Binary Description Research Articles

Beyond ‘ever closer union’: retrospective on 30 years of union citizenship and what they tell us about the future

Abstract Binary descriptions have traditionally taken centre stage in many analyses of Union citizenship, signalling the assumption of an inbuilt dynamism towards a pre-determined objective. This contribution moves beyond the vision of constant betterment for Union citizenship and the European Union at large. For that purpose, it reconstructs the institutional practice, with its seemingly erratic combination of ‘progress’ and ‘standstill’, as normative fault lines. In geology, a fault line is a section of the earth’s surface where rock has been visibly displaced as a result of plate tectonic forces, which, in the domain of Union citizenship, correspond to several constitutional tensions pushing and pulling the case law in diverse directions. For many years, these tensions did not exercise a decisive influence; anyone could project their understanding onto the skeleton of abstract Treaty articles. This is no longer possible at a time when Union citizenship touches upon salient topics which define the democratic context. It is these constitutional tensions, such as disagreement over the degree of centralization, the value of (im)mobility, or the reconfiguration of membership, which sustain our hypothesis that Union citizenship is defined by postmodern ambiguity rather than the modernist ideal of irrefutable progress. An awareness of this change allows readers to chart their way through the institutional practice by defining the legal and normative parameters for future developments.

Basic quantum subroutines: finding multiple marked elements and summing numbers

We show how to find all k marked elements in a list of size N using the optimal number O(Nk) of quantum queries and only a polylogarithmic overhead in the gate complexity, in the setting where one has a small quantum memory. Previous algorithms either incurred a factor k overhead in the gate complexity, or had an extra factor log⁡(k) in the query complexity.We then consider the problem of finding a multiplicative δ-approximation of s=∑i=1Nvi where v=(vi)∈[0,1]N, given quantum query access to a binary description of v. We give an algorithm that does so, with probability at least 1−ρ, using O(Nlog⁡(1/ρ)/δ) quantum queries (under mild assumptions on ρ). This quadratically improves the dependence on 1/δ and log⁡(1/ρ) compared to a straightforward application of amplitude estimation. To obtain the improved log⁡(1/ρ) dependence we use the first result.

Hybrid Optimization for High Aspect Ratio Wings with Convolutional Neural Networks and Squirrel Optimization Algorithm

An efficient hybrid optimization algorithm is introduced in this paper to optimize the lightweight design of high-aspect-ratio wings, tackling the complexities associated with the mixed optimization design of layout and size variables within these wing structures. A hybrid binary unified coding description facilitates the optimization process for layout and size variables. The study influences one-dimensional convolutional neural networks to establish an aeroelastic surrogate model, primarily chosen for their exceptional performance in handling multi-parameter aeroelastic regression problems. Additionally, the squirrel optimization algorithm is chosen over the genetic algorithm for the mixed optimization problem, leading to notable savings in computational costs. The research demonstrates that the proposed hybrid optimization method, integrating the one-dimensional convolutional neural network and the squirrel optimization algorithm, offers superior performance in optimizing high aspect ratio wings. Specifically, it results in a reduction of 4.1% in the weight of the wing structure. Moreover, the study highlights the necessity of this hybrid approach due to the observed coupling between the layout variables of the wing ribs and the size variables of the wing beams.

Challenges with embedding an integrated sex and gender perspective into pain research: Recommendations and opportunities

The focus of this article, within this BBI horizons special issue, is on sex, gender, and pain. We summarise what is currently known about sex- and gender-related variations in pain, exploring intersectional biological and psychosocial mechanisms, and highlight gaps in knowledge and understanding. Five key challenges with the exploration of sex and gender in pain research are presented, relating to: conceptual imprecision, research bias, limitations with binary descriptions, integrating sex and gender, and timely adoption/implementation of good research practice. Guidance on how to overcome such challenges is provided. Despite clear evidence for sex and gender differences in pain, there are conceptual and methodological barriers to overcome. Innovation in methods and approach can help develop more effective and tailored treatment approaches for men, women, boys, girls, and gender-diverse people.

Thermodynamic Assessment of the Fe–Mn–Ni System and Diffusion Mobility of Its Face-Centered Cubic Phase

Through extrapolation of updated binary descriptions, the Fe–Mn–Ni system was thermodynamically elucidated in a self-consistent way. The obtained thermodynamic description was confirmed to be reliable by measuring phase equilibria at relatively low temperatures. Our current thermodynamic evaluation can describe the phase stabilities over a wide temperature range and provide a reliable thermodynamic factor for the diffusion mobility optimization. For the face-centered cubic (FCC) phase in the investigated alloy system, optimization of diffusion mobilities was accomplished with the CALPHAD method. Interdiffusivities were extracted based on the composition-distance profiles of diffusion couples investigated herein. Through comprehensive diffusion behavior comparisons, our proposed diffusion mobilities were confirmed.

