Bio-based Compounds Research Articles

Enhancing functional properties of compostable materials with biobased plasticizers for potential food packaging applications

The demand of non-toxic and biobased plasticizers is substantially growing, particularly in biodegradable thermoplastics-based packaging applications. Herein, a derivative of citric acid (CITREM-LR10), usually used as food additive, was evaluated for the first time as plasticizer in PLA and Ecovio® biopolymers. Films containing 10 %(w/w) of CITREM-LR10 were prepared and compared with films plasticized with another biobased compound, SOFT-NSAFE, derived from acetic acid. The incorporation of both plasticizers provokes a slight reduction of the glass transition, however, only CITREM-LR10 was able to augment the elongation at break value of PLA films. A further evaluation of the films by Raman confocal microscopy showed the segregation of the CITREM-LR10 in microdomains, which could explain the enhanced elongation at break value, behaving as stress concentrators. In addition, CITREM-LR10 provides antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and both plasticizers give antioxidant properties, and almost negligible diffusion in food simulated solution. Composting studies showed that the plasticizers do not have effect on the disintegration rate of the films. In spite of these outstanding properties, the water vapour and oxygen barrier properties of the films worsen with its incorporation, therefore, the inclusion of fillers in the material together with the plasticizers would be necessary to improve such properties for food packaging applications.

Highly Efficient Production of Furfural from Corncob by Barley Hull Biochar-Based Solid Acid in Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether–Water System

Furfural, an important biobased compound, can be synthesized through the chemocatalytic conversion of D-xylose and hemicelluloses from lignocellulose. It has widespread applications in the production of valuable furans, additives, resins, rubbers, synthetic fibers, polymers, plastics, biofuels, and pharmaceuticals. By using barley hulls (BHs) as biobased support, a heterogeneous biochar Sn-NUS-BH catalyst was created to transform corncob into furfural in cyclopentyl methyl ether–H2O. Sn-NUS-BH had a fibrous structure with voids, a large comparative area, and a large pore volume, which resulted in more catalytic active sites. Through the characterization of the physical and chemical properties of Sn-NUS-BH, it was observed that the Sn-NUS-BH had tin dioxide (Lewis acid sites) and a sulfonic acid group (Brønsted acid sites). This chemocatalyst had good thermostability. At 170 °C for 20 min, Sn-NUS-BH (3.6 wt%) was applied to transform 75 g/L of corncob with ZnCl2 (50 mM) to generate furfural (80.5% yield) in cyclopentyl methyl ether–H2O (2:1, v/v). This sustainable catalytic process shows great promise in the transformation of lignocellulose to furfural using biochar-based chemical catalysts.

Foaming and cross-linking of cellulose fibers using phytic acid

Bio-based compounds have become the focus in the development of next-generation materials. The polyphosphated structure and availability of phytic acid has sparked an interest to understand its properties and apply it to making fire-retardant fabrics. However, its degradative effect on natural fibers sets limitations to its potential uses. In this study, we unveiled a new dimension to explore with phytic acid: cellulose fiber foams. Phytic acid enabled synergistic foaming with carboxymethyl cellulose albeit causing issues in long-term wet foam stability. Adding cellulose fibers to this mixture and drying at 160 °C produced solid foams with increased compressive strength and stiffness; comparable to foams cross-linked with the commonly used citric acid. The reduced contact area in low-density fiber networks allowed the cross-linking between phytic acid and the fiber network to mitigate structural weakening due to fiber degradation. Imaging also revealed the formation of a film encompassing fiber bonds; attributed to the strong interaction between phytic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose. Furthermore, phytic acid imparted self-extinguishing fire-retardant properties to the cellulose fiber foams measured using thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimetry. This work showcases a simple new application for phytic acid without the use of catalysts or solvents. It serves to encourage further development of green practices to continuously challenge the industrial landscape.

