelles. Bioelectric membrane potential variations disturb cellular ionic homeostasis and are characteristic of many diseases, including cancers. A rapidly increasing interest has emerged in sorting out the electrophysiology of cancer cells. Compared to healthy cells, the distinct electrical properties exhibited by cancer cells offer a unique way of understanding cancer development, migration, and progression. Decoding the altered bioelectric signals influenced by fluctuating electric fields benefits understanding cancer more closely. While cancer research has predominantly focussed on genetic and molecular traits, the delicate area of electrophysiological characteristics has increasingly gained prominence. This review explores the historical exploration of electrophysiology in the context of cancer cells, shedding light on how alterations in bioelectric membrane potentials, mediated by ion channels and gap junctions, contribute to the pathophysiology of cancer.

MXene-coated piezoelectric poly-L-lactic acid membrane accelerates wound healing by biomimicking low-voltage electrical pulses

Electrical stimulation therapy is effective in promoting wound healing by rescuing the decreased endogenous electrical field, where self-powered and miniaturized devices such as nanogenerators become the emerging trends. While high-voltage and unidirectional electric field may pose thermal effect and damage to the skin, nanogenerators with lower voltages, pulsed or bidirectional currents, and less invasive electrodes are preferred. Herein, we construct a polydopamine (PDA)-modified poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) /MXene (PDMP/MXene) nanofibrous composite membrane that generates piezoelectric voltages matching the transepithelial potential (TEP) to accelerate wound healing. PDA coating not only enhances the piezoelectricity of PLLA by dipole attraction and alignment, but also increases its hydrophilicity and facilitates subsequent MXene adhesion for electrical conductivity and stability in physiological environment. When applied as wound dressings in mice, the PDMP/MXene membranes act as a nanogenerators with reduced internal resistances and satisfactory piezoelectric performances that resemble bioelectric potentials (~10 mV) responding to physical activities. The membrane significantly accelerates wound closure by facilitating fibroblast migration, collagen deposition and angiogenesis, and suppressing the expression of inflammatory responses. This piezoelectric fibrous membrane therefore provides a convenient solution for speeding up wound healing by sustained low voltage mimicking bioelectricity, better cell affinity.

Evaluation of selected tropical marine microalgal cultures for use in biophotovoltaic platforms

In this study, the bioelectrical power generation potential of four tropical marine microalgal strains native to Malaysia was investigated using BPV platforms. Chlorella UMACC 258 produced the highest power density (0.108 mW m−2), followed by Halamphora subtropica UMACC 370 (0.090 mW m−2), Synechococcus UMACC 371 (0.065 mW m−2) and Parachlorella UMACC 245 (0.017 mW m−2). The chlorophyll-a (chl-a) content was examined to have a linear positive relationship with the power density (p < 0.05). The photosynthetic performance of strains was studied using the pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometer; parameters measured include the following: maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm), alpha (α), maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax), photo-adaptive index (Ek) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The Fv/Fm values of all strains, except Synechococcus UMACC 371, ranged between 0.37 and 0.50 during exponential and stationary growth phases, suggesting their general health during those periods. The low Fv/Fm value of Synechococcus UMACC 371 was possibly caused by the presence of background fluorescence from phycobilisomes or phycobiliproteins. Electrochemical studies via cyclic voltammetry (CV) suggest the presence of electrochemically active proteins on the cellular surface of strains on the carbon anode of the BPV platform, while morphological studies via field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) imaging verify the biocompatibility of the biofilms on the carbon anode.Key points• Maximum power output of 0.108 mW m−2 is recorded by Chlorella UMACC 258• There is a positive correlation between chl-a content and power output• Proven biocompatibility between biofilms and carbon anode sans exogenous mediators

Evaluation of functional interaction masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscles affected by TMJ dysfunction.

