Development Of Bio-based Products Research Articles

Isolation and Characterization of Novel Cellulose Micro/Nanofibers from Lygeum spartum Through a Chemo-Mechanical Process

Recent studies have focused on the development of bio-based products from sustainable resources using green extraction approaches, especially nanocellulose, an emerging nanoparticle with impressive properties and multiple applications. Despite the various sources of cellulose nanofibers, the search for alternative resources that replace wood, such as Lygeum spartum, a fast-growing Mediterranean plant, is crucial. It has not been previously investigated as a potential source of nanocellulose. This study investigates the extraction of novel cellulose micro/nanofibers from Lygeum spartum using a two-step method, including both alkali and mechanical treatment as post-treatment with ultrasound, as well as homogenization using water and dilute alkali solution as a solvent. To determine the structural properties of CNFs, a series of characterization techniques was applied. A significant correlation was observed between the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results. The FTIR results revealed the elimination of amorphous regions and an increase in the energy of the H-bonding modes, while the XRD results showed that the crystal structure of micro/nanofibers was preserved during the process. In addition, they indicated an increase in the crystallinity index obtained with both methods (deconvolution and Segal). Thermal analysis based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed improvement in the thermal properties of the isolated micro/nanofibers. The temperatures of maximum degradation were 335 °C and 347 °C. Morphological analysis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) showed the formation of fibers along the axis, with rough and porous surfaces. The findings indicate the potential of Lygeum spartum as a source for producing high-quality micro/nanofibers. A future direction of study is to use the cellulose micro/nanofibers as additives in recycled paper and to evaluate the mechanical properties of the paper sheets, as well as investigate their use in smart paper.

Prospect of waste banana fiber use in industry: A narrative review

In recent years, there has been significant research and investigation into the utilization of natural plant fibers. These fibers are increasingly recognized for their superiority over synthetic alternatives due to their biodegradable nature, renewable source, lightweight composition, and enhanced biochemical and tensile characteristics. Banana fiber holds significant importance due to the widespread use of bananas globally. Different components of the banana plant, including the fruit, fruit skin, flower buds, leaves, and pseudo-stem (banana trunk), are employed for diverse industrial applications. The pseudo-stem constitutes a significant proportion of the biomass derived from banana waste and possesses high-quality fiber that exhibits promising potential for various industrial applications. These applications include the production of sanitary pads, textiles, pulp and paper, food products, reinforced composite materials for automobiles, construction materials, aerospace components, and other composite materials. Additionally, the residual waste generated from its production can be effectively employed for the development of bio-based products, thereby making a direct contribution to a country's economy. In summary, this review study provides valuable insights for many stakeholders, including farmers, businesspeople, planners, scientists, and the government, to facilitate informed decision-making and promote socioeconomic advancement within the country.

Bending, Tensile and Water Absoption Test of Corn Husk and Glass Fibre Reinforced Composite For Different Composition

Now a day, there is a huge trend in research and development of bio-based products which have a wide variety of replacement for naturally existing materials. The current research intends to determine the qualities of a composite laminate material consisting of maize husk and glass fibre. The composite is created by alternately overlaying glass fibre cloths on corn husk fibre layers. The required composition and thickness are achieved by calculation of number of the layer of each fibres. The epoxy resin and hardener by weight is mixed in the ratio 10:1 respectively. It is poured between the layers of the composite to generate adhesion. Hand lay-up technique is adopted in manufacturing of the material and the material is pressed for certain duration using nut and bolt template assembly allowing it for natural curing. The composite is been tested for bending, tensile and water absorption tests according to standards.

