Binder Ingredients Research Articles

The feasibility of in-situ resource utilisation binder systems for construction materials on Mars: A review

The harsh environmental conditions on Mars require building materials that are highly resilient. The cost of transporting binder ingredients for construction materials to Mars is very high. In-situ resource utilisation (ISRU) of Martian resources can help minimise the transportation costs. This review discusses the proposed direction of future investigations to achieve high resiliency and minimal cost for Martian ISRU-based binders. The Martian ISRU-based binders can be bio-based, magnesium-based, polymer-based, geopolymer-based, metal-based or sulphur-based. The review focuses strictly on studies related to the investigation of binder systems produced by utilising simulated in-situ Martian resources. It is divided into sections based on the characteristics of the binder system. Important properties that are investigated include rheological properties, mechanical properties, radiation-shielding properties, and abrasion resistance. The recommended research directions for each Martian ISRU-based binder and other future works related to the key properties are described at the end of this manuscript. This review provides an overview of the potential directions of future research and strongly advocates for additional studies that simulate the behaviour of potential Martian ISRU-based binder systems for use in construction applications in the harsh environment of Mars.

Evaluation of Alkali-Activated Mortar Incorporating Combined and Uncombined Fly Ash and GGBS Enhanced with Nano Alumina

The present research focuses on assessing the fresh and hardened properties as well as the durability performance of alkali-activated mortar in an ambient environment and the impact of integrating nano-alumina (NA) at a 2% ratio as a substitute for binder materials in alkali-activated mortar (AAM). Additionally, it assesses the effectiveness of alkali-activated mortar employing different blends of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash as environmentally friendly substitute building materials. Fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast slag (GGBS), and an equal mixture of GGBS and FA make up these binder ingredients. As a result, the main binders contain GGBS, FA, or a 50/50 mixture of GGBS and FA. The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration is fixed at a 12-molarity level, and the alkali activator solution to binder ratio is kept at 0.5. In the alkali solution, the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide is always 2.5. The study evaluates various properties of AAM, such as compressive strength, flowability, unit weight, flexural tensile strength, and durability, under ambient conditions at a steady room temperature of 23±3°C. Results indicate that AAM mixtures devoid of NA exhibit a higher flow rate compared to those containing NA. Nonetheless, the flowability of AAM mixtures aligns well with standard requirements, being modest yet adequate. Significantly, the inclusion of NA enhances the mechanical properties and durability of AAM, demonstrating its beneficial effects. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-03-016 Full Text: PDF

A Study on the Mechanical Properties of Alkali Activated Concrete Using Various Types of Synthetic Zeolites

Abstract -The world's most common man-made material is concrete. Portland cement is a key component of a typical concrete mix. However, about 5% of the world's carbon dioxide emissions are brought on by the manufacture of cement. Engineers and scientists need to invent and use a green building material to make the world more sustainable. Due to its corrosion resistance, geopolymer concrete is also significantly more durable than regular concrete. It is also significantly stronger than regular concrete. The development of green construction will be facilitated by the innovative sustainable building material known as geopolymer concrete. Alkali- activated materials also known as geopolymers, are made from a variety of materials (usually industrial byproducts) known as precursors. These are combined with an alkaline medium to create a cementitious material that can be used in place of Portland cement in the production of concrete. Mineral admixtures (such as fly ash and GGBS) are typically added in larger amounts in concrete to improve its workability, resistance to thermal cracking, alkali-aggregate expansion, and sulphate attack, and to allow for a reduction in cement content. In the current study, sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were used as alkaline activators with a Molarity of 12M, and fly ash, GGBS, and types of synthetic zeolites as binder ingredients. 40% of GGBS is kept constant and fly ash is replaced with zeolite in various percentages. In this paper, zeolite is replaced with 5%, 7.5%, and 10% of fly ash to create geopolymer concretes. Zeolite powder obtained by the calcination process with the aid of sodium hydroxide and fly ash, industrial wastages. The performance of the created concrete is then evaluated using mechanical behavior on developed mix. Key Words: Alkali activator, fly ash, Ground granulated blast- frunace slag, synthetic zeolites, strength properties.