Aim: To evaluate the functional connection and the bioelectrical state of the m.masseter and m. sternocleidomastoid using functional tests before and after treatment. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 21 individuals with temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Examinations were carried out before and after treatment using repositioning splint therapy and in seated/standing positions. Results: M. masseter - p=0.072 before treatment and p=0.821 after treatment. Symmetry is also maintained after treatment. After treatment, a significant difference is noted at the level of significance p<0.001 for the right chewing muscle. In seated and standing positions before treatment did not reveal a statistically significant difference (p=0.07, p=0.143) and after (p=0.272, p=0.623).M. sternocleidomastoid- p<0.001 when comparing right and left sides. After treatment, there was no difference between the right and left sides (p=0.169). No statistical difference was found when assessing indicators separately for the right and left muscles in seated and standing positions (p=0.304, p=0.611, p=0.089, p=0.869). When comparing the bioelectric potentials of the right muscle before, after treatment, a statistically significant difference was found p=0.001. Conclusions: Biostatistical analysis of the indicators of bioelectrical activity of m. masseter and sternocleidomastoid indicates no changes in muscle microvolt indicators with changes in body position in patients. However, repositioning splint therapy is associated with reduced muscle tone in initially more spasmodic muscles. It is worth noting that the symmetry of interaction between muscles improves.

Microbial electrochemical systems for bioelectricity generation: Current state and future directions

Increasing environmental pollution is a major concern, driven by fossil fuel consumption and growing energy demands. Energy production from various waste materials such as wastewater and sludge, could be proposed as a practical and appropriate solution to the energy crisis and waste disposal simultaneously. This approach not only addresses waste management but also generates different forms of bioenergy through biological treatment processes.Bioelectricity, a renewable and cost-effective energy source, is generated by electric potentials and currents that are produced or exist inside living microorganisms. In fact, bioelectricity is obtained from bioelectric potentials in various biological processes and through the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. Recently, the application of microbial electrochemical systems (MESs) has gained significant importance as a promising means of bioelectricity production. Various MESs leading to bioelectricity generation include microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and microbial desalination cells (MDCs).This paper explores the definitions of MESs, their detailed mechanisms, configurations, operational parameters, benefits and limitations, as well as the kinetics and thermodynamics associated with bioelectricity generation technologies. Additionally, it investigated the use of various types of artificial intelligence algorithms for modeling and optimizing biological processes for bioelectricity generation.

Single-facility study of the effectiveness of rehabilitation therapy using wearable hybrid assistive limb for patients with bleeding disorders: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

IntroductionHaemophilic arthropathy, a serious complication of haemophilia, results from recurrent joint bleeding, causing progressive joint damage and severely impacting patient quality of life. Rehabilitation therapy (RT) effectively addresses declining physical...

Physical stimuli-emitting scaffolds: The role of piezoelectricity in tissue regeneration.

The imbalance between life expectancy and quality of life is increasing due to the raising prevalence of chronic diseases. Musculoskeletal disorders and chronic wounds affect a growing percentage of people and demand more efficient tools for regenerative medicine. Scaffolds that can better mimic the natural physical stimuli that tissues receive under healthy conditions and during healing may significantly aid the regeneration process. Shape, mechanical properties, pore size and interconnectivity have already been demonstrated to be relevant scaffold features that can determine cell adhesion and differentiation. Much less attention has been paid to scaffolds that can deliver more dynamic physical stimuli, such as electrical signals. Recent developments in the precise measurement of electrical fields in vivo have revealed their key role in cell movement (galvanotaxis), growth, activation of secondary cascades, and differentiation to different lineages in a variety of tissues, not just neural. Piezoelectric scaffolds can mimic the natural bioelectric potentials and gradients in an autonomous way by generating the electric stimuli themselves when subjected to mechanical loads or, if the patient or the tissue lacks mobility, ultrasound irradiation. This review provides an analysis on endogenous bioelectrical signals, recent developments on piezoelectric scaffolds for bone, cartilage, tendon and nerve regeneration, and their main outcomes in vivo. Wound healing with piezoelectric dressings is addressed in the last section with relevant examples of performance in animal models. Results evidence that a fine adjustment of material composition and processing (electrospinning, corona poling, 3D printing, annealing) provides scaffolds that act as true emitters of electrical stimuli that activate endogenous signaling pathways for more efficient and long-term tissue repair.

