Billions Of Times Research Articles

Deep learning on chest X-ray and computed tomography scans for detection of COVID-19 as a part of a network-centric digital health stack for future pandemics

Developing a reliable rapid screening protocol for highly infectious diseases like COVID-19 is of paramount interest since it facilitates the isolation of infected patients from the rest of the population. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test is presently the most widely accepted gold-standard test to detect COVID-19. In this method, the RNA of the virus is duplicated by a process called reverse transcription to form DNA for facilitating the copying process. Fluorescent dye is attached to the viral genetic material and copied billions of times through the process called polymerase chain reaction. Enhanced fluorescence is used to identify the presence of genetic material of the virus. These tests are time-consuming and have significant false negatives, i.e., a person with COVID-19 might be categorized as not having the virus. Large-scale RT-PCR testing has its own share of problems such as logistics, availability and affordability in underdeveloped nations, and reliability of the test results. Machine learning algorithms can act as a cheaper supplementary/alternative diagnostic tool for the testing process. In the current study, using publicly available chest X-ray image datasets, different convolutional neural network (CNN)-based models were developed for efficient identification of COVID-19 infected patients, and their efficacies were compared. Key innovations in training the CNNs are discussed. Our results indicate that EfficientNet, SeResNext, and ResNet are best at classifying normal, pneumonia and COVID-19 cases, respectively. The ResNet architecture with transfer learning performed best at detecting COVID-19 with an accuracy of 94%, a rate far superior to that in the RT-PCR test, which is typically in the range of 70 – 80%. This is particularly attractive as an additional noninvasive protocol since such technology-augmented detection is likely to help in reducing the psychological refractory period due to COVID-19 infections. Toward the healthy lung initiative in the post-COVID-19 era, we propose close coupling of the present diagnostic protocols with digital approaches to ensure more reliable personal care within the ambit of large-scale pandemic control mechanisms. Such integration with emerging technological tools can create a benchmark for the first line of defense against future global pandemics.

Machine learning-based shear force quality prediction of ultrasonic wire bonds: utilizing process data and machine data without additional sensors

Ultrasonic wire bonding is a highly automated production process that is used billions of times a year in the electronics and electromobility industries. Due to the complexity of the process and the large number of influencing parameters, there are currently no automated methods that can be used without additional sensors to evaluate the shear force bond quality quantitatively and non-destructively with sufficiently high precision. For this reason, this paper presents a new methodology that uses machine learning to enable quantitative, non-destructive prediction of bond quality without additional sensors. For this purpose, a machine learning algorithm was developed that uses various machine data and process data from existing sensors to quantitatively predict the shear force of the bonded joint. In addition, features are extracted from process time series, such as current, power, and frequency of the ultrasonic generator as well as deformation during bonding. Of the total of 2,090 features considered, the number of features could be reduced to 26 by recursive feature elimination, while maintaining the prediction accuracy. By using optimized deep neural networks, on average, a prediction precision of the regression on the shear force of the source bond of over 89.6% R2-score and a mean absolute error of 241 cN can be achieved.

Why it is important for B2B brands to find their why: A case study of Akamai Technologies

Soon after being named EVP and CMO of Akamai Technologies in March 2021, Kim Salem-Jackson realised that the brand was missing its ‘why’ — the reason it exists beyond profit. Working in partnership with Afdhel Aziz, Chief Purpose Officer at the purpose consultancy Conspiracy of Love, Salem-Jackson introduced a new purpose statement for the company: ‘We make life better for billions of people, billions of times a day.’ This paper analyses how the tech company selected its brand purpose, the strategies employed to bring leaders and employees along on the journey in an engaging and authentic way, and the unique role marketing plays in activating purpose for all stakeholders to drive growth and profitability.

Performance and accuracy of the basic closure algorithm of quadrature-based moment methods

Quadrature-based moment methods (QBMMs) are numerical methods to close moment equations derived from a population balance equation. There are many variants, most of which are based on the same closure algorithm that can be divided into three subroutines: First, computing the recurrence coefficients of orthogonal polynomials from a moment sequence, second, finding the associated Gaussian quadrature rule by solving an eigenvalue problem, and third, closing the moment equations using that quadrature rule. Since each of these steps may be carried out billions of times in large-scale simulations, knowing the potentials of optimization is the key to making QBMMs as efficient as possible. In this work, we investigate in detail the performance and accuracy of QBMMs with different configurations and over a wide range of input moment sets. Our major findings were the following: Available algorithms to compute the recurrence coefficients are about equally sensitive to the input moment sequence. There are considerable differences in performance, but the contribution to the overall computational costs of the closure algorithm is negligible. The standard method to solve the eigenvalue problem is insensitive to the input moment set in contrast to a less robust but slightly faster alternative that involves solving a Vandermonde system. For relatively simple physical problems, the overall computational costs are mostly determined by the eigenvalue problem, whereas closing the moment equations becomes important in the presence of more complex processes with particle-particle interactions. The complete source code we implemented and used for our numerical investigations is publicly available.