Vanillin-based flame retardant enables polylactic acid high-efficiency fireproof, anti-UV and oxygen barrier for food packaging

Polylactic acid (PLA) is widely known for its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and high transparency. However, it still has varied limitations such as flammability, UV sensitivity, and poor oxygen barrier properties. To address these issues, a bio-based compound, hexasubstituted cyclotriphosphazene (HVP), was synthesized by using vanillin and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene to enhance the overall performance of PLA. The resulting PLA/HVP composites demonstrated improved mechanical strength and UV resistance. Specifically, PLA/3HVP, with a 3 wt% HVP loading, achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating and a high limiting oxygen index of 26.5 %. Cone calorimeter tests revealed that PLA/3HVP possessed a significantly longer ignition time and a lower peak heat release rate compared to pure PLA. These burning testing results indicated the enhanced fire resistance. Additionally, the oxygen transmission rate of PLA/3HVP was reduced by 81.1 % compared to pure PLA. When used as food packaging, the weight loss of mangoes covered with PLA/3HVP film was 2.2 % after 7 days, compared to 2.5 % with pure PLA film, highlighting its potential for food preservation applications.

Synthesis of photodegradable polyesters from bio-based 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid and investigation of their degradation behaviors

To address the issue of petroleum resource depletion, it is desirable to develop recyclable materials from bio-based compounds. In addition, low-energy recycling methods such as light irradiation and hydrolysis should be considered. In this paper, bio-based materials, cinnamic acid (CA) derivatives, are introduced as repeating units in polyester main-chain, because CA derivatives undergo reversible [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions to form dimers under light exposure. Photopolymerization of the monomer with CA moieties at both ends failed, probably because it was difficult to bring the two CA moieties closer together intermolecularly. Polycondensation between the CA dimer with two carboxylic acid moieties and diol compounds successfully provided the polyesters containing CA dimers as repeating units. Furthermore, orthogonal degradation methods, such as light exposure and hydrolysis, of the obtained polyester were investigated.

Preparation of Sustainable Biobased Compounds of Pla/pbat/pbs;study on Processability there of

As a result of the overuse of conventional plastic products in daily applications by human being and as per data available only 9-10% is recycles out of whatever is produces to the date, compostable plastics such as poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) have been extensively uses in many applications as an alternative to conventional plastics due to its biologically degradable properties. These plastics offer the circularity of the carbon cycle. However, each of them has advantages and disadvantages. PLA and PBAT are the polymers on which several researches have been done. Compounds of these two polymers have been prepares with and without chain extenders and properties have been studies. Now a days many compostable and biodegradable polymers have been synthesised, irrespective of its monomer root, whether naturally available or fossil bases. One of the newly developed polymer polybutylene succinate (PBS) has also gains the attention of manufacturers due to its unique properties. The ternary blend of PLA/PBAT/PBS are therefore very interesting in terms of phase morphology and their physical properties while offering compostable practices. In this work, we have prepared different blends of PLA/PBAT/PBS with and without use of chain extenders and calcium carbonate as a filler. Study has been done on blown film extrusion machine to evaluate processability.

Bio-Based Thermosetting Resins: From Molecular Engineering to Intrinsically Multifunctional Customization.

Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in bio-based thermosetting resins in terms of environmental concerns and the desire for sustainable industrial practices. Beyond sustainability, utilizing the structural diversity of renewable feedstock to craft bio-based thermosets with customized functionalities is very worthy of expectation. There exist many bio-based compounds with inherently unique chemical structures and functions, some of which are even difficult to synthesize artificially. Over the past decade, great efforts are devoted to discovering/designing functional properties of bio-based thermosets, and notable progress have been made in antibacterial, antifouling, flame retardancy, serving as carbon precursors, and stimuli responsiveness, among others, largely expanding their application potential and future prospects. In this review, recent advances in the field of functional bio-based thermosets are presented, with a particular focus on molecular structures and design strategies for discovering functional properties. Examples are highlighted wherein functionalities are facilitated by the inherent structures of bio-based feedstock. Perspectives on issues regarding further advances in this field are proposed at the end.