PLANT MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS: THE CURRENT STATE AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS

Phyto-treatment engineering structures have recently found wide application in the biotechnology of wastewater treatment. Currently, it is important to study and use the possibility of bioelectric power generation, as well as develop energy-efficient hybrid technologies based on plant-microbial fuel cells. The purpose of the study is to summarize information on the ability of plant organisms to generate bioelectric potentials and to create plant-fuel cells as a component of an integrated phytotechnology for wastewater treatment in Eastern Siberia. The article shows applications of phytotechnologies for wastewater treatment using a system of algae, higher aquatic vegetation, microorganisms in different climatic zones, including the Arctic. These technologies have been implemented in China, where dozens of such facilities are annually built. The article describes the designs of plant-microbial fuel cells (PMFC), the electrogenic activity of s plants and microorganisms, promising areas for the use of microbial fuel cells, PMFC as power sources for small devices, sensors for early detection of water pollution. Design solutions for creating RMFC batteries for the neutralization of soils contaminated with antibiotics are presented.

Features of Application of the Optimized Physical Rehabilitation Program in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

Multisymptomatic coronary heart disease (CHD) remains a leading problem in cardiology. A person’s ability to perform physical work determines their quality of life, especially in patients with existing symptoms of damage to the cardiovascular system. The most advanced approach in the physical rehabilitation of patients with CHD is the use of ergometric testing indicators.&#x0D; The aim. To study the influence of the developed method of cycling training on the indicators of cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) in patients with CHD.&#x0D; Materials and methods. We examined 65 men with CHD, I-II functional class stable angina pectoris, mean age 44.6 ± 1.39 years (from 32 to 60 years). The diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical findings, electrocardiography and laboratory examination according to the generally accepted criteria of the European Society of Cardiology.&#x0D; Results. The treatment results were evaluated two weeks after the completion of the physical rehabilitation program. Qualitative assessment was performed by using the CPX test with the recording of cardiac bioelectric potentials from 12 leads. The criteria for discontinuation of the test were generally accepted provisions based on WHO recommendations.&#x0D; While developing a physical rehabilitation program and predicting the timing of a functional recovery, several factors have to be taken into account that significantly affect the patient’s motor activity and determine the pace and outcome of the rehabilitation process as a whole. Long-term, regular physical activity in patients with CHD with limited coronary reserve have an impact on the mechanisms of cardiac function regulation, synchronization and optimization of the activity of the muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Systematic training sessions reduce the volume of drug therapy and can improve the patients’ quality of life.&#x0D; Conclusions. The use of the proposed individualized uniform interval cycling training combined with the intake of citrulline malate leads to a significant improvement in the achieved load capacity, heart rate, duration of work, total volume of completed work, inotropic reserve index, optimization of coronary blood circulation and improvement of bioenergy metabolism in the myocardium.

DESIGNING OF A CUSTOM DEVICE FOR INVESTIGATING THE MASTICATORY AND TEMPORAL MUSCLES IN PATIENTS EXPERIENCING TMJ DYSFUNCTION

Relevance: At present, electromyography (EMG) serves as the standard method for diagnosing the condition of masticatory muscles. This technique enables the evaluation of bioelectric potentials, including bioelectric rest, average biopotential amplitude, the duration of chewing cycle and the number of chewing movements performed. In dental practice, EMG is conducted using electromyographs with electrodes attached to the skin using adhesive or electrically conductive gel. However, this installation process is often time-consuming, and the mobility of the sensors can compromise result reliability. Furthermore, when performing multiple EMG studies on a patient during different stages of treatment, there is no guarantee that the motor point will be consistently selected, leading to inaccurate data and comparisons. The aim is to develop and implement a personalized device design for performing EMG on masticatory muscles, ensuring consistent repetition of the study in clinical practice. Materials and methods: Through a comprehensive analysis of scientific literature, information sources were utilized to develop and manufacture an EMG device. Results: The technical outcome achieved includes a simplified methodology, improved sensor fixation, reduced EMG duration, and the ability to replicate the study consistently at various stages of a patient's treatment. Conclusion: The developed device and EMG methodology offer a simplified approach to obtaining accurate study results with reduced time requirements. Additionally, if repetition of the study is necessary, the obtained data would be representative.

