Billiard Halls Research Articles

Impacts of Smoking Ban Policies on Billiard Hall Sales in South Korea Using Objective Sales Information of a Credit Card Company: Quasi-Experimental Study.

Smoking ban policies (SBPs) are potent health interventions and offer the potential to influence antismoking behavior. The Korean government completely prohibited smoking in indoor sports facilities, including billiard halls, since the government revised the National Health Promotion Act in December 2017. This study aimed to examine the impact of the SBP on the economic outcomes of indoor sports facilities, particularly billiard halls. This study used credit card sales data from the largest card company in South Korea. Data are from January 2017 to December 2018. Monthly sales data were examined across 23 administrative neighborhoods in Seoul, the capital city of South Korea. We conducted the interrupted time series model using the fixed effects model and the linear regression with panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE). The sales and transactions of billiard halls were not significantly changed after the introduction of the SBP in the full PCSE models. The R2 of the full PCSE model was 0.967 for sales and 0.981 for transactions. The introduction of the SBP did not result in substantial economic gains or losses in the sales of billiard halls. In addition to existing price-based policies, the enhanced SBP in public-use facilities, such as billiard halls, can have a positive synergistic effect on reducing smoking prevalence and preventing secondhand smoke. Health policy makers can actively expand the application of SBPs and make an effort to enhance social awareness regarding the necessity and benefits of public SBPs for both smokers and the owners of hospitality facilities.

Does the implementation of smoke-free laws and smoking culture affect exposure to tobacco smoking? Results from 3 hospitality settings in South Korea.

It is especially difficult for hospitality workers to avoid secondhand smoke (SHS), meaning that they are likely particularly vulnerable to the effects of SHS. The authors aimed to determine the degree to which smoke-free laws protect hospitality workers from SHS exposure, by examining biochemical markers of such exposure. This was a cross-sectional study examining SHS exposure in non-smoking employees working in hospitality settings where smoking is prohibited or permitted. The following biomarkers were selected: cotinine and tobaccospecific nitrosamines, which are known to measure SHS exposure, and 2 representative carcinogens: 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). The authors compared these biomarkers between 3 hospitality settings. A descriptive analysis was performed. In addition, they conducted 1-way and 2-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to compare the biochemical markers. Smoking substances were identified by smoking ban levels. In the case of hair nicotine and urine cotinine, their concentrations were lower in areas with a complete smoking ban than in both areas with a separate smoking room and no smoking ban; however, there was no statistically significant difference between these. In the case of dust NNK, its level was the lowest in areas with a complete smoking ban. To confirm the smoking ban effect by hospitality settings, the authors checked the results of the 2-way ANCOVA. In karaoke and billiard halls, the dust NNK concentrations were significantly higher in areas with no smoking ban than in areas with a separate smoking room. Exposure to SHS is more prevalent in places that are more lenient when it comes to smoking (e.g., Internet cafés) than in places that are not (e.g., restaurants and cafés), even when smoking is similarly prohibited in both types of places. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2021;34(1):53-67.

Environmental to bacco smoke exposure and The impact of a smoking ban in internet cafes, pubs and billiard halls around a university in Korea

Environmental to bacco smoke exposure and The impact of a smoking ban in internet cafes, pubs and billiard halls around a university in Korea

흡연에 따른 실내공기 중 니코틴 및 미세먼지 농도평가

Indoor air qualities in smoking banned and smoking free facilities are investigated for figure out the relationship between environmental factors and concentration of smoking pollutants. The KS H ISO 18145 and indoor air quality standard method were used for analysing the nicotine and particulate matter(PM10), respectively. The highest concentration of fine particles and nicotine is recorded in billiard hall. A significant positive relationship between smoking frequency and concentration of indoor pollutants was observed. Among the environmental factors, the ventilation time and frequency was revealed as a main factor influencing on reducing the concentration of fine particles and nicotine which are emitted from indoor smoking.