Synthesis of Cationic Starch Compound Emulsion by Graft Copolymerization with Tea Polyphenols and AEM5700

AbstractAn antibacterial biobased compound emulsion is prepared by modifying cationic oxidized starch grafted styrene‐acrylic emulsion with 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)‐propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride (AEM5700) and tea polyphenols. The biobased compound emulsion exhibits better stability, chemical properties, and antibacterial properties. The structure and surface morphology of biobased compound emulsion are characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thermal stability of biobased compound emulsion is improved, which can be concluded from the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The surface morphology of film is observed by the atomic force microscope (AFM). The wetting property of emulsion film is tested by contact angle test. When the compound ratio is 1.5, the biobased antibacterial compound emulsion has better stability and antibacterial properties. Compared to a single antibacterial agent, the inhibition zone increases by 4–5.5 mm. In addition, the polymerization mechanism of the biobased antibacterial emulsion is analyzed.

Wood Distillate Enhances Seed Germination of Chickpea, Lettuce, and Basil

Seed priming with synthetic chemicals may be harmful to the environment and human health. Their replacement with bio-based compounds may overcome these concerns. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of wood distillate (WD) in enhancing in vitro germination of crop plants using basil, chickpea, and lettuce as case studies. Seeds of the three species were soaked for 24 h in 0.25% and 0.17% WD solutions and then left to germinate for 7 days at 20 °C in a dark germination chamber. Seed pre-treatment with 0.25% WD enhanced germination in all tested species, while 0.17% WD stimulated germination in lettuce and chickpea, but not in basil. For lettuce, 0.17% WD worked better than 0.25% WD. Radicle length of basil and chickpea increased following pre-treatment with 0.25% WD, while in lettuce, it increased after pre-treatment with 0.17% WD. Treating seeds with appropriate WD solutions is a potential strategy to improve germination of crop plants.

Clay-supported bio-based Lewis acid ionic liquid as a potent catalyst for the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymthylfurfural

Caffeine and halloysite nanoclay mineral that are bio-based compounds were utilized to synthesize a novel Lewis acid heterogeneous catalyst. To this aim, halloysite was functionalized with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine and reacted with caffeine, which was then converted to ionic liquid via a reaction with ZnCl2. The catalyst was applied for promoting the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. To investigate the effects of the reaction variables, response surface methodology was used. The product was achieved in 98.5% in 100 min using a catalyst loading of 30 wt% at 100 °C. Moreover, the catalyst was recyclable up to six runs with slight zinc leaching. Comparison of the catalytic activity of the catalyst with that of halloysite and a control catalyst with one caffeine-based Lewis acid ionic liquid confirmed the superior activity of the former and the important role of 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine for increasing the number of the grafted caffeine and thus the acidic sites of the catalyst. A plausible reaction mechanism was proposed, and the activity of the catalyst for other carbohydrates was also studied. According to the results, this catalyst catalyzed the reaction of other substrates to furnish 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in low to moderate yields. According to the kinetic studies, the activation energy was estimated to be 22.85 kJ/mol.

Modulating Ni-S coordination in Ni3S2 to promote electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural at ampere-level current density.

Electricity-driven oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a highly attractive strategy for biomass transformation. However, achieving industrial-grade current densities remains a great challenge. Herein, by modulating the water content in a solvothermal system, Ni3S2/NF with stabilized and shorter Ni-S bonds as well as a tunable coordination environment of Ni sites was fabricated. The prepared Ni3S2/NF was highly efficient for electrocatalytic oxidation of HMF to produce FDCA, and the FDCA yield and Faraday efficiency could reach 98.8% and 97.6% at the HMF complete conversion. More importantly, an industrial-grade current density of 1000 mA cm-2 could be achieved at a potential of only 1.45 V vs. RHE for HMFOR and the current density could exceed 500 mA cm-2 with other bio-based compounds as the reactants. The excellent performance of Ni3S2/NF originated from the shorter Ni-S bonds and its better electrochemical properties, which significantly promoted the dehydrogenation step of oxidizing HMF. Besides, the gram-scale FDCA production could be realized on Ni3S2/NF in a MEA reactor. This work provides a robust electrocatalyst with high potential for practical applications for the electrocatalytic oxidation of biomass-derived compounds.