Evaluation of quality and reliability of videos about orthodontics on TikTok (DouYin)

Objectives: TikTok is the world’s most popular short video application, where orthodontics-related content is viewed billions of times. This study aimed to evaluate the quality and reliability of video content about orthodontics on TikTok. Material and Methods: TikTok mobile application was searched for videos with the hashtag “#orthodontics” on July 9, 2021. The content and quality of the first 150 videos were evaluated using the global quality score (GQS) and reliability score (modified DISCERN tool) which is an evaluation tool for health information on social media. Results: The mean of the two researchers’ GQS values and reliability score was 2.1 ± 1.1 and 1.2 ± 1.4, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the median values of GQS and reliability score according to categorical descriptive variables (P > 0.050). A statistically significant weak positive correlation was found between like no. and reliability scores (r = 0.245; P = 0.037). Most of the videos were uploaded by orthodontists (72.6%). Conclusion: Both the quality and reliability of the content about orthodontics on TikTok were very low. Even the most of the accounts were professionals, they did not prefer to give scientific information due to the medium’s own dynamics and target population’s likes.

An efficient ADER-DG local time stepping scheme for 3D HPC simulation of seismic waves in poroelastic media

Many applications from the fields of seismology and geoengineering require simulations of seismic waves in porous media. Biot's theory of poroelasticity describes the coupling between solid and fluid phases and introduces a stiff reactive source term (Darcy's Law) into the elastodynamic wave equations, thereby increasing computational cost of respective numerical solvers and motivating efficient methods utilising High-Performance Computing.We present a novel realisation of the discontinuous Galerkin scheme with Arbitrary High-Order DERivative time stepping (ADER-DG) that copes with stiff source terms. To integrate this source term with a reasonable time step size, we utilise an element-local space-time predictor, which needs to solve medium-sized linear systems – each with 1,000 to 10,000 unknowns – in each element update (i.e., billions of times). We present a novel block-wise back-substitution algorithm for solving these systems efficiently, thus enabling large-scale 3D simulations. In comparison to LU decomposition, we reduce the number of floating-point operations by a factor of up to 25, when using polynomials of degree 6. The block-wise back-substitution is mapped to a sequence of small matrix-matrix multiplications, for which code generators are available to generate highly optimised code.We verify the new solver thoroughly against analytical and semi-analytical reference solutions in problems of increasing complexity. We demonstrate high-order convergence of the scheme for 3D problems. We verify the correct treatment of point sources and boundary conditions, including homogeneous and heterogeneous full space problems as well as problems with traction-free boundary conditions. In addition, we compare against a finite difference solution for a newly defined 3D layer over half-space problem containing an internal material interface and free surface. We find that extremely high accuracy is required to accurately resolve the slow, diffusive P-wave at a or near a free surface, while we also demonstrate that solid particle velocities are not affected by coarser resolutions. We demonstrate that by using a clustered local time stepping scheme, time to solution is reduced by a factor of 6 to 10 compared to global time stepping. We conclude our study with a scaling and performance analysis on the SuperMUC-NG supercomputer, demonstrating our implementation's high computational efficiency and its potential for extreme-scale simulations.

Genesis and evolution of magmas according to data on hot heterogeneous accretion of the Earth