Mechanical Properties Investigation and Optimization of Ambiently Cured Alkali-Activated Concrete

The mechanical, microstructural and statical interpretation of the Alkali Activated Concrete (AAC), prepared using fly ash with crushed granulated corex slag as the binder ingredient, are examined in this work. Here, cast in-situ alkali-activated concrete strengths and substitute slag concentrations of 0-50 % by fly-ash weight were undertaken to determine a workable manufacturing process and were all considered for up to 28 days. Moreover, in microstructural research, C-A-S-H gel is produced by adding Ground Granulated Corex Slag (GGCS) to the binder-generated structural changes in the in-situ alkali-activated concrete. As a result, this research obtained perfect mixture fractions by synthesizing 25 % GGCS with 0.4 % of the liquid-to-binder ratio, in addition, a unified desirability of 80 % was attained.

Impact of High-Performance Expansion and Shrinkage-Reducing Agents on the Mechanical Properties and Shrinkage Compensation of High-Strength Concrete

A large number of binder ingredients such as cement and active mineral admixtures are used in the preparation of high-strength concrete, and the water:binder ratio is extremely low. This leads to a large amount of shrinkage of concrete at the early stage of curing, which poses a great threat to the safety and durability of the structure. To solve the cracking problem of high-strength concrete induced by high shrinkage, we choose to change the admixture to solve it. In this study, a high-performance expansion agent (HPEA) and shrinkage-reducing agent, which are currently studied in a small number, were selected by changing the way of admixture, and their effects on the strength and shrinkage of high-strength concrete were compared and analyzed. The results show that the addition of a HPEA is beneficial to the compressive strength of concrete and sufficient expansion can be obtained by using a high amount of HPEA, but there is an excessive and delayed expansion to produce cracks in the later stage. A shrinkage-reducing agent plays an adverse role in the development of concrete strength, but it performs better in inhibiting shrinkage. The combination of a HPEA and shrinkage reducing agent can largely avoid the formation of cracks, and the two have a certain synergy. The main reason is that a HPEA compensates for some of the negative effects of a shrinkage-reducing agent on concrete strength, and the shrinkage-reducing agent further strengthens the inhibition effect of a HPEA on concrete shrinkage, and to some extent avoids the risk of cracks caused by delayed expansion caused by admixture problems.

Boosting the performances of water-processable LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode with conventional white latex as binder ingredient

Transition to aqueous electrode fabrication of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) with green binder is certainly profitable and imperative in terms of economic benefit and environmental wellness. However, aqueous processing of cathode in LIB, especially the ternary LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM), is still problematic and novel water-soluble binder should be developed to boost the electrochemical performances of cathode. In this regard, commercially available white latex (WL), cooperating with CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose), is employed as water-processable binder mixture for manufacturing NCM cathode. Interestingly, the prepared NCM cathode assisted by WL/CMC mixture exhibits improved electrochemical performances including better initial reversible capacity of 161.7 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C current density, long-term cyclability with a reversible capacity of 155 mAh g−1 along with high-capacity retention of around 96% after cycling 200 times, and even excellent rate capability, which are superior to those of the conventional counterpart base on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF). Moreover, the NCM|graphite full cell, which is absolutely based on this novel WL binder, also demonstrates the outstanding electrochemical behaviors.

