Bingham University Teaching Hospital Research Articles

Correlation between Postoperative Visual Acuity and Patient-Related Outcomes in Senile Cataract

Aims: This study assessed visual function (VF) and quality of life (QOL) post cataract surgery and their relationship with post-operative presenting visual acuity (PVA) in patients operated for senile cataract in two hospitals in Jos, North-central Nigeria.
 Study Design: A retrospective, hospital-based, cross-sectional survey.
 Place and duration of study: The study took place in the Eye units of the Bingham University Teaching Hospital and the Faith Alive Foundation Hospital both in Jos, North-Central Nigeria between June and August 2021.
 Methodology: Patients aged 40 years and above, operated on for senile cataract within 18 months before the onset of the study were included. Sociodemographic data and surgical history were obtained from patients and their surgical records. Visual acuity at presentation was assessed at six weeks or more postoperative period with available correction using Snellen’s acuity and converted to the LogMAR scale. A trained research assistant administered the VF-14 item and QOL-12 item questionnaires and responses were scored using Fletcher’s guidelines. Data was analyzed with STATA version 16.0 using the geometric mean, range, percentages, and Spearman’s rank test.
 Results: Eighty-seven (69.6%) participants aged 40-104 years, mean of 67.2 ± 12.0 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1.1:1 were enrolled. Their mean PVA was 0.6LogMAR (6/24) which improved to 0.3LogMAR (6/12). The mean total VF and QOL were 87.1% and 97.5% respectively. Depth perception (99.6%), visual perception, and peripheral vision (94.2% each) scored the highest in the VF subscales. Mental well-being (97.9%) scored the highest in the QOL subscale, followed by social interaction (97.3%). There was a negative correlation between PVA and mean total VF (rs = -0.4, P<0.0001) and QOL (rs = -0.3, P = 0.011).
 Conclusion: In this study population, VF and QOL scores improved with increasing PVA.

Prevalence of Hepatitis D virus infection among Hepatitis B virus surface antigen positive children attending two selected Hospitals in Jos, Nigeria

Hepatitis B virus is a member of Hepadnaviridae family that cause liver infections in humans. These viral infections are characteristically linked with cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma that are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the population of developing countries including Nigeria. Young children and newborns are more likely to have liver damage early in life and become chronic HBV carriers. This study identified the frequency of hepatitis B and D co-infection in children visiting the emergency pediatric units of Plateau State Specialist Hospital and Bingham University Teaching Hospital in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. The virus was screened using immunochromatographic Skytec® HBsAg test strips and Alere chase buffer for the qualitative detection of HBsAg in serum. HBsAg positive samples were confirmed using HBsAg Monolisa ELISA kit. Using an Italian HDV ELISA kit, samples that tested positive for HBsAg were further examined to evaluate the presence of HDV co-infection. The finding of this study revealed that 4.4% of children had HBsAg markers on their bodies. None of the children with HBV infection were co-infected with HDV. The HBV prevalence was found to be highest in children aged 6 to 10 years. Females had higher levels of HBV seropositivity (5.5%). Risk factors in children included birthplace (native households), failure to check children's HBV status after immunization, and history of jaundice. To properly manage and prevent this infection, it is advised that children should be promptly immunized at birth, their HBV status should be confirmed following immunization and they should be revaccinated if necessary.

Occurrence and Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida Species Isolated from Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Hospital

Candida is the leading cause of infection among pregnant women. This study was aimed to determine the occurrence and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from apparently healthy pregnant women receiving antenatal care at Bingham University Teaching Hospital. High vaginal swab was inoculated onto Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and Gram staining was carried out. Candida isolates were sub- cultured on Himedia CHROM Candida differential agar and identified according to their color, morphology, and appearance. Disc antifungal susceptibility test was carried out using standard protocols. The occurrence rate of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in this study was 42.5%. In this study, Candia albicans was the most predominant Candida species (51.2%) isolated. Pregnant women within the age range of 20-24 years had the highest infection occurrence of 100% while the lowest occurrence of the infection (25%) was observed among women within the age range of 40-44 years. There was a significant relationship between age and VVC infection (P>0.05). In relation to trimester, pregnant women in the second trimester had a high infection rate of 87.5% while women in the third trimester had the least occurrence rate of 10.9%. There was a significant relationship between vulvovaginal candidiasis infection and trimester (P>0.05). All Candida species were resistant to the antifungal drugs tested except for Candida kefyr which was susceptible to fluconazole and voriconazole. Therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment among pregnant women receiving antenatal care can reduce the infection and prevent complications during childbirth

Risk factors for chronic kidney disease among adults in a tertiary hospital community in north-central, Nigeria.