The obtained numerous proofs of hot heterogeneous accretion of the Earth lead to a fundamentally new solution to the problems of genesis and evolution of magmas. According to these data, the Earth’s core was formed earlier than the silicate mantle as a result of the agglutination of iron particles of the protoplanetary disk under the influence of magnetic forces, because with a small body size, these forces were billions of times more powerful thangravitational ones. The accretion of the silicate mantle created a global magmatic ocean under the influence of impact heat release. Its bottom part crystallized and fractionated as a result of the pressure increase of the formed upper parts. Cumulates formed the ultrabasic mantle, and residual melts formed the magmatic ocean. The increase in ocean temperature and depth caused the evolution of bottom residual melts from acidic to ultrabasic, the appearance of corresponding layers in the ocean, and the reverse geothermal gradient in the mantle. As a result of the cooling and crystallization of the ocean from top to bottom after 3.8 billion years ago early Precambrian crystal complexes, acidic crust, and the lithosphere of ancient platforms were formed. The separation of residual melts from various layers caused the evolution of magmatism on them from acidic to akaline-ultramafic and kimberlite. Heating of the mantle by a high-temperature core led to the appearance of a direct geothermal gradient at the end of the Proterozoic, convection in the mantle, and modern geodynamic environments. In them, magmas are formed by the frictional and decompression melting of the differentiates of the magmatic ocean.

What The Future Upholds!

As the world is changing with better infrastructure, fiber, clouds, networks, data centers have become a source of providing information around the globe, providing us one of the biggest businesses, with a large amount of spending done over them. By the end of 2021, “Global Information Technology” is calculated to be spending $3.8 trillion over the companies shifting to the cloud. [1] The various networks of the software, hardware, infrastructure, databases: all are highly developed for making the IT to boom up for the incoming eras. Arthur C Clarke, once said, “any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” Everything going to the advanced level, the shared amount of data relies on fast connectivity. There is a lot of talking going on the capabilities provided by the 5G from past few years, which is finally out with its first batch of 5G handsets have been announced hitting the market soon.[2]The market opportunities of various companies are as bigger as they have ever been. Organizations such as DARPA, IBM, Shipchain, Paxful, Circle [3] are few of the companies working on providing number of applications to the technological world. Companies such as Honeywell, Microsoft, AWS, Spunk, Google are actively working in order to update the computing capabilities which we are accessing upon by providing us with quantum world. [4]Quantum computing provides us a redefine form of what the computer is all about. It gives us the computing power which is billions of times more renowned and powerful than the computing environment we are existing in today. Subdermal technologies are overpowered with new rulings neuro link. In today’s world, people working on completely virtual spaces with power assist fabrics (Digital fabrics) [5]. It provides human the evolution of added strength and gaining mobility to another level. United Nations have developed a universal translator, which in turn reduces the requirement of human interpreters and translators

Experimental analysis of reed valve movement for different reed valve designs tested in an impact fatigue test system

Impact fatigue is a phenomenon that is the main cause of failure of reed valves in compressor systems. This phenomenon occurs in compressors due to repeated opening and closing of reed valves during suction and exhaust cycles of compressors. When the valve opens it creates bending fatigue stresses in the body of reed valve; when the valve closes it strikes against the valve plate creating impact stresses. This reed valve movement and impact is repeated billions of times. This cyclic movement influences the impact fatigue life of the reed valve and, hence, the performance of a compressor. The valve movement can be defined in terms of valve frequency, valve lift, valve velocity and impact velocity. Inside a reciprocating compressor, a number of parameters including the valve design, valve material, compressor operating frequency and suction/exhaust pressure influence the reed valve movement.In this paper, we studied the valve movement parameters for three different suction reed valve designs manufactured from Flap-X – a martensitic stainless steel grade developed for reed valves – tested in a custom-built impact fatigue test system. The valves were excited into movement using compressed air pulses varying in frequency up to 300 Hz and varying pulse width. The valve displacement and frequency was recorded by a laser sensor at 10 000 frames per second. Before starting each test, the operating conditions such as the operating frequency and the air pulse width were pre-set in the impact fatigue test system’s control software while the applied pressure was kept constant during the test. The valve response was measured to be different for the different valve designs tested in this study. The reed valve design influenced the important reed movement parameters such as the valve lift, valve velocity, impact velocity and the frequency of valve vibrations. The valves were not tested to failure as the focus of this study was to collect the dynamic data of valve movement. However, for a practical impact fatigue testing of the reed valves intended to achieve fracture of valves, the testing should be conducted at higher frequencies to reduce test times as well as for a stable amplitude of vibration and impact velocity as shown in this study. The information obtained from this study shows the applicability of the presented impact fatigue test system to study the reed valve movement as well as their impact fatigue characteristics.