Turning Up the Volume on Translation: Transforming Narratives in the Work of Mercè Rodoreda

This paper considers literary translation as a process that is both transformative and disruptive. Translation engenders movement, not only across languages, but it moves ideas from the centre to the periphery, and from the periphery to the centre. I argue that the translation of literature facilitates the movement and transfer of social narratives between languages and cultures, and in doing so, the very nature of these narratives is altered. Defining social narratives as “the stories we tell ourselves, not just those we tell other people, about the world(s) in which we live” (Baker 19), this paper considers how the properties of such narratives are transformed when translated for new audiences and readerships. Using the vocabulary of sound and volume, I identify and label social narratives on a spectrum of quiet and loud, moving away from previously used binary descriptions, in order to describe the power dynamics at play within world literature. I argue that the interaction between narratives in translation can be discussed in terms of amplification, muting, or silencing, in particular when considering the position and status of source and target languages. To demonstrate this new means with which to describe this process in translation, I take as a case study twentieth-century Catalan author Mercè Rodoreda’s novel La mort i la primavera (1986), and its English translation Death in Spring (2017), identifying how narratives interact and function across cultures, and how they may be made quieter or louder, in order to resonate with, or be ‘heard’ by new audiences.

Thermodynamic modeling of the Ni–Ti–Hf system

Ni–Ti–Hf alloys have received extensive attention owing to their excellent shape-memory behavior. In the present work, the thermodynamic assessment of the Ni–Ti–Hf system was performed using the CALPHAD method after a critical review of the thermodynamic descriptions of boundary binaries and available experimental data in the ternary system. The solubility ranges of the third elements in binary intermetallic compounds are well described. Moreover, the wide homogeneity ranges of the B2 and NiTi2 phases are satisfactorily reproduced. The ternary τ phase was reasonably described using a two-sublattice model (Ni)0.44(Hf,Ti)0.56. Both the thermochemical properties and phase diagrams were well described using the present model parameters.

Safe harbor: translocating California red‐legged frogs to a climate refuge in Yosemite National Park

Safe harbor: translocating California red‐legged frogs to a climate refuge in Yosemite National Park

Identifying patients presenting in pain to the adult emergency department: A binary classification task and description of prevalence

Identifying patients presenting in pain to the adult emergency department: A binary classification task and description of prevalence

Method of compression and ensuring the fidelity of video images in infocommunication networks

Subject research in the article is the methods of compressing video images under conditions of ensuring the desired level of their fidelity in the delivery process using infocommunication networks. The goal is to develop methods of encoding video images for increasing the level of their compression in the conditions of ensuring required reliability. Task: to substantiate the approach regarding the structural clusterization of transformed video segments in the conditions of preserving their reliability; to develop a method of structural and statistical coding of transformants in the spectral-cluster space; conduct a comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of various methods of encoding video segments. The methods used: mathematical models for estimating the amount of statistical and structural redundancy in the clustered spectral space of video segments; methods of statistical coding. The following results have been obtained. The potential effectiveness of representing a transformant in clustered space by the number of series of units in binary description of their components has been substantiated. A method of structural-statistical coding in the spectral-cluster space has been created. The basic component of this technological approach is the evaluation of the estimates regarding the potential ability to eliminate various types of redundancy in the current cluster. Here, the amount of redundancy is reduced considering the statistical and structural features of the cluster. The comparative evaluation revealed the advantages of the created method over coding methods in standardized platforms. The advantage is achieved in terms of the peak signal-to-noise ratio by at least 30%. and in terms of a compression ratio by an average of 12 %. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is as follows: for the first time, a method of structural-statistical coding of video segments in spectral space based on their clusterization has been created. The differences of the method lie in the fact that the component of the transformant is simultaneously interpreted as an element of the statistical and combinatorial cluster space; the potential capabilities of eliminating various types of redundancy in the clustered transformant are considered. This provides an increase in the level of compression of video images for a given level of reliability.