학생, 교사와 학부모의 학교환경위생정화구역의 인지도 및 업소별 유해인식도

Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the status of the awareness of "school environmental sanitation and cleanup zone system" and to identify the level of harmful perception by shops. Methods: The survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire method online via the homepage of the education ministry's student health information center. A total of 293 schools (126 primary schools, 62 middle schools, and 45 high schools) was selected by using a stratified probability sampling. Results: Some 32.1% of all subjects knew the law of school environmental sanitation and cleanup zone system. The mean of harmful perception was 3.01 (very harmful: 4, harmful: 3, little harmful: 2, no harmful: 1). Regarding the types of high level of harmful perception of shops, adult good shops (3.53), hostess bar (3.52), karaoke bar (3.47), Cigarette vending machines (3.47), Adult only theater (3.47) and Phone sex room (3.37) were high. Singing room (2.29), dance school (2.45), tourist hotel (2.58), comic room (2.59), mini game console (2.66), hotel (2.77), billiard hall (2.81), PC room (2.83) were relatively low in the level of harmful perception. Conclusions: National government-level management and supervision will be necessary to prevent adolescent access to harmful shops.

Entertainment in Jordanian Malls

Modern lifestyle is hard to imagine without the hustle and bustle that takes place in shopping malls that have become part and parcel of the economic and social life of every modern global citizen. Shopping malls are on the increase in major cities with Jordan being a hub for competitors in the mall industry. Hence, there is a growing need to understand consumers’ perceptions, dispositions and preferences as to the mall image nowadays. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect and significance of entertainment on the mall industry in Jordan. The data were conducted by structured questionnaire from 450 shoppers who visit the five largest malls, namely, AL-Mukhtar, Sameh, Arabella, Irbid, and AL-Safeway in Irbid as the biggest and high density city in the north territory of Jordan. The results of study showed that the age group less than 25 years of shoppers ranked first in patronage of the shopping malls mainly for reasons related to leisure, fun and entertainment. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for huge entertainment facilities, such as, family entertainment centers, cinema, gym, bowling alley, billiard hall and video games.

The Amen Corner by James Baldwin, and: Are You Now or Have You Ever Been . . . by Carlyle Brown (review)

Reviewed by: The Amen Corner by James Baldwin, and: Are You Now or Have You Ever Been . . . by Carlyle Brown Carra Martinez The Amen Corner. By James Baldwin. Directed by Lou Bellamy. Penumbra Theatre, Guthrie Wurtele Thrust Stage, Minneapolis. 5 May 2012. Are You Now or Have You Ever Been... By Carlyle Brown. Directed by Noël Raymond. Carlyle Brown and Company, Guthrie Dowling Studio, Minneapolis. 12 May 2012. Upon announcing its upcoming season this past spring, the Guthrie Theatre received a barrage of criticism for its show selections: a group of plays overwhelmingly white and male, in terms of both playwrights and directors. In particular, theatregoers from scholars like Jill Dolan to leading voices in the development of new work like Polly Carl critiqued the Guthrie’s selections as lacking the diversity necessary for the continual growth and development of American theatre. However, just as the Guthrie found itself at the center of this diversity debate, the theatre produced new work by two Twin Cities companies dedicated to broadening and enriching the scope of American theatre through the lens of the African American experience. In May, the Guthrie presented a Penumbra Theatre production of James Baldwin’s The Amen Corner (1954), while a smaller studio theatre hosted Carlyle Brown and Company’s new work Are You Now or Have You Ever Been . . . (2012), which explores Langston Hughes’s McCarthy hearing. Although vastly different in scale and style, the Penumbra and Carlyle Brown productions both portrayed American experiences indelibly molded by the forces of bigotry. In particular, The Amen Corner offered a story of not only black spiritual life, but also a narrative that specifically spoke to the intersection of black spirituality and female leadership within the church. Thus while the Guthrie’s next season will largely exclude reflections of America beyond mainstream white culture, this past spring the theatre center challenged its audience to engage with culturally specific theatre-making that spoke to often-silenced histories, as well as to the more expansive thinking of smaller theatre companies in the Twin Cities. The Amen Corner, Baldwin’s first play, crafts a complex landscape of black spirituality. Baldwin interweaves the day-to-day political machinations of a Harlem church with the secular materiality of neighborhood life surrounding the church, and in doing so contrasts the dogmatic power structures that allowed church leaders to develop incontestable voices with the spiritual and familial love very much alive in these same spaces. Given that Baldwin himself served as a Pentecostal youth pastor in Harlem, threads of autobiography undeniably run through the play. With this production, Penumbra [End Page 113] Click for larger view View full resolution Greta Oglesby (Sister Margaret Alexander) and Crystal Fox (Odessa) in The Amen Corner. (Photo: Michael Brosilow.) [End Page 114] artistic director Lou Bellamy presented his audience with a black spiritual celebration accompanied by the multifaceted, interpersonal dynamics that underscored such practices. Bellamy took the work of an inexperienced playwright and grounded it in the cultural specificity of mid-twentieth-century Harlem, creating a world full of spiritual, cultural, and familial tensions. Upon entering the expansive Wurtele Thrust Stage, The Amen Corner’s audience was presented with a moving and breathing slice of Harlem street life. Scenic designer Vicki Smith structured a three-tiered set anchored in back center stage with a storefront church, complete with long painted-glass windows and a red velvet chair awaiting its pastor. Below the heights of the church sat Pastor Margaret Alexander’s minimal kitchen—signaled by linoleum floors and a shiny new Frigidaire. Further downstage, Margaret’s son’s bedroom featured basic furniture and a record player. Smith ensconced these spaces with Harlem itself. Sidewalks book-ended stages left and right, and each led to a fully developed city streetscape that encircled the entire back wall of the space. In the street behind the church the audience could glimpse liquor stores, billiard halls, and the edges of rundown apartments. These spaces were filled with the life of the community: sailors, grifters, choir members, young girls in pigtails, boys in high-top converse sneakers, church ladies, cops, and drunkards. Even as the houselights slowly dimmed, Bellamy allowed this unscripted, everyday action to...