Bacteria–fungi interaction for material formation

Abstract This paper describes an early-stage research and experiments exploring methods of co-cultivation of the fungal strain Ganoderma lucidum and the bacterial strain Sporosarcina pasteurii within the field of architecture. Co-cultivating these species within a bio-based compound, forming a living material, shows that the binding abilities of both microbial partners can be harnessed through multistep production techniques. As the mycelial network of the fungus spreads through the inoculated wood substrate, bacterial cells disperse and multiply on this same network and release the enzyme urease throughout the now-forming compound bound by the fungus. The enzyme is one of the key actors in the biocementation process, which is activated with the addition of a calcium source to the material. Calcium carbonate minerals form and attach on the hyphae, as well as in between the network, inside the wood sawdust pieces and around void spaces within the composite. While additional data collection is required, the current state of this research suggests that properties of both living materials can be expanded, for example, fire resistance and compressive strength compared to traditional mycelium-based composites, as well as the increased ability of the bacteria to homogeneously distribute and exist in unfavorable environments compared to mono-cultured bacterial communities.

Enhancing crop resilience by harnessing the synergistic effects of biostimulants against abiotic stress.

Plants experience constant exposed to diverse abiotic stresses throughout their growth and development stages. Given the burgeoning world population, abiotic stresses pose significant challenges to food and nutritional security. These stresses are complex and influenced by both genetic networks and environmental factors, often resulting in significant crop losses, which can reach as high as fifty percent. To mitigate the effects of abiotic stresses on crops, various strategies rooted in crop improvement and genomics are being explored. In particular, the utilization of biostimulants, including bio-based compounds derived from plants and beneficial microbes, has garnered considerable attention. Biostimulants offer the potential to reduce reliance on artificial chemical agents while enhancing nutritional efficiency and promoting plant growth under abiotic stress condition. Commonly used biostimulants, which are friendly to ecology and human health, encompass inorganic substances (e.g., zinc oxide and silicon) and natural substances (e.g., seaweed extracts, humic substances, chitosan, exudates, and microbes). Notably, prioritizing environmentally friendly biostimulants is crucial to prevent issues such as soil degradation, air and water pollution. In recent years, several studies have explored the biological role of biostimulants in plant production, focusing particularly on their mechanisms of effectiveness in horticulture. In this context, we conducted a comprehensive review of the existing scientific literature to analyze the current status and future research directions concerning the use of various biostimulants, such as plant-based zinc oxide, silicon, selenium and aminobutyric acid, seaweed extracts, humic acids, and chitosan for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Furthermore, we correlated the molecular modifications induced by these biostimulants with different physiological pathways and assessed their impact on plant performance in response to abiotic stresses, which can provide valuable insights.

Screening Bacterial Strains Capable of Producing 2,3-Butanediol: Process Optimization and High Diol Production by Klebsiella oxytoca FMCC-197

In the present investigation, the potential of various newly isolated strains which belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family to produce 2,3-butanediol (BDO), an important bio-based compound, was studied. The most interesting strain, namely Klebsiella oxytoca FMCC-197, was selected for further investigation. Commercial (raw) sucrose or molasses, which are important agro-industrial surpluses, were employed as carbon sources for most of the trials performed. Different fermentation parameters (viz. incubation te4mperature, utilization of different carbon sources, substrate inhibition, aeration) were tested to optimize the process. Fermentations under non-aseptic conditions were also conducted to investigate the potential of growth of the strain K. oxytoca FMCC-197 to surpass the growth of other microorganisms in the culture medium and produce BDO. Besides BDO production, in trials in which molasses was employed as the sole carbon source, significant color removal was observed simultaneously with the production of microbial metabolites. The very high BDO concentration ≈115 g L−1 was reported in approximately 64 h during a fed-batch bioreactor experiment, using sucrose and molasses as carbon sources at 30 °C, reaching a conversion yield (YBDO) of 0.40 g g−1 and a productivity rate (PBDO) of 1.80 g L−1 h−1, while similar results were also obtained at 37 °C. The strain demonstrated remarkable results in non-previously sterilized media, as it produced 58.0 g L−1 in 62 h during a fed-batch bioreactor experiment, while the potential to decolorize molasses-based substrates over 40% was also recorded. From the results obtained it is shown that this wild-type strain can be used in large-scale microbial BDO production using various raw materials as fermentative substrates. The wastewater derived after BDO fermentation by K. oxytoca FMCC-197 can be disposed relatively safely into the environment.