Detection of sub-atomic movement in nanostructures

Nanoscale objects move fast and oscillate billions of times per second. Such movements occur naturally in the form of thermal (Brownian) motion while stimulated movements underpin the functionality of nano-mechanical sensors and active nano-(electro/opto) mechanical devices. Here we introduce a methodology for detecting such movements, based on the spectral analysis of secondary electron emission from moving nanostructures, that is sensitive to displacements of sub-atomic amplitude. We demonstrate the detection of nanowire Brownian oscillations of ∼10 pm amplitude and hyperspectral mapping of stimulated oscillations of setae on the body of a common flea. The technique opens a range of opportunities for the study of dynamic processes in materials science, nanotechnology and biology.

М. В. Тофик, А. Лёф, К. Миллуoрд, З. Гюнтер. Испытания и расчет ударной усталостной прочности клапанных сталей марок Flap-X и SS 716 = Tofique M. W., Löf A., Millward C., Günther Z. Testing and calculation of impact fatigue strength of Flap-X and SS 716 flapper valve steel grades / пер. с англ. М. А. Федоровой

During the operation of reciprocating compressors, the flapper valve opens and closes under fluid pressure and flow. As it closes, it strikes against the valve seat, generating stresses and noise. This cycle of loading produces bending and impact fatigue stresses in the reed. This load pattern is repeated billions of times during the service life of a compressor and it defines the service life and reliability. The goal of this study was to calculate the impact fatigue strength of the Flap-X and the SS 716 grades and, to provide the compressor manufacturers with the information they can use to specify a steel grade to be used in their compressors, for reliable service. Impact fatigue tests were conducted on a custom-built impact fatigue test rig that used air pulses to produce movement of the reed valves manufactured by a major European compressor manufacturer Nidec Global appliance GmbH, at a frequency of 315 Hz and pulse width of 2,2 milliseconds. The testing was conducted according to the staircase test method detailed in the International Standard SS-ISO 12107:2012. The impact fatigue strength of the Flap-X and SS 716 steel valves was calculated in terms of the impact velocity according to the modified staircase test method in the standard. The test results and their statistical analysis showed that the impact fatigue strength of the Flap-X grade was higher compared to the SS 716 grade. The calculation and testing of the impact fatigue strength of the flapper valve steel grades could help the compressor designers to select the optimum material for their compressor designs, to provide reliable service. The higher impact fatigue strength of the Flap-X grade, lower failure rate and longer impact fatigue life will allow the compressor manufacturers to design thinner valves, as Flap-X can sustain higher impact fatigue stresses reliably for longer time and, at the same time help reduce noise, as thinner valves produce less noise for a given pressure and frequency.

From models of galaxies to atoms, simple AI shortcuts speed up simulations by billions of times

From models of galaxies to atoms, simple AI shortcuts speed up simulations by billions of times

EPR dating of shells from Malhada Marsh, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The formation of the coastal plain of the Brazilian sea is mainly due to the fluctuation of relative sea level in the past. Armacao dos Buzios or simply Buzios is a municipality in the microregion of lakes, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. In this region there is a lowland area about two meters above current sea level. This lowland area is also known as coastal plain of Una River. It is expected that during the Holocene period the sea level reached a maximum about 2.5 meters above the current level. During that time billions of mollusks lived and proliferated in the shallow waters around the coastal plain of the Una River. As they died their shells formed a layer in the soil including Malhada Marsh that belongs to the Una River plain. In this study, shells were collected from this region and dated using the techniques of Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). Ages from 2480±130 to 4490±270 years were obtained. Radiocarbon dating were performed at the Beta Analytic Lab, USA for comparison with the EPR results. Shells ages obtained are compatible with geological data from the Holocene period relative to past sea level fluctuations.

Testing and calculation of impact fatigue strength of Flap-X and SS 716 flapper valve steel grades

During the operation of reciprocating compressors, the flapper valve opens and closes under fluid pressure and flow. As it closes, it strikes against the valve seat, generating stresses and noise. This cycle of loading produces bending and impact fatigue stresses in the reed. This load pattern is repeated billions of times during the service life of a compressor and it defines the service life and reliability. The goal of this study was to calculate the impact fatigue strength of the Flap-X and the SS 716 grades and, to provide the compressor manufacturers with the information they can use to specify a steel grade to be used in their compressors, for reliable service. Impact fatigue tests were conducted on a custom-built impact fatigue test rig that used air pulses to produce movement of the reed valves manufactured by a major European compressor manufacturer Nidec Global appliance GmbH, at a frequency of 315 Hz and pulse width of 2.2 milliseconds. The testing was conducted according to the staircase test method detailed in the International Standard SS-ISO 12107:2012. The impact fatigue strength of the Flap-X and SS 716 steel valves was calculated in terms of the impact velocity according to the modified staircase test method in the standard. The test results and their statistical analysis showed that the impact fatigue strength of the Flap-X grade was higher compared to the SS 716 grade. The calculation and testing of the impact fatigue strength of the flapper valve steel grades could help the compressor designers to select the optimum material for their compressor designs, to provide reliable service. The higher impact fatigue strength of the Flap-X grade, lower failure rate and longer impact fatigue life will allow the compressor manufacturers to design thinner valves, as Flap-X can sustain higher impact fatigue stresses reliably for longer time and, at the same time help reduce noise, as thinner valves produce less noise for a given pressure and frequency.