Properties of Sustainable Concrete Containing Red Mud: A Review

Concrete is an essential construction material and major component of concrete is cement. There is a huge amount of carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere during manufacturing process of cement which has negative impact on the environment. Thus it become necessary to discover a substitute material for cement in concrete. Rapid industrialization generates a significant quantity of waste material which are causing negative effect on environment. These wastes can be a replacement for traditional material which are used in concrete like cement or fine aggregate. Red mud is waste material which generated from bauxite ore at the time of production of aluminium by the Bayer process. In this review paper, the effort is made to present the properties of concrete with red mud after studying several research papers. This paper discusses the properties of red mud concrete such as workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, water absorption and modulus of elasticity. This paper shows the feasibility of partial substitution of cement in concrete by red mud. The study shows that incorporating red mud resulted increase in strengths of concrete such as compressive, split tensile and flexural strength. The water absorption of concrete decrease as increase in red mud content, it can be established that there is a possibility for using red mud in concrete as a binder ingredient for sustainable construction.

Mechanical Properties and Thermal Decomposition Behaviors of Hydroxyl‐Terminated Polybutadiene/Glycerol Propoxylate Blend and Its Application to Ammonium Nitrate‐Based Propellants

AbstractHydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) is commonly used as a binder ingredient in composite propellants. In this study, a plasticizer was added to the binder to promote its plasticity and flexibility. Glycerol propoxylate (GPO) is a triol material with a zigzag structure, and it has one oxygen atom in a repeating unit. GPO would be a good plasticizer for HTPB binder to obtain good elasticity; furthermore, it would be suitable for improving the burning characteristics of the HTPB propellant. The addition of GPO to the HTPB binder was effective in extending the pot life and improving the mechanical properties of the propellant. The thermal decomposition behaviors of the HTPB/GPO blends were almost the same as that of the HTPB binder, except that the beginning consumption temperature of the blends was lower than that of HTPB. The ignitability at low pressure for the ammonium nitrate‐based propellant was improved by using the HTPB/GPO binder, whereas GPO did not enhance the burning rate of the propellant.

Enzymatically Treated Spent Cellulose Sausage Casings as an Ingredient in Beef Emulsion Systems

The objective of this research was to incorporate an ingredient obtained from spent cellulose casings in beef emulsion modeling systems. The test ingredient (residual sausage casing, RSC) was procured from cellulose sausage casings following thermal processing of the sausages. The casings were cleaned of contaminants before a combination of enzymatic hydrolysis and high-speed homogenization was conducted in an effort to improve the functional attributes of the cellulose casing residue (i.e. recycling/upcycling of the spent casings). The beef emulsion modeling systems used in this study consisted of 57.30% beef, 20% water, 15% olive oil, 6% of the combination of RSC and an all-purpose binder, 1.45% NaCl, 0.40% sodium tri-polyphosphate, 0.15% sodium nitrite cure, and 0.0035% sodium erythorbate. The overlying goal here was to test the ability of the RSC ingredient for partial or full replacement of binder ingredients in a beef emulsion system. Therefore, the beef emulsion model systems were prepared with five different levels of the RSC ingredient as a substitution to an all-purpose binder ingredient (0% RSC, 25% RSC, 50% RSC, 75% RSC, and 100% RSC). This study was independently replicated in its entirety three times in a completely randomized design and data were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed statistical model. Emulsion samples were tested for proximate composition, cooking loss, emulsion stability, texture profile analysis, and instrumental color. Overall, technological properties and emulsion stability were lost as the level of the RSC ingredient increased, but low inclusion levels of the RSC ingredient (25% RSC) may help maintain acceptable levels of yield and emulsion stability, while improving the sustainability of the sausage production system.