Analysis and study of the bioelectric production potential of actinomycete and microbial isolates in industrial glass factory wastewater using a microbial fuel cell

A microbial fuel cell (MFC), a novel technology, is a biochemical catalyzer system that can convert the chemical energy of materials to bioelectric energy. This system can serve as a unique device for the treatment of wastewater. Based on this knowledge, we decided to study the bioenergy production ability of Actinomycete and microbial isolates in industrial glass factory wastewater as the decomposers of organic materials in this wastewater and the generation of Voltage and current in two batches and fed-batch conditions. At the most favorable condition maximum of 1.08 V (current 3.66 mA and power density 2.88 mW/m2), 81.2% chemical oxygen demand was obtained for a fed-batch system. Also, the outcomes of MFC’s essential parameters, for example, pH and TDS, were studied before and after the performance of MFC. The results showed a significant decrease after the operation of the MFC. To realize which Actinomycete were the most powerful bioelectric microorganism, the growth curve and electricity performance of three kinds of Actinomycete was selected. Results showed that the C2 would be more potent because its Voltage of 0.224 V and current of 1.187 mA possessed by it would result in an excellent power density of 141.42 mW/m2.

DEVELOPMENT OF A PERSONALIZED DEVICE FOR THE STUDY OF MASTICATORY AND TEMPORAL MUSCLES IN PATIENTS WITH THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION.

Relevance. Currently, the gold standard for diagnosing the condition of the masticatory muscles is electromyography (EMG).&#x0D; This method allows us to evaluate the bioelectric potentials of the muscles selected for diagnosis, bioelectric rest, the average amplitude of biopotentials, the time of one chewing cycle and the number of chewing movements performed.&#x0D; In dental practice, electromyographs are used, the electrodes of which are attached to the skin in various ways: with glue or an electrically conductive gel. Installation often takes a long time; due to the mobility of the sensors the reliability of the result is reduced. In addition, when conducting several studies of EMG in a patient at various stages of treatment, there is no certainty that the motor point will be selected in a similar place, which implies that the data obtained, and their comparison are inaccurate.&#x0D; The goal is to develop and apply in clinical practice the design of a personalized device for performing EMG of masticatory muscles with the possibility of representative repetition of the study.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The analysis of information sources of scientific literature made it possible to develop and produce a device for conducting EMG.&#x0D; Results. The technical result is simplification of the methodology, improved fixation of sensors and a reduction in the time of EMG, the ability to representatively repeat the study at various stages of a patient's treatment.&#x0D; Conclusion. The developed device and method of conducting EMG allows for a simplified way to obtain an accurate result of the study with a smaller amount of time spent. If it is necessary to repeat the study, the data obtained would be representative.