Catching Gravitational Waves With a Galaxy-Sized Net of Pulsars

Until recently, the only way to observe the Universe was from light received by telescopes. But we are now able to measure gravitational waves, which are ripples in the fabric of the Universe predicted by Albert Einstein. If two very dense objects (like black holes) orbit each other closely, they warp space and send out gravitational waves. For black holes that are similar in mass to the Sun, scientists use the LIGO detector on Earth. But for the biggest black holes in the Universe (billions of times more massive than the Sun), scientists monitor a net of rapidly-spinning neutron stars (called pulsars) across the Milky Way. Any gravitational wave passing by will change how long radio signals from these pulsars take to get to Earth. The NANOGrav Collaboration monitored 34 of these pulsars over 11 years, in an attempt to detect gravitational waves from giant black holes.

On Apology

On Apology Gregg Murray (bio) Every man initiates a slanderous trial against himself.1 * When I cheated on my wife, it felt like I had broken into my own house and kidnapped myself. From then, a vast trial began to inhabit me, one in which I was found guilty. What I needed was apology. * Lance Armstrong is known for riding his bicycle in the streets of France. With a special kind of blood coursing through his body. In October of 2012, the United States Anti-Doping Agency released its bulletproof report of his guilt. Armstrong maintained his innocence. * Plato's Apologia Sokratous. This sense of the Greek word "apologia" means defense. In this text, Socrates is accused of corrupting the youth and not believing in the gods. He is on trial for his life. * Among some ancient communities, the worst punishment for murder was not execution. The guilty lived alongside their kinsmen but were banished from communication with them. They were still alive, but their tribal identity had been removed. * Twelve Atlanta Public Schools teachers stood trial in 2014-5 for altering test scores. In the face of convincing evidence, Judge Jerry Baxter gave the teachers an option: either admit guilt and apologize or face the consequences. Those who apologized were given light sentences with only one or two years of jail time. Those who didn't were given 20 years. * The Latin plagiarus, which arrives via the Greek plagion, means "kidnapper." [End Page 175] * She told me not to contact her. * During the 17 years Lance Armstrong rode bikes, his blood was different from yours and mine. It could hold more oxygen. Through narcotic doping, Armstrong was also able to manipulate the amount of pain he felt when fatigue set in on arduous mountain climbs. * In The Stranger of Albert Camus, Meursault kills an Arab man in cold blood. At his trial, he says he did it because it was too hot outside. Meursault is sentenced to execution. But, the narrator makes it clear that Meursault is not being executed for the murder. No, the real crime is that he didn't cry at his mother's funeral. This kept the jury from seeing him as a human being. * A juridical trial involves an examination of facts, which presupposes an objective reality to which we all have access. We call this "what happened." But trials in which we act as defendant and prosecutor and judge and jury… those are subjective to the bitter end. We produce narratives that deliberately incriminate or deliberately exonerate. The presence of the trial itself is a conviction. All that matters in such a trial is the sentencing. The sentences we write. The time we serve. Put another way, all that matters is a set of conclusions that reveals whether we have truly let ourselves go free, or whether in our masochism we lock the cell, turn the screws, up the voltage. * 20 years. * I had conversations with myself. Call her. No, that will make it worse for her. No, it won't. But it's what she wants. Maybe she doesn't know what's best. That's her decision to make, not yours. But I'm hurting so much. So is she, and it's your fault she's hurting. [End Page 176] * In cycling, a simple revolutionary movement is repeated billions of times. * Actor and Filmmaker Shia LaBeouf plagiarized his apology to the person whose film script he had plagiarized. * When she found out I had cheated, she refused to see me. I had been banished or, perhaps, kidnapped? * "I apologize" is one of the few examples of what linguistic philosopher J.L. Austin calls a performative utterance. To say "I apologize" is to do so. Another is saying "I do" when getting married. Sorry to tell you this, but saying you're sorry involves more than just contrition. It involves a performance of contrition. * I cry as I write this. * She wouldn't let me apologize, so I had to learn to forgive myself. How many times did I have her phone number completed on my screen? How many times the same dialogue in my head? * "Thank you for accepting responsibility...