노출 시나리오를 이용한 대학생들의 유해 공기오염물질 노출 추정

Studies evaluating the health effects of hazardous air pollutants assume that people's exposure to typical pollutant level is the same as specific regional pollutant level. However, depending on social and demographic factors, time-activity pattern of people can vary widely. Since most people live in indoor environments over 88% of the day, evaluating exposure to hazardous air pollutants is hard to characterize. Objective of this study was to estimate the exposure levels of university students of <TEX>$NO_2$</TEX>, VOCs(BTEX) and <TEX>$PM_{10}$</TEX> using the scenarios with time-activity pattern and indoor concentrations. Using data from time-use survey of National Statistical Office in 2009, we investigated time-activity pattern of university students and hourly major action. A total of 1,057 university students on weekday and 640 on weekend spent their times at indoor house 13.04 hr(54.32%), other indoors 7.70 hr(32.06%), and transportation 2.36 hr(9.83%). Indoor environments in which university students spent their times were mainly house and school. Air pollutants concentrations of other indoor environments except house and school such as bar, internet cafe and billiard hall were higher than outdoors, indicating that indoor to outdoor ratios were above 1. According to three types of exposure scenarios, exposure to air pollutants could be reduced by going home after school.

Adolescent drinking, academic achievement and leisure time use by secondary education students in a rural area of Crete

This study investigated the alcohol consumption of secondary education students and their relationship to school life and leisure time use with peers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in March 2007, and the study population consisted of 14- to 19-year-old students living in an agricultural area of Crete. The final sample consisted of 117 individuals (response rate 90.0%). A short previously validated self-completion questionnaire was used collecting information on: personal and family characteristics; school progress; leisure time activities and relations with other adolescents; and alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption differed significantly between male (75.5%) and female (25.8%) students (P < 0.001). Almost half of the participants (48.3%) reported alcohol consumption during nights out with friends. The mean grade for the previous year for students consuming alcohol was lower compared with those who did not, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.066). Statistical evidence supported the hypothesis that students who consumed alcohol had more absences and this association was stronger for male students. The frequency of alcohol consumption was found to relate to the number of absences for both sexes. Male students who had been suspended from school were more likely to drink alcohol than those who had not been suspended. Statistical evidence also supported the hypotheses that students who spent their free time in cafeterias, bars or billiard halls were more likely to drink alcohol and also consume alcohol at higher frequencies than those that did not spend their free time this way (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively). More health education programmes and actions are needed at the national and local level to help students, families, schools, communities and the state better understand the real dimensions of the problem.