MICROPROCESSOR DEVICE FOR OBTAINING BIOELECTRIC INFORMATION

The purpose of the study is to develop a microprocessor device for receiving, displaying, recording the electrocardiogram and its further processing. Physical methods of biopotentials studying generated by human tissues and organs make it possible to obtain information about the state of physiological processes and reflect the functional state of the human body. Scientific studies of the cardiovascular system, which directly affects the average life expectancy are of particular importance today. There is still great interest in the methods of analysis of electrocardiograms in modern medical research aimed at solving diagnostic problems. The solution of this problem is implemented on the concept of a virtual device, which is possible due to the use of software environment LabVIEW which is widely used in industry and research laboratories as a standard tool for data collection and device management.&#x0D; The main aspects of development are considered, key nodes of the device are described and the radio element base is offered, the algorithm of operation of the device software is described. The module for recording bioelectric potentials (ECG) uses a specialized chip from Analog Devices AD8232. The chip is an interface module for monitoring heart rate with one leading and is designed to receive, amplify and filter weak biosignals in conditions of strong interference.&#x0D; The hardware basis of the device in this work is the hardware and software complex Arduino Nano based on the microcontroller ATmega168, which is used only for collecting input data, their conversion and transmission to a PC. The control of the device and the logic of its operation of the device is determined by VP LabVIEW. The hardware and software features of the device allow the processing of diagnostic information by the method of phasography, in which the standard cardiogram is replaced by a phase portrait of the cardio signal. This significantly expands the diagnostic capabilities, increases the sensitivity and specificity of ECG diagnostics. The developed experimental sample of the virtual single-channel cardiograph combines modern technologies of instrument making industry and software processing of the received diagnostic information and can be applied as a laboratory board in educational process of special disciplines mastering on the educational and professional program "Micro- and nanosystem engineering".

What makes the sinoatrial node tick? A question not for the faint of heart.

Even before the sinoatrial node (SAN) was discovered, cardiovascular science was engaged in an active investigation of when and why the heart would beat. After the electrochemical theory of bioelectric membrane potentials was formulated and the first action potentials were measured in contracting muscle cells, the field became divided: some investigators studied electrophysiology and ion channels, others studied muscle contraction. It later became known that changes in intracellular Ca2+ cause contraction. The pacemaking field was reunited by the coupled-clock theory of pacemaker cell function, which integrated intracellular Ca2+ cycling and transmembrane voltage into one rhythmogenic system. In this review, we will discuss recent discoveries that contextualize the coupled-clock system, first described in isolated SAN cells, into the complex world of SAN tissue: heterogeneous local Ca2+ releases, generated within SAN pacemaker cells and regulated by the other cell types within the SAN cytoarchitecture, variably co-localize and synchronize to give rise to relatively rhythmic impulses that emanate from the SAN to excite the heart. We will ultimately conceptualize the SAN as a brain-like structure, composed of intercommunicating meshworks of multiple types of pacemaker cells and interstitial cells, intertwined networks of nerves and glial cells and more. This article is part of the theme issue 'The heartbeat: its molecular basis and physiological mechanisms'.

THE EFFECT OF PYRIMIDINE AND CAVINTON DERIVATIVES ON THE CHANGE BIOELECTRIC POTENTIAL IN THE CONDITIONS OF FOCAL CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA OF THE RAT BRAIN