Background: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is on the increase globally with an attendant heavy disease burden and high morbidity and mortality from end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Data on the prevalence of risk factors for chronic kidney disease from sub-Saharan Africa are scanty, more so in the northern part of Nigeria. There are several risk factors for CKD which include, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and some nephrotoxic agents. Preventive strategy through early detection and treatment has been advocated for CKD especially in our own setting where majority of patients present late and cannot afford the cost of renal replacement therapy which again is not readily available.
 Method: This study was conducted among the staff of Bingham University Teaching Hospital (BHUTH), Jos, as part of a screening exercise during the World Kidney Day (WKD) program of 2021, to determine the prevalence of modifiable risk factors for CKD. Adult subjects of 18 years and above, who consented to the study were mobilized after a sensitization talk. The parameters assessed were demographics, body mass index, blood pressures, proteinuria, fasting plasma glucose and plasma creatinine. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using CKD-EPI Creatinine Equation 2021. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. The level of statistical significance was set at a p-value of < 0.05.
 Results: 150 adult volunteers participated in the study. The mean age of the participants was 43.3±11.32 years (18-71 years), with 61.3% being females and 38.7% were males. The frequency of the risk factors of CKD observed were obesity in 45 (30.0%) of the participants and diabetes mellitus found in 44 (29.3%) of the participants, Proteinuria and glycosuria were found in 49 (32.7%) and 9 (6.0%) of the participants respectively while a whopping 37 (24.7%) of the participants had haematuria. The number of participants found with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of <60ml/min/1.73m2 were 55 (36.7%). There was an independent association between older age (p = 0.010), being widowed/divorced (p = 0.041), and having diabetes (p = 0.006) with an eGFR <60ml/min/1.73m2.
 Conclusion The prevalence of CKD risk factors in this study population was high. Therefore, there is the need for adequate and continuous sensitization and routine screening in our various clinics for early detection and early management by lifestyle and risk factor modification to halt or reduce the growing burden of CKD with its attendant morbidity and mortality in Nigeria.

Causes of Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality in Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria

Introduction: Neonatal morbidity and mortality continue to be serious public health issues in developing countries, where it also has a considerable impact on the under-five mortality rate.
 Aims: To determine the causes of morbidity and mortality in neonates admitted to the inborn Special Care Baby Unit (SCBU) at Bingham University Teaching Hospital (BHUTH), Jos.
 Study Design: Cross Sectional Descriptive study.
 Place and Duration of Study: Inborn Neonatology Unit of the Department of Paediatrics, Bingham University teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.
 Methodology: A retrospective analysis of the records of all the babies admitted into the inborn SCBU of BHUTH over an 18-month period of January 2021 to June 2022 was done. We included 195 babies (99 males, 96 females)
 Results: A total of 196 patients were admitted into the inborn SCBU of BHUTH during the period reviewed and 195 (99.5%) had complete records. There were 99 (50.8%) males and 96 (49.2%) females with M: F of 1.03:1. The leading causes of admission were prematurity (51.3%), asphyxia (21.5%) and neonatal jaundice (10.8%). Nine (4.6%) infants had severe birth asphyxia, while 33 (16.9%) had moderate birth asphyxia. Twenty-eight deaths were recorded over the 18-month period giving a mortality rate of 14.4%. Prematurity (71.4%) and severe birth asphyxia (17.9%) were the leading causes of death. Of all the deaths that occurred, 9 (32.1%) occurred within the first 24 hours of hospitalization, while 3 (10.7%) of them died after 7 days of admission.
 Conclusion: In our community, the neonatal mortality rate is still very high. This death rate can be decreased with the support of concerted efforts to guarantee appropriate antenatal care, close monitoring of labour, and enhanced neonatal unit facilities for newborn care.