Flagellin, a plant-defense-activating protein identified from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Dieffenbachiae invokes defense response in tobacco

BackgroundSecretome analysis is a valuable tool to study host-pathogen protein interactions and to identify new proteins that are important for plant health. Microbial signatures elicit defense responses in plants, and by that, the plant immune system gets triggered prior to pathogen infection. Functional properties of secretory proteins from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae (Xad1) involved in priming plant immunity was evaluated.ResultsIn this study, the secretome of Xad1 was analyzed under host plant extract-induced conditions, and mass spectroscopic analysis of differentially expressed protein was identified as plant-defense-activating protein viz., flagellin C (FliC). The flagellin and Flg22 peptides both elicited hypersensitive reaction (HR) in non-host tobacco, activated reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes, and increased pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression viz., NPR1, PR1, and down-regulation of PR2 (β-1,3-glucanase). Protein docking studies revealed the Flg22 epitope of Xad1, a 22 amino acid peptide region in FliC that recognizes plant receptor FLS2 to initiate downstream defense signaling.ConclusionThe flagellin or the Flg22 peptide from Xad1 was efficient in eliciting an HR in tobacco via salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense signaling that subsequently triggers systemic immune response epigenetically. The insights from this study can be used for the development of bio-based products (small PAMPs) for plant immunity and health.

Transesterification, GC-MS profiling, and in vitro antimicrobial potential of oil obtained from seeds of Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr

Oil-producing crop plants are vital not only for biodiesel production but also for their pharmacological benefits. In this research, the prime focus was on identifying oils and evaluating antimicrobial activity obtained from seeds of Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. for forestry biorefinery and bio-based product development. Extraction with n -Hexane solvent gave a 36.04% oil yield from the seeds. Method optimization studies were also carried out to get the highest yield of transesterified biodiesel by adjusting the alcohol/solvent, catalyst type concentration, temperature, and time. The physicochemical properties include density, specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, refractive index, acid value, and saponification value. Other than the above the cloud point, pour point, and flash point of the crude and transesterified oil were performed as per the ASTM standard procedures. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis was performed to identify phytoconstituents. The in vitro antimicrobial studies of seed oil (CM-SO) and transesterified oil (CM-FAME) were conducted with bacterial and fungal strains. Morphological changes were evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). As determined by GC-MS, 36 constituents were identified, and the total fatty acid was observed to be 95.16% which includes saturated fat (66.72%), monounsaturated fatty acid (27.84%) in seed oil was higher than the polyunsaturated fatty acid (0.60%) present, along with trans-fatty acid (22.58%). Among the total phytoconstituents, hexadecanoic acid methyl esters content (32.85%) was found to be the highest following 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, ( Z )- (21.82%). According to the antimicrobial assay, CM-SO and CM-FAME both showed significant activities against the selected microorganisms. The present investigation suggested using Citrus maxima seed oil not only in crop and forestry biorefinery but also in pharmaceutical industries. • Dried seeds of Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. were used to obtain 36.04% of seed oil. • The physicochemical properties of the oil were analyzed. • Optimization for transesterification reaction of the seed oil was also performed. • FT-IR and GC-MS analysis of seed and transesterified oil were studied. • Antimicrobial assay of seed and transesterified oil showed propitious results.

Antifungal activity and genomic characterization of the biocontrol agent Bacillus velezensis CMRP 4489

The development of bio-based products has increased in recent years, and species of the Bacillus genus have been widely used for product development due to their elevated production of antimicrobial molecules and resistance to extreme environmental conditions through endospore formation. In this context, the antifungal potential of Bacillus velezensis CMRP 4489 was investigated using in silico predictions of secondary metabolites in its genome and in vitro tests against the following phytopathogenic fungi: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Botrytis cinerea. The in-silico predictions indicated that CMRP 4489 possesses several Biosynthetic Gene Clusters (BGCs) capable of producing molecules with antifungal properties and other non-identified BGCs. The in vitro assay results evidenced strong antifungal activity, inhibiting more than 60% of the tested fungi, and the isolate’s molecules were stable under diverse physicochemical conditions. The in vitro assay evidenced significant antifungal activity, deformation of the hyphal structure in SS, biofilm formation capacity, and swarming motility. In the colonization assay, we observed attachment, colonization, and net-shaped biofilm formation, with the strain transitioning from the seeds to nearby structures. Therefore, CMRP 4489 showed to be a potential biocontrol agent against various diseases with agronomic importance and can be used under adverse environmental conditions.