Acute disorders of cerebral hemodynamics lead to the development of socially and demographically significant diseases, as a result of which they are one of the main health problems requiring a rational pharmacological approach. In the pathogenesis of pathologies of cerebral circulation, in addition to a decrease in blood flow, an important role is played by a violation of the bioelectric activity of brain tissues, which is evidenced by changes in the frequency and amplitude of oscillations on the encephalogram. Pyrimidine derivatives have proven themselves as potential cerebroprotectors, as a result of which we considered them as means capable of correcting electroencephalogram disorders in ischemic brain tissues. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to study the effect of pyrimidine and cavinton derivatives on the change in bioelectric potential under conditions of focal central ischemia in rats. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 40 male rats of the Wistar line (m = 220–220 g). Focal cerebral ischemia of rats was reproduced by occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery. The animals were divided into 4 equal groups, all groups, except the first, were simulated pathology under chloral hydrate anesthesia (350 mg/kg). The first group – falsely operated rats, the second – individuals of negative control. The reference drug cavinton (3.2 mg/kg) and the pi-rimidine derivative PIR-10 (50 mg/kg) were administered to the third and fourth groups within 3 days after surgery. The electrical activity of the rat brain (delta-, theta-, alpha-, high-frequency beta-range in the frontal and parietal lobes of the left hemisphere) was evaluated after 3 days by electroencephalography (EEG) using the Neuron-Spectrum 1 encephalograph (Neurosoft, Russia). Statistical processing was carried out using the STATISTICA 8.0 application software package (StatSoft, Inc., USA). Results of the study. In the rats of the negative control group, there was a marked deterioration in bioelectric potential, which was noted in an increase in theta and delta rhythms and a decrease in alpha and high-frequency beta rhythms. The introduction of the compound PIR-10 to animals contributed to a decrease in delta rhythm by 39,8% (p &lt; 0,05) (FP1-A1) and 56,3% (p &lt; 0,05) (C3-A1), theta rhythm – by 23,9% (p &lt; 0,05) (FP1-A1) and 39,4% (p &lt; 0,05) (C3-A1), the amplitude of the alpha rhythm increased by 75,3% (p &lt; 0,05) (C3-A1), the high-frequency beta rhythm by 25,9% (p&lt;0,05) (FP1-A1) and 41,4% (p &lt; 0,05) (C3-A1). Findings. The experimental derivative of pyrimidine PIR-10, equally with cavinton, contributed to the restoration of bioelectric rhythm in the form of a decrease in the amplitude of delta and theta rhythms and an increase in the amplitude of alpha and high-frequency beta rhythms in the frontal and parietal regions of the left hemisphere of the rat brain.

Living Plants Ecosystem Sensing: A Quantum Bridge between Thermodynamics and Bioelectricity.

The in situ measurement of the bioelectric potential in xilematic and floematic superior plants reveals valuable insights into the biological activity of these organisms, including their responses to lunar and solar cycles and collective behaviour. This paper reports on the "Cyberforest Experiment" conducted in the open-air Paneveggio forest in Valle di Fiemme, Trento, Italy, where spruce (i.e., Picea abies) is cultivated. Our analysis of the bioelectric potentials reveals a strong correlation between higher-order complexity measurements and thermodynamic entropy and suggests that bioelectrical signals can reflect the metabolic activity of plants. Additionally, temporal correlations of bioelectric signals from different trees may be precisely synchronized or may lag behind. These correlations are further explored through the lens of quantum field theory, suggesting that the forest can be viewed as a collective array of in-phase elements whose correlation is naturally tuned depending on the environmental conditions. These results provide compelling evidence for the potential of living plant ecosystems as environmental sensors.

Development of New Generation Electrodes for Registration of Heart Bioelectric Potentials

When conducting electrophysiological studies, electrodes are used to register bioelectrical signals, the correct choice and use of which determine the reliability and diagnostic significance of the data obtained. Recording an electrocardiogram is a standard procedure in medicine, but its monitoring is often limited to 24 hours. This is due to the limited performance of the electrodes. The properties of the skin/electrode interface determine the performance of medical equipment. Therefore, the surface conditions and the composition of the material from which the electrode is made should comply with the requirements of the electrocardiogram recording device. It is important to implement fast transmission of a useful signal with low losses and without artifacts. Modern electrodes using Ag/AgCl have a limited-service life, since their dehydration and surface degradation lead to the formation of various artifacts on the electrocardiogram record. Alternative – dry flexible electrodes. Such electrodes can be based on carbon materials (reduced graphene oxide or a diamond-like coating) on a plastic (film) substrate. The emphasis of modern research is aimed at carrying out work on the development of dry electrodes, which would provide an opportunity to carry out high-quality long-term registration of electrocardiosignals without gels and adhesives.

3D-Printed conductive polymeric scaffolds with direct current electrical stimulation for enhanced bone regeneration.