Efficacy of Jatropha curcas Leaf Extract on Some Isolates Associated with Surgical Wounds

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the antibacterial efficacy of Jatropha curcas leaf extract against some isolates associated with surgical wounds.
 Study Design: This was a hospital-based study conducted in 2017 in the Department of medical microbiology unit of Bingham university teaching hospital and the national veterinary research institute (NVRI) both institutions are located in Jos Plateau State Nigeria.
 Methodology: A total of twenty (20) isolates from clinical specimens of surgical wounds were used. The following bacteria were identified using biochemical analysis: Staphylococcus aureus (15), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (3). Using standard methods of ethanol and aqueous extraction techniques, the leaves of the Jatropha curcas were examined for phytochemical content. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the isolate were determined using the broth dilution method, while the antibacterial activity of the isolate was observed using the agar well diffusion techniques.
 Results: The result of the phytochemical extraction shows the presence of the following Alkaloids (secondary metabolite) Saponins, Tannins, glycosides, Flavonoids, Oxalate, Terpenoids, Resins and steroids. The ethanol extract of Jatropha curcas exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the test bacteria with higher activity recorded with Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (12 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10 mm). Aqueous extract of Jatropha curcas leaves did not exhibit significant antimicrobial activity against all the test isolates when compared to Ethanol Extraction However Aqueous extract of Jatropha curcas had a slight antimicrobial activity against only Staphylococcus aureus in the range of (5 mm to 7 mm). The MIC value for the ethanol extract of Jatropha curcas ranged from 100mg/ml to 200mg/ml while the MIC value for the aqueous extract was 200mg/ml. 
 Conclusion: The result of the present study shows that the ethanol and aqueous extracts of Jatropha Curcas leaves possess some antibacterial activities. The ethanol extract had higher antimicrobial activity than the aqueous extract on surgical wounds. It could therefore be inferred that these leaves contain bioactive constituents which can effectively inhibit the growth of some microorganisms. The plant could be used as an alternative therapy in the treatment of surgical wounds.

Serological Qualitative Diagnoses of Helicobacter pylori in Patients Accessing Care at the Bingham University Teaching Hospital Jos, Nigeria

Serological Qualitative Diagnoses of Helicobacter pylori in Patients Accessing Care at the Bingham University Teaching Hospital Jos, Nigeria

Clinical Outcomes of Surgery for Age-related Cataract with Intraocular Lens Implantation in Two Hospitals in North-Central Nigeria

Aims: The study aimed to assess the post-operative presenting visual acuity (PVA) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from six weeks and above post-surgery, of patients operated for age-related cataract with biometry-calculated IOL power and available IOL power implantation, in two hospitals in Jos, Nigeria.
 Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional survey.
 Place and Duration of Study: Eye units of two mission Hospitals in Jos namely; Bingham University Teaching Hospital and the Faith Alive foundation Hospital, between June and August 2021.
 Methodology: Patients aged 40 years and above, who had undergone surgery for age-related cataract in the preceding 18 months in two hospitals in Jos and were six weeks or more post-surgery were consecutively enrolled into the study, after obtaining informed consent. Socio-demographic data and surgical history were obtained from patients and their surgical records. The PVA and BCVA were assessed and categorized based on World Health Organization guidelines. 
 Results: A total of 87 patients were examined within the study period. Post-operative PVA was good (≥6/18) in 32 (36.8%), borderline (<6/18-6/60) in 41 (47.1%) and poor (<6/60) in 14 (16.1%) participants. After refraction, the proportion of good outcomes increased to 78.2% with only 8.1% of outcomes remaining poor. Biometry-calculated IOL power and available IOL power use did not significantly influence visual outcome (P=.645 and P=.146 for PVA and BCVA respectively).
 Conclusion: Majority of participants had post-operative PVA in the borderline category with residual uncorrected refractive error as the principal cause. Regardless of the IOL power implanted, surgery for age-related cataract enhanced patients’ vision. This study has shown that the presence of biometry is a guarantee of refractive success. Hence, refractive outcome audits are essential.