Drying of food industry and agricultural waste: Current scenario and future perspectives

Food and agricultural industries contribute a massive amount of organic waste, rich in bioactive molecules, including various proteins, fatty acids, carbohydrates, enzymes and many other biomolecules. With increasing emphasis on waste reduction, bio-based product development, and the provision of nutrition for all, these resources are being exploited for nutraceutical extraction, nutrient recovery for food fortification, and bioplastic production, among many other valorized applications. Transportation and storage are essential parts of all these enterprises, for which drying can be beneficial through reduction of cost of transportation and increased shelf-life. However, the processing and drying of these materials can be challenging, due to the inherent physicochemical properties of these biomaterials and the nonexistence of an industrial setup for handling waste. Complicacy of the concepts and technologies for applying these materials can also vary in regions around the world, depending on local agricultural and food industry practices. This manuscript will focus on these issues and discuss some of the techniques to deal with them in the current scenario, along with possible future perspectives relevant to the food industries.

FUTURE CELLULOSE BASED INDUSTRIES IN BANGLADESH – A MINI REVIEW

"Lignocellulosic products can contribute to a low carbon economy, which can support in achieving the sustainable development goals of a country. The demand for pulp and paper in the developing world is constantly increasing. Due to environmental awareness, interest in bio-based products is mounting, encouraging the establishment of integrated biorefineries. Bangladesh is facing an acute shortage of fibrous raw materials, as forest resources are limited. This paper provides an overview of the characteristics of raw materials that would be available for pulping to future pulp industries in Bangladesh. Rice straw is the most abundant raw material in Bangladesh, followed by wheat straw. However, both rice and wheat straws contain a very high amount of silica, which restricts their use in pulping. An alternative technology has been developed to overcome the drawbacks of non-wood pulping, where all dissolved biomass fractions are used in the development of bio-based products. "

Stimulating Diffusion of Bio-based Products: The Role of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) Approach.

Introduction: Escalating environmental challenges have necessitated the adoption of bio-based products. The social interface between these products with low environmental impacts and the society is a dynamic site where different stakeholders, forms of knowledge, interests and powers interplay. Scientists must navigate these factors for bio-based products to become acceptable in the society. Aims: This review explores the suitability of responsible research and innovation (RRI) as an inclusive approach to research and innovation to support the adoption and diffusion of bio-based products in the society. Method: The study was essentially based on a desk review of relevant academic papers on bio-based products, bio-based economy, bioeconomy and, responsible research and innovation (RRI) from year 2012 - 2018, with reference to other publicly accessible documents and publications. Results: The review shows that despite their potentials for contributing to greener environment and sustainability, bio-based products remain controversial. Results also show that embedding RRI dimensions in development of bio-based products “from lab to market” will help build trust among stakeholders in the relevant value chain, which is a pre-requisite for the diffusion of these products in the society. Conclusion: The main conclusion of this paper is that identifying and engaging stakeholders, the publics and their concerns when developing bio-based products will ensure the products are relatively uncontested and will diffuse better throughout the society

Effects of the growth environment on the yield and material properties of nanocellulose derived from the Australian desert grass Triodia