Bad Youth: Juvenile Delinquency and the Politics of Everyday Life in Modern Japan (review)

Reviewed by: Bad Youth: Juvenile Delinquency and the Politics of Everyday Life in Modern Japan Tom Gill (bio) Bad Youth: Juvenile Delinquency and the Politics of Everyday Life in Modern Japan. By David R. Ambaras. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2005. xii, 297 pages. $49.95. As a nonhistorian working on contemporary Japanese social problems, I welcome this work on state responses to wayward youth in the period from 1895 to 1945 particularly for what it tells us about the roots of the contemporary Japanese state’s treatment of juvenile delinquency. Author David Ambaras stresses underlying continuity from era to era, and the uneven mixture of reform and punishment, paternalistic tolerance and moral panic [End Page 410] he describes will have a familiar ring to readers living in Japan today. Bad Youth is informed by a strong awareness of class issues, and the state’s attempt to spread values perceived as “middle class”—thrift, diligence, sexual continence, etc.—is shown throughout to interweave with more patriotic/nationalistic concerns. Often the story seems to be one of the middle class telling the working class how to behave. Sometimes, too, the “lower classes” were viewed in much the same way as the “lesser races” of the Japanese empire: class and colonial consciousness are seen as complementary modes of thought here. The book opens with a crisp introduction and a background chapter in which the Tokugawa state is seen struggling to control the Tenmei Riots of 1787—allegedly led, partly at least, by children and youths—and responding in 1791 with Japan’s first ever edict directed specifically at youth. The tradition of youthful street gangs is shown to have strong Tokugawa-era roots, and social control systems such as the goningumi neighborhood associations are characterized as targeting unruly youth. Chapter 2 covers the later Meiji era. It has some vivid accounts of working-class Tokyo street-children and their bosses, and describes the attempts of social reformers to establish reformatories and special elementary schools for the poor that mingled Christian compassion with a more Spartan view of moral correction. Meanwhile, the Meiji reformers, although keen to import Western learning, also saw a risk that it could lead to “too many Japanese with Western hearts” (p. 67). Hence Ambaras devotes his third chapter to the Meiji state’s response to “degenerate students.” Whether the students were effete dandies (nanpa) affecting European styles (haikara), or tough guys (kōha) with rough, Tokugawa-style dress (bankara), they excited curiosity and mistrust, as did the new wave of female students who were inevitably suspected of loose sexual morality. The nervous authorities attempted to ban students from political activity, though students were far less likely to end up in institutions than the working-class youths in the previous chapter. Chapter 4 covers the Taisho era, an optimistic period in which many middle-class reformers thought they could transform society by intervening in the upbringing of youth. Ambaras devotes particular attention to the Juvenile Law (Shōnen Hō) of 1918 and the juvenile courts set up under it. The approach was paternalistic, stressing protection rather than punishment. A Justice Ministry official’s assertion that the courts’ activities would be a form of social work, and that hearings would be held in family-like, intimate settings (pp. 105–6), reminds one of the unthreatening environment of today’s family courts. Two-thirds of the cases referred to the Tokyo Juvenile Court were not even viewed as serious enough to open (p. 106). Chapter 5 follows the blossoming of Taisho-era “modern boys” and “modern girls,” and increasing government unrest about the suspected [End Page 411] spread of modern, immoral, foreign ways. But as with the Meiji-era students, moral outrage did not generally translate into repressive action, at least until 1938, when Japan was already at war and the Tokyo police started rounding up students in cafes, billiard halls, department stores, etc. (p. 162). The state is seen as increasingly repressive, though it is a pity Ambaras does not tell us what kind of punishment was inflicted on students after they had been rounded up. One suspects they were better treated than the working-class teenagers pressed into working...

Tim Murnane: &lt;i&gt;Heart of the Game&lt;/i&gt;