PROPORSI MOCAF DAN TEPUNG LARUT DENGAN PENAMBAHAN MALTODEKSTRIN PADA PENGOLAHAN COOKIES

Cookies is snacks made from wheat flour. Wheat flour contains gluten which cannot be consumed by people with celiac diseases and autism. MOCAF is a modification of cassava flour that changes functional properties and can be used to substitute wheat flour. The use of MOCAF produces cookies that are hard-textured, so it is necessary to add arrowroot flour. Arrowroot flour was chosen because it contains low calories and non-gluten. Maltodextrin was used as maker crispy and binder ingredients. The research aimed were to determine the effect of MOCAF and arrowroot flour proportion and maltodextrin addition to the cookies characteristics, and determine the best alternative cookies processing. This research used factorial randomized block design with two factors. First factor was MOCAF and arrowroot flour proportion (T) with three levels (T1=100%:0%, T2=95%:5%, T3=90%:10%) and second factor was maltodextrin concentration (M) with three levels (M1=2%, M2=4%, M3=6%). Parameters research were proximate analysis, calories, yield, ability to swell, and organoleptic properties. The alternative selection used Expectation Value method. The results showed that there were no interactions between treatments on all research parameters, T treatment was significantly different on all organoleptic parameters, M treatment was significantly different on yield, fat and carbohydrate content, organoleptic properties, and the chosen treatment was T2M3 with expectation value was 8.21.
 Keywords: arrowroot flour, maltodextrin, MOCAF, non-gluten cookies

Mechanical Characteristics and Thermal Decomposition Behaviors of Polytetrahydrofuran Binder with Glycerol Propoxylate (Mn=1500) as a Crosslinking Agent

AbstractPolytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) is an effective binder ingredient for improving propellant performance, although it is not an energetic material. PTHF becomes sufficiently rubbery for use as a binder when a triol is added as a crosslinking modifier. In this study, glycerol propoxylate (GPO), with a molecular weight of 1500, was used as a crosslinking modifier, and the curing behavior, tensile properties, and thermal decomposition behaviors of the PTHF binder with GPO were investigated. A PTHF (Mn=650)/GPO blend with a PTHF/GPO mole ratio (ξ) less than or equal to 4 and a PTHF (Mn=1400)/GPO blend with ξ≤1 were used as propellant binders. The curing behaviors and mechanical properties of the PTHF/GPO blends were influenced by the molecular weight of PTHF and ξ, while the thermal decomposition behaviors were not affected. It was found that the PTHF/GPO blends had higher initial viscosity, longer pot life, and unique mechanical properties compared to those of the PTHF blends supplemented with GPO (Mn=260).

Microstructure and Properties of Zirconia Toughened Alumina Fabricated by Powder Injection Moulding

Zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramic has been fabricated by the powder injection moulding process. The ZTA ceramic, composed of 80 wt% alumina and 20 wt% zirconia, was mixed with a water-soluble, multi-component binder system. The binder ingredients were polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and stearic acid (SA). Powder injection moulding was performed with powder loadings in the range of 48-52 vol%, using a laboratory-scale injection moulding machine. Water leaching was used for partial binder removal prior to thermal debinding and then sintering at 1650 °C for 2 hours. Microstructural examination of the ZTA ceramic revealed that zirconia inhibited alumina grain growth and, therefore, improved the mechanical and physical properties of the specimens. It was found that powder loading had an influence on density, hardness and strength of the specimens. A flexural strength of 334 MPa and hardness value of 2093 kg/mm2 was obtained from specimens injection moulded with 52 vol% powder loading feedstock. The highest sintered density achieved was 97% of the theoretical value.

Mechanical Characteristics and Thermal Decomposition Behavior of Polytetrahydrofuran Binder using Glycerol Propoxylate (Mn=260) as Crosslinking Agent

AbstractPolytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) is an effective binder ingredient for improving propellant performance, even though it is not an energetic material. PTHF becomes sufficiently rubbery for use as a binder when a triol material such as glycerin is added as a crosslinking modifier. The cured PTHF/glycerin binder had unsatisfactory mechanical characteristics for use as a propellant binder, so a more appropriate crosslinking modifier than glycerin needs to be found. In this study, glycerol propoxylate (GPO), with a molecular weight of 260, was used as a crosslinking modifier, and the curing behavior, tensile properties, and thermal decomposition behaviors of the PTHF binder using GPO were investigated. The PTHF/GPO blend did not solidify when the PTHF/GPO mole ratio (ξ) was greater than a certain value. The PTHF (Mn=650)/GPO blend with ξ≤5 and the PTHF (Mn=1400)/GPO blend with ξ≤3 were used as propellant binders. From the curing behaviors and tensile properties, it was found that the PTHF/GPO binders ensured optimal mixing of the propellant ingredients and casting of the uncured propellant into the rocket motor case, and the tensile properties of the binders changed more drastically with the variation in ξ than did those of the PTHF/glycerin binders. The thermal decomposition behaviors of the PTHF/GPO binders were hardly dependent on ξ and were almost identical to those of the PTHF/glycerin binders.