Assessment of Knowledge and Prevalence of antimicrobial use (AMU) among patients in a District Hospital in Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

Background: Worldwide, antimicrobial use is a major contributor to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with people and animals serving as the primary drivers. Knowledge of antibiotic rational use includes not only providers' actions in ensuring patients receive appropriate treatment for their condition, at the right dose and duration, but also patients' actions in adhering to the treatment protocols recommended, completing the full course, and not sharing or storing medicines for future use. This study aims to determine the knowledge and prevalence of antimicrobial use among patients in a District Hospital in Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. Methods: This was descriptive, cross-sectional study done in September, 2022 among 400 patients attending outpatient clinic at Maitama District Hospital Abuja's. A multistage sampling technique was used in this study. The data was analyzed using the IBM SPSS 28 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) computer software (IBM SPSS Inc. 2021). Ethical approval was granted by Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State. Results: The prevalence of antimicrobial use in the last 1 month, 6month and last 1 year was 41.5%, 32.0% and 5.6% respectively. A majority (74.25%) of the participants had gotten a prescription for the antibiotics from a doctor or nurse, 83.75% of them had received advice from a doctor, nurse or pharmacist on how to take the antibiotics while 16.25% of them had not. The antibiotics were sourced pharmacy (70.25%), hospital (22.5%), clinic (4.25%) while 3% stated other sources. Respondents stated that the conditions that can be treated with antibiotics, bladder infection or urinary tract infection (UTI) (75.2%), followed by Skin or wound infection (70.8%), Sore throat (62.4%) and Gonorrhea (55.9%) were the most selected. While other conditions were Cold and flu (48.5%), Fever (33.7%), Malaria (34.2%), Measles (30.7%), Body aches (21.3%), Headaches (11.9%) and HIV/AIDS (11.4%). Two thirds (63.25%) of respondents had good knowledge of antimicrobial use, 17.25% fair knowledge of antimicrobial use, and 19.5% poor knowledge of antimicrobial use. Test of association showed statistical significance for Age (χ² (2, N=400) = 69.56, p < 0.003), Marital status (χ² (2, N=400) = 96.64, p < 0.001) and Education (χ² (2, N=400) = 106.53, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The prevalence of antimicrobial use in the last 1 month was 41.5%, prevalence in last 6 months was 32.0% and in last 1 year was 5.6% respectively.Two thirds of respondents had good knowledge of antimicrobial use, 17.25% fair knowledge of antimicrobial use, and 19.5% poor knowledge of antimicrobial use. Individuals and communities should develop proper health-seeking behavior, such as consulting a physician or a licensed health workers before using antimicrobials.

Knowledge of Antimicrobial Drugs among Outpatients in a Specialist Hospital in Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.