Binary Feature Description of 3D Point Cloud Based on Retina-like Sampling on Projection Planes

A binary feature description and registration algorithm for a 3D point cloud based on retina-like sampling on projection planes (RSPP) are proposed in this paper. The algorithm first projects the point cloud within the support radius around the key point to the XY, YZ, and XZ planes of the Local Reference Frame (LRF) and performs retina-like sampling on the projection plane. Then, the binarized Gaussian density weight values at the sampling points are calculated and encoded to obtain the RSPP descriptor. Finally, rough registration of point clouds is performed based on the RSPP descriptor, and the RANSAC algorithm is used to optimize the registration results. The performance of the proposed algorithm is tested on public point cloud datasets. The test results show that the RSPP-based point cloud registration algorithm has a good registration effect under no noise, 0.25 mr, and 0.5 mr Gaussian noise. The experimental results verify the correctness and robustness of the proposed registration method, which can provide theoretical and technical support for the 3D point cloud registration application.

Survivors “Surviving Well” and “Surviving Poorly”: Reflections on the Limitations and Possibilities of Transformative Justice

Survivors “Surviving Well” and “Surviving Poorly”: Reflections on the Limitations and Possibilities of Transformative Justice

Beyond Boolean: Ternary networks and dynamics.

Boolean networks introduced by Kauffman, originally intended as a prototypical model for gaining insights into gene regulatory dynamics, have become a paradigm for understanding a variety of complex systems described by binary state variables. However, there are situations, e.g., in biology, where a binary state description of the underlying dynamical system is inadequate. We propose random ternary networks and investigate the general dynamical properties associated with the ternary discretization of the variables. We find that the ternary dynamics can be either ordered or disordered with a positive Lyapunov exponent, and the boundary between them in the parameter space can be determined analytically. A dynamical event that is key to determining the boundary is the emergence of an additional fixed point for which we provide numerical verification. We also find that the nodes playing a pivotal role in shaping the system dynamics have characteristically distinct behaviors in different regions of the parameter space, and, remarkably, the boundary between these regions coincides with that separating the ordered and disordered dynamics. Overall, our framework of ternary networks significantly broadens the classical Boolean paradigm by enabling a quantitative description of richer and more complex dynamical behaviors.

A third generation Calphad description of W–C including a revision of liquid C

More physically-based models are used when developing the third generation Calphad descriptions, which enable to calculate and predict the thermodynamic properties with higher reliability in an extended temperature range. In order to examine the unary descriptions and verify the models for developing binary descriptions, the W–C binary system was selected as test vehicle. The description of liquid C was first re-assessed adopting the most recent suggestion on modelling the liquid phase. The Einstein/Neumann–Kopp model (the hybrid model) was applied to model all the end-members of the solid solution phases. This work further verifies the hybrid model and the method used to extrapolate the solid data of pure W.

Thermodynamic assessment of the C[sbnd]Cr[sbnd]Ti system—Supported by DFT calculations

The thermodynamic description of the CCrTi ternary system has been reassessed. The main reason was to adjust the solubility limit of Cr in MC (M = Cr, Ti), but also to take the solubility of Ti in M3C2 and M7C3 into account. Another reason was that the thermodynamic descriptions of all the three constituent binary systems (CCr, CTi and CrTi) had been revised after the previously published description of the CCrTi system. Important metastable end-members and interaction parameters were calculated using Density Functional Theory (DFT). For fcc-CrC and Ti3C2, DFT was used together with a recently published method to calculate the molar Gibbs energy as a function of temperature (Gm(T)). For fcc-CrC also the magnetic contribution and the magnetic transition temperature, i.e. the Curie temperature (TC), were included. DFT was also used to calculate Gibbs energy of formation at 0 K for Ti7C3 and to calculate the molar excess Gibbs energy contribution, and TC, as a function of Ti composition in MC. DFT calculated parameters were compared with experiments or previous assessments. Selected experimental information from literature was then used to optimize parameters that are difficult to calculate with DFT, e.g. interaction parameters for the liquid phase and temperature dependence for interaction parameters in the solid phases. The resulting thermodynamic description, which is based on critically reviewed binary descriptions, reproduces the experimental solidification sequence, found in literature, equally well as the previous description of the CCrTi system. Furthermore, in contrast to the previous description, the new description also reproduces the most recent experimentally determined solubility of Cr in MC and takes the solubility of Ti in M3C2 and M7C3 into account. Finally the new description uses DFT calculated metastable end-members and interaction parameters, which gives more reliable predictions, especially at low temperatures.