Viscoelastic and thermal decomposition behaviors of polytetrahydrofuran binder prepared using glycerin as a crosslinking modifier

AbstractPolytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) is an effective binder ingredient used for improving the performance of propellants. PTHF becomes sufficiently rubbery for use as a binder with the addition of an adequate crosslinking modifier. This study investigated the viscoelastic and thermal decomposition behaviors of the PTHF binder prepared using glycerin as a crosslinking modifier, as well as the influence of the molecular weight of PTHF on the characteristics of the PTHF binder. The curing behavior of the PTHF binder was suitable for the manufacture of propellants, and the superior tensile properties of the PTHF binder made it suitable for use as a propellant binder. The degree of crosslinking of the samples decreased as the molecular weight of the PTHF increased. The PTHF binder has unique dynamic mechanical properties owing to its melting and chemical structure, and these properties were dependent on the molecular weight of PTHF. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and the loss tangent at Tg decreased as the molecular weight of the PTHF increased. The temperature and frequency dependence of the PTHF binder were influenced by the melting point of PTHF. The viscoelastic properties of the binder prepared using PTHF with a molecular weight of 650 followed the time–temperature superposition principle. The activation energy for the relaxation of this binder varied remarkably at the melting point of PTHF. The thermal decomposition behavior indicated that at low temperatures, the consumption rate of the binder with low‐molecular‐weight PTHF was slightly larger than that of the binder with high‐molecular‐weight PTHF. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

Studies on High Efficiency Diamond Trimming Saw Bits

Improvement of the service life and efficiency of trimming bits is the key to studies on metallic bond diamond saw bits. We conducted test of the preparation of layered trimming bits with different diamond and binder ingredient and sintering process with the results showing: hardness, cutting performance, strength, wear resistance and toughness of bits were improved through taking Cu as a binder phase, taking added small amount of Fe, Sn, Ni, Cr as additional binder phase to further improve the performance. After 3min insulation and sintering under 780°C, 50/60-mesh diamond hard phases are distributed on the bit alloy microscopic structure with 65Mn as the substrate. Combination of the flexible substrate and appropriately disperse hard phases achieves the improvement.

The effect of organic vehicle on the injection molding of ultra-fine zirconia powders

The compatibilities between the different binder ingredients were investigated by calculating the discrepancy of their compatibility parameters. The effects of different plasticizers involving dibutyle phthalate (DBP), organic alcohol glyceryl (OAG), caster oil (CO) and surfactants involving steric acid (SA), oleinic acid (OA) and Tween 80 (T80) on the behavior of zirconia suspensions were compared. The influence of the contents of dibutyle phthalate on the flow behavior of the feedstocks and the properties of the sintered parts were also examined.

Effect of nanocrystalline binder on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ultrafine Ti(CN) cermets

The influence of highly deformed nanocrystalline binder ingredient on the overall microstructure and mechanical properties of ultrafine grade Ti(C0.5N0.5) cermet was investigated. Nanocrystalline Ni and Ni-aluminides viz. NiAl and Ni3Al, synthesized by mechanical milling/alloying, were blended to the cermet powder prior to sintering. The mechanically milled nano-Ni contained a mixture of f.c.c. and hexagonal Ni phases. The cermet with nanocrystalline Ni showed a considerably improved microstructure over cermets with commercial coarse grade Ni and exhibits a high Vickers hardness of ∼16.1 GPa, along with a good fracture toughness value of ∼9 MPa m1/2. However, no significant change in the mechanical properties could be detected in the case of nanocrystalline NiAl and Ni3Al binder addition. The enhanced properties of the cermets containing nano-Ni were attributed to the finer particle size of the hard phase after sintering along with improved particle size distribution caused by rapid dissolution, which prevents excessive coalescence of the hard particles. On the other hand, the presence of high porosity in the cermets containing nano-NiAl and -Ni3Al apparently nullified any such enhancement.