Background: Globally antimicrobials are a key tool in our fight against infectious diseases. Antimicrobial knowledge entails being familiar with the many classes of antimicrobials available and the infections they can treat. Assessing the knowledge of Antimicrobial is necessary among patients  to avoid its misuse and development of antimicrobial resistance. It will aid in decision making and improving health seeking behaviour of patients.  This study seeks to assess the knowledge of antimicrobial drugs among patients in a specialist hospital in Abuja Muncipal Area council, FCT, Abuja. Methods: This was descriptive, cross-sectional study done in September, 2022  among clients attending outpatient clinic at a District Hospital Abuja's. it involved a sample size of  sample size 423 with 400 responding .  A multistage sampling technique was adopted for this study. The data was analyzed using the IBM SPSS 28 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) computer software (IBM SPSS Inc. 2021). The data was summarized using descriptive statistics which include the percentages, frequencies. Test of association was done using , the chi-square test (χ 2), and  p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Ethical approval was granted by Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State Results: One hundred and fifty respondents (37.5%) had good knowledge of antimicrobials, 141 (35.25%) had fair knowledge of antimicrobials, and 109 (27.25%) had poor knowledge (gave unsatisfactory answers to questions regarding knowledge about antimicrobials). Between male and female respondents. 22% of female respondents had good knowledge, 18.25% had fair knowledge  and 16.75% had poor knowledge. Of all the male respondents, 15.5% had good knowledge, 17% had fair knowledge and 10.5% had poor knowledge. There was a statistically significant association between knowledge of antimicrobials with Marital Status (χ² (2, N=400) = 54.92, p < 0.001)where more singles had poor knowledge of antimicrobial than married people, Education (χ² (2, N=400) = 87.16, p < 0.001), where more of those with tertiary education had good knowledge of antimicrobials than those with no education or only primary education.  and Age (χ² (2, N=400) = 56.84, p < 0.001) as more younger people (18 - 29 years ) had good knowledge of antimicrobials than older people (40- 59 years).Conclusion: Over a third of clients had good knowledge of antimicrobials, a third also had fair knowledge while about a  quarter had poor knowledge. The government and health care workers should support efforts towards improving the knowledge of communities on the basics of antimicrobials, in order to guide its use and improve antimicrobial stewardship.

Knowledge of Antimicrobial Stewardship Actions Among Out Patients at The Maitama District Hospital, Maitama, Abuja, Nigeria

Background: Antimicrobial stewardship programs primarily aim identify solutions to curb antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It helps to optimize antimicrobial use to improve patient outcomes, ensure cost-effective therapy, and reduce adverse sequel of antimicrobial use (including antimicrobial resistance) among residents, hospitalized patients, the public, and agricultural professionals. This study aims to assess the knowledge of antimicrobial stewardship actions among outpatients attending Maitama General Hospital, Abuja.Nigeria Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study done between June and November, 2022 among 423 outpatients using Multistage sample technique. Data was collected using interviewer-administered structured questionnaire and analysed using the IBM SPSS 28 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Ethical approval was granted by Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Ethics committee, Jos, Plateau State. Results: The level of knowledge about solutions to curb AMR (Antimicrobial stewardship) between male and female respondents showed 179 (44.75%) of female respondents had good knowledge, 28 (7.0%) had fair knowledge and 21 (5.25%) had poor knowledge. Of all the male respondents, 132 (33.0%) had good knowledge,12 ( 3.00)% had fair knowledge and 28 (7.00%) had poor knowledge. Summarily, 311 (77.75%) had good knowledge of antimicrobial stewardship, 40 (10.00%) had fair knowledge of antimicrobial stewardship and 49 (12.25%) had poor knowledge of antimicrobial stewardship. Conclusion: Majority of clients had good knowledge of antimicrobial stewardship actions, but this can be improved by planning and implementing more antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) sensitization activities in communities and among patients in the hospitals. Health care workers should have continuous professional development (CPD) training on AMS.

Knowledge of Antimicrobial Drug Resistance (AMR) Among Patients in a General Outpatient Clinic in Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC), Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is currently prevalent and has the potential to affect everyone, of any age, in any country. In humans, animals, and the environment, antimicrobial-resistant microbes are quickly emerging and spreading. This study aims to assess the knowledge of Antimicrobial Drug Resistance (AMR) among patients in a General Outpatient Clinic in Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC), Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study among 400 clients in district hospital done in 2022. A multistage sampling technique was adopted for this study. Data was collected using self-administered structured questionnaire and analyzed and presented as tables, proportions, and percentages using the IBM SPSS 28 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) computer software (IBM SPSS Inc. 2021) Ethical approval was granted by Bingham University Teaching Hospital Ethical Research Committee, Jos, Plateau State. Results: The study revealed that the knowledge of antimicrobial resistance between male and female respondents. 8.5% of female respondents had good knowledge, 20.75% had fair knowledge while 27.75% had poor knowledge. Of all the male respondents, 8.5% had good knowledge, 13% had fair knowledge and 21.5% had poor knowledge. Summarily, only 68 (17.0%) of participants had good knowledge of antimicrobial resistance, 135 (33.75%) had fair knowledge of antimicrobial resistance, while 197 (49.25%) had poor knowledge of antimicrobial resistance. Test of association between knowledge of antimicrobial resistance and Sociodemographic showed that Marital Status (χ² (2, N=400) = 44.28, p < 0.045), Education (χ² (2, N=400) = 123.80, p < 0.001) and Age (χ² (2, N=400) = 112.95, p < 0.001) were statistically significant. Conclusion: The Federal, State, and Local governments, health care providers, and community health workers should focus on increasing awareness of AMR risk factors through health campaigns and program that will aid behavioural change.