Agricultural Waste Liquefied Hydrothermally using Heterogeneous Catalyst

Due to its abundance and sustainability, lignocellulosic biomass is a possible replacement for petroleum oil in the production of energy and chemicals. Numerous thermochemical processes have been used in significant study to turn biomass into products with added value. One of the best methods for creating bio-fuels and bio-based compounds among them is hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). However, a number of technological obstacles still need to be removed before HTL technology can be widely used in industry. Hydrothermal liquefaction is now thought to be amongst the most popular effective processes to converting moist biomass for bio crude, but it requires costly renovation procedures to be utilized as biofuel. It is crucial to employ catalysts that may straightforwardly improve the bio crude yield as well as the efficiency of the reaction process; the benefit of raising the operation’s overall production; the impacts of adding heterogeneous catalysts and how they affect the bio-crude yield. In lignocellulosic biomass hydrothermal liquefaction, a typical catalytic activity was discovered, dividing the various catalysts into four separate groups (transition metal, lanthanide oxide, alkaline metal oxide, and zeolite). The purpose study is to objectively evaluate the hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass and know effecting of adding a zeolite catalyst on it, with a focus on increasing the production and efficiency of the biofuel. In addition, it has drawn attention to the natural stimulatory effects associated with zeolite catalysts.

Mild Hydrogenation of 2-Furoic Acid by Pt Nanoparticles Dispersed in a Hierarchical ZSM-5 Zeolite.

Hydrogenation of biobased compounds can add value to platform molecules obtained from biomass refining. Herein, we explore the hydrogenation of 2-furoic acid (2-furancarboxylic acid, FCA), a derivative of furfural, with H2 generated in situ by NaBH4 hydrolysis at ambient conditions. Nearly complete conversion of FCA was obtained with tetrahydrofuroic acid (THFA) and 5-hydroxyvaleric acid (5-HVA) as the only two reaction products over Pt nanoparticles supported on hierarchical ZSM-5. Small Pt nanoparticles (2 to 3 nm) were stabilized by ZSM-5 nanosheets. At an optimized Pt loading, the Pt nanoparticles can catalyze the hydrolysis of NaBH4 and the subsequent hydrogenation of FCA with the assistance of Brønsted acid sites. Nanostructuring ZSM-5 into nanosheets and its acidity contributes to the stability of the dispersed Pt nanoparticles. Deactivation due to NaBO2 deposition on the Pt particles can be countered by a simple washing treatment. Overall, this approach shows the promise of mild hydrogenation of biobased feedstock coupled with NaBH4 hydrolysis.

Paving the Way towards Sustainability of Polyurethanes: Synthesis and Properties of Terpene-Based Diisocyanate.

Due to growing concerns about environmental issues and the decline of petroleum-based resources, the synthesis of new biobased compounds for the polymer industry has become a prominent and timely topic. P-menthane-1,8-diamine (PMDA) is a readily available compound synthesized from turpentine, a cheap mixture of natural compounds isolated from pine trees. PMDA has been extensively used for its biological activities, but it can also serve as a source of valuable monomers for the polymer industry. In this work, commercial PMDA (ca. 85% pure) was purified by salinization, crystallization, and alkali treatment and then converted into p-menthane-1,8-diisocyanate (PMDI) through a phosgene-free synthesis at room temperature. A thorough analytical study using NMR techniques (1H, 13C, 13C-1H HSQC, 13C-1H HMBC, and 1H-1H NOESY) enables the characterization of the cis-trans isomeric mixtures of both PMDA and PMDI. These structural studies allowed for a better understanding of the spatial configuration of both isomers. Then, the reactivity of PMDI with a primary alcohol (benzyl alcohol) was studied in the presence of nine different catalysts exhibiting different activation modes. Finally, the use of PMDI in the synthesis of polyurethanes was explored to demonstrate that PMDI can be employed as a new biobased alternative to petrochemical-based isocyanates such as isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI).