Comparative Evaluation of Co-processed Lactose and Microcrystalline Cellulose with Their Physical Mixtures in the Formulation of Folic Acid Tablets

In this study, a new co-processed filler–binder ingredient for direct compression, MicroceLac 100, was compared with three different lactoses mixed with microcrystalline cellulose. The aim was to improve a folic acid tablet formulation. Therefore, the influence of drug addition to these mixtures was studied with regard to flow and binding properties. Another part of the study was focused on the interaction and segregation behavior of the drug.MicroceLac 100 showed superior flow and binding properties. Good adhesion of folic acid to the MicroceLac 100 particles could decrease demixing and segregation. The improved characteristics of co-processed material are attributed to spray drying. Sodium stearyl fumarate was chosen as a lubricant, based on ejection force measurements. The content uniformity of the newly formulated direct compression tablets met the official requirements.

Cracking defect and porosity evolution during thermal debinding in ceramic injection moldings

Formation of cracking defect during thermal debinding of a wax-based zirconia–binder system has been investigated at varying binder formulations (volumetric ratio of low-melting vs high-melting binder constitutes ranging from 1.7 to 2.8), heating rates (5–30°C h −1) and the use of wicking powders in ceramic injection moldings. Increase of the low-melting binder ingredients to a critical ratio of 2.8 resulted in an apparent cracking at a relatively low pyrolysis temperature of 250°C as the heating rate was increased to 30°C h −1. The cracking was avoided by use of wicking powders during thermolysis. The most frequent pore diameter of samples debound without the packing powders rapidly increased by nearly 3-fold over a temperature range from 200 to 250°C; contrarily, a gradual increase in the pore size was resulted when moldings were debound under the identical condition but with the packing powders. This finding is correlated with the incidence of cracking and its possible causes are discussed.

Thermal decomposition of RDX/BAMO pseudo-propellants

Measurements of gaseous species and temperature profiles for RDX/BAMO pseudo-propellants were performed to study their decomposition and the chemical and physical effects of their binder ingredient, 3,3′-bis-azidomethyl-oxetane (BAMO), on the base ingredient, 1,3,5-trimethylene trinitramine (RDX). The propellants were made from a physical mixture of RDX and BAMO in weight ratio of 80:20. Experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure in argon with heat fluxes of 100 and 400 W/cm 2 delivered by a CO 2 laser. Gaseous samples were extracted through the use of quartz microprobes and analyzed by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (TQMS). Temperature profiles were measured using micro-thermocouple techniques to investigate surface and gas-phase reaction zones identified by the species measurement. Results of species and temperature measurements showed chemical and physical interactions between the two ingredients. From the species measurements, products of each ingredient, RDX and BAMO, were found to exist simultaneously throughout the gas phase; however, primary reaction chemistry in the gas phase was dominated by RDX. Three different categories of gaseous products were identified in the species measurements: species common to both BAMO and RDX; from RDX or BAMO only; and those which can not be attributed to RDX or BAMO alone. Surface temperatures were ∼640 and ∼670 K at 100 and 400 W/cm 2, respectively, while that of RDX was ∼610 K for both heat fluxes. The temperature profiles showed the existence of an isothermal region in the gas phase, with the temperature of ∼1200 K at 100 W/cm 2 and ∼1500 K at 400 W/cm 2. The effect of BAMO in RDX/BAMO was clearly evident in the change of surface mole fractions and profiles of major species, expansion of reaction zones, and the constant temperature profile in the gas phase. .