Comparative laboratory diagnosis of malaria: Microscopy versus rapid diagnostic test kits in a tertiary institution of North-Central Nigeria

Laboratory diagnosis of malaria is a vital key for its effective management. Diagnosis of malaria includes rapid, sensitive, and specific test methods. This study was aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of PfHRP2 rapid malaria test with reference to light microscopy for the diagnosis of malaria at the Bingham University Teaching Hospital (BhUTH) Jos –Plateau State, Nigeria. A total of 150 febrile patients attending BHUTH who were sent to the Hospital Laboratory from the General out patients Department (GOPD) for malaria parasite test (MPT)request had their blood sample collected and tested for malaria parasites (MP) using Field Stain A and B stain microscopy and PfHRP2 rapid malaria test between September and November 2021.Results shows that the sensitivity and specificity of PfHRP2 rapid malaria were 9.23% and 90.0% respectively, with corresponding positive and negative predictive values (PPV) as 90.0%and (NPV) as13. 2%. PfHRP2 rapid malaria test showed good sensitivity and specificity that is in agreement with that of the reference light microscopy. The rapid diagnostic test (RDT) results compared well with the light microscopy (Gold standard) for Laboratory diagnosis for malaria. Sustained use of RDT as an alternative to light microscopy is recommended especially in malaria endemic areas and the rural communities where electricity is out of reach.

Evaluation of rational prescribing in a hospital paediatric outpatient clinic in Nigeria

BackgroundIrrational prescribing is a continuing public health issue in low/middle-income countries. This study evaluated the drug use pattern of medicines in paediatrics aged below 12 years attending the outpatient paediatric...

Assessment of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria among pregnant women in a tertiary hospital in Northern part of Nigeria

The objective of this study is to assess the IPTp use among the pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic in Bingham University Teaching Hospital and improve the knowledge and attitudes of the patients toward the treatment. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out between August and December 2017 among 107 pregnant women selected by systematic random sampling from antenatal care attendees at Bingham University Teaching Hospital in Jos North local Government of Plateau State of Nigeria. Information on the knowledge, attitudes and practices with respect to intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) with sulphadoxine –pyrimethamine (SP) were obtained with the aid of a pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and Bivariate analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: Most of the interviewees were aged 26-30 years 40(37.4%) of the respondent, there was a high significant association between the age, educational level and occupation of the patients. Many of the respondents 57 (61%) were graduates, the association between the knowledge of malaria and level of education was highly significant. About 32 (29.9%) of the respondents had poor knowledge of treatment of malaria, there was a high significant association between the knowledge of treatment of malaria and level of education. 26 (24.3%) of the patients rarely used insecticide treated nets (ITNs) as method of malaria prevention, the association between the knowledge of malaria prevention and educational level was significant. Conclusion: Effort is needed to increase the sensitization of pregnant women about the benefits of IPTp in order to improve IPTp compliance.

Neonatal Morbidity And Mortality In Bingham University Teaching Hospital Jos, Plateau, North-Central Nigeria