Triodia, an endemic Australian grass genus of ∼70 species inhabiting arid and monsoonal regions, is an abundant and underused biomass resource. Harsh environmental conditions have driven the evolution of adaptive extremophile traits, including uniquely high aspect ratio cellulose nanofibres (CNFs) and high hemicellulose content. In this study, we advance understanding of CNFs by comparing three Triodia species (four ecotypes) grown in their natural desert habitat or cultivated in an irrigated farm setting. We evaluated biomass production, morphological and biochemical responses to these contrasting growth environments, and analysed the properties of fabricated nanopaper to assess the impact of species and growth environment on the material properties. We hypothesised that growing Triodia plants in well-watered and fertilised cultivation would relax arid environmental cues and may result in less desirable material properties. Contrary to our hypothesis, nanopaper derived from cultivated plants showed no regression in material properties compared to plants grown in their natural habitat. For instance, we found: (1) cultivated ‘soft’ species had a daily yield of greater than 2 g of dry biomass per plant; (2) three of the four ecotypes tested had higher hemicellulose contents in cultivation; (3) and with this higher hemicellulose content, the biomass proved to be more amenable to fibrillation, as cultivated plants achieved a lower average fibre diameter product. Overall, this study adds to the existing knowledge on the material properties of the Australian desert grass Triodia and the potential for production in agronomic settings. Understanding and potentially manipulating the traits of Australian desert grasses for beneficial material properties will accelerate the development of bio-based products in the future.

An approach for the use of agricultural by-products through a biorefinery in Bangladesh

The global need for developing renewable, sustainable, biomaterials, biochemicals and biofuels continues to grow along with increasing worldwide desire to reduce fossil-fuel emissions. An appealing source for bio-based products is lignocellulosic resources, which are abundant, low cost, and are often a by-product of food production (mainly rice). This paper gives an approach for bio-based product development in Bangladesh by analyzing i) a comprehensive inventory of agricultural and lignocellulosic wastes, ii) the characteristics of these wastes, and iii) suitable methods for producing bio-based products. It is proposed that a cooperative society be set up amongst the rice producing farmers and communities. Entrepreneurs would collaborate with this cooperative society to implement the approach, and biorefinery plants could be established in different parts of the country based on the amount of available agricultural wastes in specific areas. As forest area is very limited and population density is very high in Bangladesh, wood resources cannot be utilized in biofuel, biochemicals and biomaterials production in the country, making agricultural by-products the only real option available.

The D3 Methodology: Bridging Science and Design for Bio-Based Product Development

New opportunities in design surface with scientific advances: however, the rapid pace of scientific discoveries combined with the complexity of technical barriers often impedes new product development. Bio-based technologies, for instance, typically require decisions across complex multiscale system organizations that are difficult for humans to understand and formalize computationally. This paper addresses such challenges in science and design by weaving phases of empirical discovery, analytical description, and technological development in an integrative “D3 Methodology.” The phases are bridged with human-guided computational processes suitable for human-in-the-loop design approaches. Optimization of biolibraries, which are sets of standardized biological parts for adaptation into new products, is used as a characteristic design problem for demonstrating the methodology. Results from this test case suggest that biolibraries with synthetic biological components can promote the development of high-performance bio-based products. These new products motivate further scientific studies to characterize designed synthetic biological components, thus illustrating reciprocity among science and design. Successes in implementing each phase suggest the D3 Methodology is a feasible route for bio-based research and development and for driving the scientific inquiries of today toward the novel technologies of tomorrow.

Opportunities, barriers, and strategies for forest bioenergy and bio-based product development in the Southern United States

Abstract Focus groups were used to identify opportunities, barriers, and strategies for increased utilization of forest biomass in the Southern United States. The groups were based on the seven critical components in the bioenergy and bio-based products value chain, as identified by the International Energy Agency (IEA) Bioenergy Task 31 “Biomass Production for Energy from Sustainable Forestry.” These components include sustainable biomass production, sustainable forest operations, product delivery logistics, manufacturing and energy production, environmental sustainability, consumer demand, and rural economic development. Participants included handpicked experts from each of the seven component areas. Six common themes emerged from the focus groups. Market creation, infrastructure development, community engagement, incentives, collaboration, and education will all be critical to the successful development of the biomass industry. The forest industry, the energy industry, academia, extension personnel, and rural communities should collaborate together to support research, policy issues, and educational programs that enhance the efficiency of current forest biomass operations and promote the use of forest biomass for bioenergy.

Development of Biobased Products

Development of Biobased Products