Rationale for “Liking” on Social Networking Sites

The “ like” feature is popularly utilized by online social media users for different reasons including socializing, giving feedback and giving or seeking attention as well as for pure affection. The “ like” function is a gamified element of social networking sites used billions of times per day. Despite its widespread use in the social media space, little is known about the different factors that influence Facebook users’ “ like” continuation intention or the game mechanics of “ like.” To address this relevant issue, a cross-sectional survey was administered with 728 adolescent Facebook users (12–18 years old). This study utilized the theory of planned behavior to investigate the role of attitude (hedonic motivation, reciprocal benefit, and social presence), subjective norms (primary influence and secondary influence), and perceived behavioral control (self-efficacy and habit) in influencing the continuation intention of “ like” as well as the influence of self-efficacy and habit on the game mechanics of “ like.” This investigation addresses the urgent need to understand better the postadoption issues as well as the intentions to use specific features of social media. The results suggest that social presence, primary and secondary influence, self-efficacy, and habit significantly predicted Facebook “ like” continuation intention. Furthermore, self-efficacy and habit significantly predicted the game mechanics of “ like.” Different theoretical and practical implications of the study are presented and discussed in light of prior information systems literature.

Tapping on the chest of history. Lost and found memories of Leopold Auenbrugger, inventor of percussion, in Austria and beyond

Leopold Auenbrugger (1722-1809), the inventor of percussion, joins René Laennec as the father of modern physical examination. On the occasion of the bicentennial of the invention of the stethoscope (1816), I went in search of the material footprints left by Auenbrugger in his homeland, Austria. This attempt led me to construct a rather fragmented picture, with some disillusionment (e.g. about his tomb) and some pleasant surprise (e.g. a new interpretation of the extant iconography). Apparently, posterity has not been sufficiently mindful of or grateful towards this great innovator of medical science. All the more reason for knowing and protecting what is left of him: buildings, monuments, portraits… Anyway, Leopold Auenbrugger is honored and implicitly remembered today, as he was in the past, every time a doctor practices the percussion on the chest of a patient (i.e. billions of times each year).

Deriving User Preferences of Mobile Apps from Their Management Activities

App marketplaces host millions of mobile apps that are downloaded billions of times. Investigating how people manage mobile apps in their everyday lives creates a unique opportunity to understand the behavior and preferences of mobile device users, infer the quality of apps, and improve user experience. Existing literature provides very limited knowledge about app management activities, due to the lack of app usage data at scale. This article takes the initiative to analyze a very large app management log collected through a leading Android app marketplace. The dataset covers 5 months of detailed downloading, updating, and uninstallation activities, which involve 17 million anonymized users and 1 million apps. We present a surprising finding that the metrics commonly used to rank apps in app stores do not truly reflect the users’ real attitudes. We then identify behavioral patterns from the app management activities that more accurately indicate user preferences of an app even when no explicit rating is available. A systematic statistical analysis is designed to evaluate machine learning models that are trained to predict user preferences using these behavioral patterns, which features an inverse probability weighting method to correct the selection biases in the training process.

Application of Cosmos’s law of Merge and Split for Data Encryption

Sharing of data is always a crucial job in the world of data technology, where data are perceived as useful resources for generating significant information for taking notable decisions or for doing interpretation. On the basis of impact factor associated with the information, sharing and storage of data demands security. Sharing of large extent of textual sensitive data contained in a file needs a way of hidings their direct decipherment. Due to the size related restriction associated with steganography we always promote cryptography for sharing large amount of sensitive data. In this paper we have proposed an encryption technique with time complexity of O(1) that exploits the dynamic node fusion property of graph theory. We are applying the rule of cosmos which reveals that the entire cosmos relies on the conception of data hiding. Each time billions of particles merges to form a new structure and again splits, gets distributed and again follows the same process of hiding and disclosing the hidden truth in a cyclic manner. Following this logic we have proposed a dynamic layered encryption technique that will be completely able to resist the illicit actions of intruders with low computational efforts as well as it reduces the network load on packet transmission. In future with the successive increase in the processing power and requirements we can easily intensify the capacity of the proposed technique.