Background: Neonatal mortality rate (NMR) remains high in Nigeria. There is the need to know the major causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality, so as to reduce the trend.Aim: To determine the causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality in the neonatology unit of Bingham University teaching Hospital (BHUTH), Jos.Method: This is a retrospective, analytical descriptive hospital-based study carried out in the special care baby unit of BHUTH from January- December 2018.Results: A total of 324 neonates were enrolled in the study. The ratio of male (189) to female (135) neonates was 1:0.7. There were more babies in the out born (168) than inborn (156). Major causes of morbidity were prematurity (29.3%), Neonatal jaundice (NNJ),(21.9%), Neonatal sepsis (NS), (12.3%), birth asphyxia (BA), (11.4%) and NNS+NNJ (9.9%). The three main causes of mortality were prematurity (59.1%), severe birth asphyxia (SBA) (27.3%) and NS (13.6%). The difference in mortality due to prematurity was statistically significant between the inborn and out born, (χ2 =9.08, p=0.001), but that due to severe birth asphyxia was not statistically significant (χ2 =1.44, p=0.230). Case fatality rate for severe birth asphyxia (SBA) was 32.4%, prematurity 27.4%, and NS 15.0%. Out of 324, 259 (80%) were discharged, 44 (14%) died, 17 (5%) were discharged against medical advice (DAMA) and 4 (1%) were referred.Conclusion: Prematurity, NNJ and NS were the leading causes of morbidity, while SBA, prematurity and NS were the main causes of mortality in this study.

Predictors of tuberculosis knowledge among mothers of under-fives, seen at Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos Nigeria.

Globally, tuberculosis still remains a disease of public health concern and accounts for high morbidity and mortality particularly in developing countries, where it is fuelled by a number of factors. Through a cross-sectional descriptive study, this study aims to determine the predictors of knowledge about TB among 261 mothers of children under 5 years of age attending Child Welfare Clinic, Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. The mean age of the mothers was 31.54 ± 5.28 years, and 249 (98.4%) aware of TB. About two-third having sufficient knowledge and positive attitude regarding TB. Significant statistical association was found between knowledge and attainment of post-secondary education (OR 4.0; 95% CI 12.09, 7.63; p˂ 0.001), monthly income ≤ 25,000 naira (OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.02, 4.65; p = 0.042), monthly income > 51,000 naira (OR 3.24; 95% CI 1.43, 7.31; p = 0.005), women engaged in business (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.22, 0.83; p = 0.012) and possessing positive attitude (OR 3.87; 95% CI 2.16, 6.93; p ˂ 0.001) in the univariate analysis. However, in the multivariate logistic regression, it was only attitude that was found to be a predictor of TB knowledge of mothers. TB knowledge among the mothers was high, only attitude regarding thoughts and beliefs about TB was found as an independent predictor of TB knowledge. With the positive influence of attitude on knowledge among the mothers, it is recommended that this be strengthened for sustenance to prevent further infection.

Human Monkey Pox Virus Infection in Plateau State, North Central Nigeria: A Report of Two Cases

Background: Human Monkey Pox Virus (HMPV) infection is a zoonotic infection that is endemic in the Congo basin and West Africa. Its similarity to smallpox infection, increased susceptibility infection in human populations, lack of a definitive therapy and its potential for use as a bioterrorism tool underscores its public health importance.
 Objective: To describe the characteristics of HMPV infection in Plateau State, North Central Nigeria.
 Methods: This was a case study of HMPV infection occurring in two Nigerian adults, seen in 2018, at Bingham University Teaching Hospital in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. The cases involved two siblings, and these were the first reported cases in Plateau State of Nigeria, which has an estimated population of 3.5 million persons. The diagnosis was based on a combination of clinical features and positive PCR tests on samples from the skin lesions and blood.
 Results: The first case, a 20-year-old male, presented with a one week history of fever, headache, pain on swallowing and micturition, and generalised skin lesions. The second case is a 20 year old step brother of the first case, and the primary care provider to first case when he took ill. He also presented with a one-week history of fever, headache, pain on swallowing, and skin lesions which were less intense than in the first case. PCR assays of samples from the skin lesions and blood were positive in both cases. The other comorbidity in both cases was pharyngotonsillitis. Blood, throat, stool, and urine cultures for suspected sepsis and urinary tract infection were all negative. Both cases were admitted and discharged after receiving a course of antibiotics, antihistamine, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, and multivitamins. Universal precautions were observed.
 Conclusion: HMPV infection in our environment underscores the need to strengthen preventive health strategies against this infection.
 Keywords: Clinical presentation; Human Monkey Pox Virus; Nigeria.