VLE measurement of binary systems containing imidazolium ionic liquids and water or ethanol

Experimental VLE data for binary systems of ethanol or water with three 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) containing different anions were measured at normal pressure using the Siwoloboff procedure. ILs selected in this study were those that appear to be suitable for the ethanol−water mixture separation by extractive distillation. Measured vapor–liquid equilibria were described by the extended Raoult's law with components activity coefficients calculated using the NRTL equation. Detailed analysis of the VLE data is presented in form of equilibrium diagrams, variation of activity coefficients with mixture composition and thermodynamic consistency tests. Experimental t–x data were measured within a wider range of the binary mixture compositions and compared to those found in literature. Boiling point temperature measurement of binary mixtures (adapted Siwoloboff procedure) provided comparable results to those obtained applying conventional methods of VLE estimation (circulation method, ebulliometric measurement, etc.). Reliability and thermodynamic consistency of experimental data obtained using the adapted Siwoloboff procedure for high ILs’ content (high temperature) were affected by the accuracy of the temperature measurement. However, the trend of these experimental data is useful for VLE description in concentration regions where usually only coarse extrapolation is applied. Experimental data obtained for a wide binary mixture composition range (IL content of more than 70 mole%) seem to be more suitable for binary and ternary VLE description in separation equipment simulations, e.g. extractive distillation columns.

Promise of Persistent Multi-Messenger Astronomy with the Blazar OJ 287

Successful observations of the seven predicted bremsstrahlung flares from the unique bright blazar OJ 287 firmly point to the presence of a nanohertz gravitational wave (GW) emitting supermassive black hole (SMBH) binary central engine. We present arguments for the continued monitoring of the source in several electromagnetic windows to firmly establish various details of the SMBH binary central engine description for OJ 287. In this article, we explore what more can be known about this system, particularly with regard to accretion and outflows from its two accretion disks. We mainly concentrate on the expected impact of the secondary black hole on the disk of the primary on 3 December 2021 and the resulting electromagnetic signals in the following years. We also predict the times of exceptional fades, and outline their usefulness in the study of the host galaxy. A spectral survey has been carried out, and spectral lines from the secondary were searched for but were not found. The jet of the secondary has been studied and proposals to discover it in future VLBI observations are mentioned. In conclusion, the binary black hole model explains a large number of observations of different kinds in OJ 287. Carefully timed future observations will be able to provide further details of its central engine. Such multi-wavelength and multidisciplinary efforts will be required to pursue multi-messenger nanohertz GW astronomy with OJ 287 in the coming decades.

Revisiting Binary Local Image Description for Resource Limited Devices

The advent of a panoply of resource limited devices opens up new challenges in the design of computer vision algorithms with a clear compromise between accuracy and computational requirements. In this letter we present new binary image descriptors that emerge from the application of triplet ranking loss, hard negative mining and anchor swapping to traditional features based on pixel differences and image gradients. These descriptors, BAD (Box Average Difference) and HashSIFT, establish new operating points in the state-of-the-art's accuracy vs. resources trade-off curve. In our experiments we evaluate the accuracy, execution time and energy consumption of the proposed descriptors. We show that BAD bears the fastest descriptor implementation in the literature while HashSIFT approaches in accuracy that of the top deep learning-based descriptors, being computationally more efficient. We have made the source code public <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> .

Experimental investigation and thermodynamic modeling of the ternary Ti–Fe–Mn system for hydrogen storage applications

The Ti–Fe–Mn alloys have attracted extensive interests due to the excellent hydrogen storage properties of the TiFe and TiMn2 (i.e. the C14 Laves phase) intermetallic compounds. The phase equilibria involving these two phases are essential for the design of hydrogen storage materials. In order to accelerate the design process, a thermodynamic description of the ternary Ti–Fe–Mn system was developed by experimental phase diagram study, ab initio calculations and CALPHAD-type thermodynamic modeling in the present work. The phase equilibria involving TiFe and C14 Laves phases were investigated by using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The partial isothermal sections at 1273 and 1373 K were established. Ab initio calculations were carried out to assist the determination of the thermodynamic parameters for the C14 Laves phase. The Ti-Mn system was re-assessed to reproduce the phase diagram data over the entire composition range. The Ti-Fe-Mn system was modeled and optimized based on reliable binary descriptions and experimental data. The TiFe and C14 Laves phases were well described to reproduce the phase equilibria with other phases in the ternary system. Moreover, the developed thermodynamic description of the Ti-Fe-Mn system was successfully applied for the prediction of phase constitutions of hydrogen storage alloys, demonstrating evidently the reliability of the practical use of present model parameters.

Why Are Old Binary Descriptions of Race So Misleading in the Twenty‐first Century?

Why Are Old Binary Descriptions of Race So Misleading in the Twenty‐first Century?