Various methods have been used to treat bone defects caused by genetic disorders, injury, or disease. Yet, there is still great need to develop alternative approaches to repair damaged bone tissue. Bones naturally exhibit piezoelectric potential, or the ability to convert mechanical stresses into electrical impulses. This phenomenon has been utilized clinically to enhance bone regeneration in conjunction with electrical stimulation (ES) therapies; however, oftentimes with critical-sized bone defects, the bioelectric potential at the site of injury is compromised, resulting in less desirable outcomes. In the present study, the potential of a 3D-printed conductive polymer blend to enhance bone formation through restoration of the bioelectrical microenvironment was evaluated. A commercially available 3D printer was used to create circular, thin-film scaffolds consisting of either polylactide (PLA) or a conductive PLA (CPLA) composite. Preosteoblast cells were seeded onto the scaffolds and subjected to direct current ES via a purpose-built cell culture chamber. It was found that CPLA scaffolds had no adverse effects on cell viability, proliferation or differentiation when compared with control scaffolds. The addition of ES, however, resulted in a significant increase in the expression of osteocalcin, a protein indicative of osteoblast maturation, after 14 days of culture. Furthermore, xylenol orange staining also showed the presence of increased mineralized calcium nodules in cultures undergoing stimulation. This study demonstrates the potential for low-cost, conductive scaffolding materials to support cell viability and enhance in vitro mineralization in conjunction with ES.

Методика построения защищенных систем искусственного интеллекта для проведения электроретинографии в офтальмологии

Relevance. It is known that the method of electroretinography (hereinafter – ERG) in ophthalmology, which works on the key registration of changes in the bioelectric potential of the retina, uses the potential of exposure to light passing through the optical media of the eye. A similar method is conditionally applicable to the transmission of a light pulse over a fiber-optic cable, during which the correct transmission of information is carried out. If there is a violation or change in the electrical potential, there is every reason to believe that a person has any diseases. Purpose. To develop a technology for creating intellectual information security systems (IISS) is of a complex nature in which a quasi-biological paradigm is put in the first place, where the form of programming information processes, machine learning systems (MLS) and the construction of neural systems and ending with an AI architecture with built – in mechanisms for ensuring information security. Material and methods. In this article, a methodology for using a new artificial intelligence system (hereinafter referred to as AI) in a protected version for working with corrective devices for electroretinography in ophthalmology is compiled. Results. A set of methodological and scientific and technical solutions for the artificial intelligence system has been developed in order to ensure its «viability» and resistance to computer attacks aimed at violating the integrity. Conclusion. The article raises a key issue – the need to develop software architectural solutions for AI and adaptive neuro-fuzzy AI, which have «neurons» built into the software and hardware information protection systems with a universal set of commands for EG devices. Keywords: artificial intelligence, multi-agent system, electroretinography, neural network, integrity control, information security

Study of dielectric properties of bio-potential for precursory signature of seismic activities

Sudden changes occur in the environment due to atmospheric variations (seasonal variations, drought, rainfall, humidity, floods and seismic activities) is a matter of discussion. When the sensing was done by nature and human bodies like mammals, animals and trees adopt the abnormal phenomena in the respect of amplitude enhancement and change the behaviour. The seismogenic ULF emissions, plasma anomalies, ionospheric perturbations and bio-electric potential was affected in respected of surrounding environment and helps us in understanding the mechanism of natural hazards. The bio-potential of the internal medium lies in the scope of -90mV to 40 mV relative to the external medium. We used live sensor for observing the D.C. amplitude enhancement (~50 mV) which helps us in analyzing the precursory signature of seismic activities. We have observed the dielectric properties of live sensor (dielectric constant (ε) and dielectric loss (ε’), relaxation time (τ), impedance (Ω), frequency response (f) and conductivity (σ)) of deep rooted trees. These results have been reported here and trying to observed the change in deep rooted trees before-mid-after the commencement of seismic activity having the energy of the order of (M = 0.08 x 108 ergs/sec.) in the form of electromagnetic waves. Due to this effect the internal structure of tree has been changed and shows a strong resemblance between them. We have observed the basic changes in deep rooted trees in the form of change in bio-potential and the results were highlighted the response by analyzing the dielectric properties of the same trees and establishing a profound relation which help us in determining the precursory signature of earthquakes.