Development of a consolidated heterogeneous catalytic process for the selective oxidation of carbohydrate‐derived 5‐(hydroxymethyl)furfural for the industrial upscaling of 2,5‐diformylfuran

AbstractSelective oxidation of 5‐(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) to 2,5‐diformylfuran (DFF) is an important approach for biobased compound valorization through biorefinery. As there is no large‐scale process for this application yet, it is of high importance to find a suitable catalyst system for the production of DFF. In this work, we show that an important step in this direction was taken with a 5 % Ru/Al2O3 catalyst, whereby essentially quantitative selectivities could be obtained in the solvent toluene without the significant formation of over‐oxidation products. A design of experiments approach was used to determine important information about the main process parameters – catalyst amount, oxygen pressure and reaction temperature. By developing an optimised washing method, excellent results were achieved in terms of catalyst reusability, with HMF conversions of over 99.5 % without loss of the catalyst‘s high selectivity after five cycles. Upscaling experiments were performed with the catalyst in a 5‐L reactor at different reactor fill rates, where complete conversion of HMF to DFF was achieved, with a 25 % longer reaction time to achieve full conversion compared to a smaller scale reactor setup.

An Overview on Production of Lignocellulose-Derived Platform Chemicals Such as 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural, Furfural, Protocatechuic Acid

Furan derivatives such as 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and furfural (FA) and aromatic acids such as protocatechuic acid (PCA) represent the most essential classes of intermediates derived from lignocellulosic biomass. These bio-based compounds are potential feedstocks for producing bio-based chemicals and fuels. However, the derivatives of these bio-based compounds are useful in their antioxidative, antibacterial, and anti-aging activities. Protocatechuic acid (PCA, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid), derived from lignin biomass, is also one of the essential bio-derived aromatic intermediates with an active acid and hydroxyl group, which can elevate it into an important class of potential platform chemicals for the production of value-added chemicals, such as HMF and furfuryl alcohol (FAL). The platform compounds are indeed the most used furan-based feedstocks since their chemical structure allows the preparation of various high-value-added chemicals. The related catalytic techniques are well known for the upgradation of biomass into these platform chemicals and their conversion into value-added chemicals. In this short review, we aim to briefly discuss biomass conversion into FA, HMF, and PCA and related heterogeneous catalytic processes. In addition, a few potential ongoing research trends are also proposed to provide some ideas for the further preparation of bio-based innovative derivatives in a much more green, simple, efficient, and economical way.

Grafting bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers into whey protein/essential oil film composites: Effect on structure, essential oil release and antibacterial properties of films

The development of bio-based primary packaging is imperative to improve food safety and quality, along with mitigating the environmental pollution resulting from the increasing production of packaging wastes. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) has received significant attention as an alternative raw material for edible films production, whereas an area of many ongoing researches has been the inclusion of bio-based compounds to formulate functional edible films. This study elaborated the development of WPC edible films fortified with different essential oils (EO) to assess antimicrobial activity against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) and gram-negative (Salmonella enteritidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) food-borne pathogens. Subsequently, the effect of grafting bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers (BCNW) in film composites was evaluated for WPC/oregano EO (WPC/OEO) films, which showed the highest antibacterial activity. Notably, increasing the concentration of grafted BCNW entailed a proportional increase on the inhibitory activity. In specific, antibacterial activity increased up to 80% when 10% BCNW was grafted in WPC/OEO films. Inclusion of BCNW and homogenous distribution of OEO into the film blend was pointed out through Raman analysis. In addition, AFM and SEM analysis revealed that inclusion of BCNW and OEO into the film matrix led to the formation of rough films with pores. This structural change enhanced the release capacity of OEO, that was further confirmed through a release kinetic experiment. This study indicated that BCNW addition positively affected whey protein films properties, thereby envisaging the potential development of sustainable food packaging materials with tailor-made properties.