Social Features and Morbidity Patterns of Women with Obstetric Fistulae at an Obstetric Fistula Centre in a University Teaching Hospital in Jos, Nigeria

Obstetric fistulae are largely preventable surgical conditions. Literature has shown that it is common among the low income, less privileged and marginalized members of the community. It affects mainly the poor, young, illiterate girls, and women in the remote rural areas of the world, where access to emergency obstetric care, family planning services and skilled birth attendants are unavailable. And when available are poorly utilized due to cost, distance, and other challenges. This study seeks to identify the social features and morbidity characteristics of obstetric fistulae in women at the fistula center in Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. This was a descriptive study done in 2019 among all the patients who attended the obstetric fistula Centre at Bingham University Teaching Hospital. An Interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used, and it looked at social and health aspects of obstetric fistulae in all 49 patients at the center. Data was analyzed using a computer software; Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. Most of patients had some form of financial support especially from family members, husbands, parents, and friends. Most of the women had their relationships affected. Majority were separated, and relationships strained and had lost financial support from their spouses. Sexual Intercourse was adversely affected. On surgical outcome, 16% became completely dry and leaking had ceased, a third (36.7%) was still leaking urine after the surgery. Almost all the women have had no childbirth after the repair. Women had mental health issues like depression, anxiety, tension headache, fatigue, and suicidal ideation. Participants also had gynaecological morbidities like vulval dermatitis, irregular menstrual flow, abnormal vaginal discharge, and dysuria. These women also had lower abdominal pains, loss of weight, backache, and foot drop. Majority of the children did not survive after the pregnancy that led to the obstetric fistula. Women should seek financial support from family members to avoid delays in seeking help during pregnancy. Communities are encouraged to continue to give moral, emotional, financial, and social support to fistula patients. Healthcare workers should take advantage of the fact that most women attended ANC to educate and enlighten pregnant women on causes, risk factors, social and health consequences of obstetric fistulae. Government should initiate poverty alleviation activities and help reduce out of pocket expenses for healthcare via health insurance.

Morbidity and Mortality Statistics in Paediadric Medical Ward of Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos

Background: Approximately seventy-five percent of the deaths that occur in children excluding neonatal deaths in sub-Sahara Africa result from preventable and curable diseases like pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria. A hospital-based mortality and mortality pattern can be used to appraise the demographic profile and burden of disease in a community. AIM: To determine the morbidity and mortality pattern of children admitted into the PMW of BHUTH, Jos. Methodology: This was a retrospective study. Admissions into the paediatric medical ward of Bingham University Teaching hospital, Jos between October 2017 to Octorber 2018 were reviewed, with data from the admission and discharge records of the ward. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Ethical clearance was gotten from the ethical committee of the hospital. Results: A total of 357 children aged 1 month-15 years were admitted over the study period, of these, 189 (52.9%) were males, and 168 (47.1%) were females with a male:female ratio of 1.1:1. The age range was 1-168 months. Two hundred and twenty-seven (63.6%) of the children were under 5 years old. The major cause of mortality in children less than 5 years of age were BPN, Sepsis and malaria with 2 (18.2%) each respectively. The cause of morbidity was majorly due to malaria 70 (20.2%), followed by various crisis of SCA 42 (12%). The highest case fatality rate was from viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) with 28%, followed by Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) and Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) with complications each having 15.4% respectively. The length of hospital stay was inversely proportional to mortality and the difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 24.58, p < 0.00). The trend of sex distribution and morbidities showed that the month with the highest morbidity was in October 2017 with 44 admissions, the highest number of male morbidities was in January, 2018 with 26 males, while the month with the highest number of morbidities for females was in October 2017 with 21 patients. Out of all the 357 admissions, (92.7%) were discharged, (2.2%) left against medical advice, (0.6%) were referred, while (4.5%) died. Conclusion: The burden of paediatric morbidity and mortality is on children under 5 years and the causes are mainly preventable. An emphasis and focus on malaria eradication, vaccination and other child survival strategies will help to reduce childhood morbidity and mortality.