Two images accompanying this article neatly frame Tim Murnane's story, even though they were photographed only nine years apart in his six-decade life in baseball. In the first photograph-a rollicking Old Timers' Day at Peddock's Island in Boston Harbor on August 12, 1908-Murnane was at the pinnacle of his career. Striking a dapper pose in waistcoat, cravat, and boutonniere, the longtime baseball columnist of the Boston Globe reunited with some of the men with whom he had played ball in the 1870s. In the other photograph, taken on September 27, 1917, he is present in name only at the Benefit Game, with the proceeds designated for his widow; the defending champion Boston Red Sox, behind star left-hander Babe Ruth, shut out an all-star team led by Connie Mack.But chronology is God's way of telling a story, so why don't we begin this portrait at the beginning, on June 4, 1851, when Timothy Hayes Murnan was born in Naugatuck, New Haven County, Connecticut. An obituary notice in the Naugatuck Daily News placed his birth in Tipperary County, Ireland, but when Murnan applied for a passport in 1874, he had sworn that he was born in Naugatuck. At some point after that he commenced to spell his name as Murnane, and he will be thus referenced below.He began his baseball career as catcher for the Stratford Club, in 1869, a formidable nine that two years later would feature Jim O'Rourke, future Hall of Famer, on its state champion squad. By that time, however, Murnane was off in Georgia, having been recruited by the Savannahs, a barnstorming professional team. When he returned to the state of his birth with his Southern teammates in the summer of 1871, he played so well that he was engaged by the Mansfield Club of Middletown, which would play the following season in what was then the big league, the National Association (NA). The club's backers also signed Orator Jim, almost a year older than Handsome Tim.The major-league Mansfields enjoyed only a brief run of 23 games before disbanding, but both Stratford alumni landed on their feet. O'Rourke, who had batted .307, was signed by the Red Stockings, who would top the NA for the three remaining years of its existence. Murnane, who had played first base for Middletown and batted .359, was snapped up by the Athletics. The two Nutmeggers reunited not only when Boston played Philadelphia but also in England, when in 1874 the two clubs conducted baseball's first overseas tour. A speedy and nimble baserunner, Murnane perpetrated a legendary stunt in a game at Boston on June 14, 1873, when he escaped an otherwise unavoidable out by jumping clean over second baseman Andy Leonard, who was stooping to tag him.In 1875 Murnane transferred his allegiance to the Philadelphia White Stockings, also known as the Pearls, and when that team vanished along with the entire NA structure, he joined O'Rourke on Harry Wright's Boston club in the new National League (NL) for the centennial year of 1876. There he remained for two seasons before seeing an opportunity in Providence, where a new NL franchise was launched for the 1878 campaign. But Murnane's hitting dropped off badly; while O'Rourke was to remain a bigleague star for another dozen years, for Murnane the end was suddenly in sight. In 1879 he began the season with the Capital City Club, of Albany, New York, which was thereafter transferred to Rochester, in a crumbling league.In 1880 Murnane called it quits and went into business, including, over the ensuing years, opening a saloon and billiard hall in Boston and serving a stint as publisher of The Boston Referee, a sporting paper devoted to baseball, polo and other sports. It was short lived, but it testified to the printer's ink in Murnane's blood. He contributed baseball items to the New York Clipper and other papers and began to develop a following, for he wrote the way he spoke-like a ballplayer. In an age of Victorian reserve, restraint, and moralizing (exemplified in the writing of Henry Chadwick), this was an innovation. …

Evaluation of exposure to carbon monoxide associated with passive smoking

The current study measured breath carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations prior to and at prescribed time intervals after exposure to passive smoking under controlled conditions, along with the air CO concentration in the exposure room during the exposure periods. The postexposure breath CO levels were 1.4–2.7 times higher than the background breath CO levels after 30 min of exposure, yet only slightly higher after 10 min of exposure, thereby confirming that exposure to CO from passive smoking causes a significant body burden of CO. The air CO concentration gradually increased during the burning of a cigarette(s), regardless of the exposure duration, whereas it slightly decreased after burning. However, the pattern of breath CO decay was similar for the two different types of exposure (during and after a cigarette(s)) in each subject. The decrease in the postexposure alveolar CO concentrations was slow even in the early phase of the decay curves, indicating a monocompartment uptake and elimination model for the human body. The half-lives (78–277 min) estimated in the present study were comparable to those reported in previous studies associated with CO exposure from active smoking or other activities. The current study also evaluated the CO exposure of visitors and workers at three different types of recreation facility (bars, Internet cafes, and billiard halls) typically associated with passive smoking. The results confirmed that passive smoking is the major contributor to the CO exposure of nonsmoking visitors in a recreation environment. In addition, workplace exposure to CO from passive smoking was found to be the most important contributor to the daily CO exposure of nonsmoking recreation workers.

ETS levels in hospitality environments satisfying ASHRAE standard 62-1989: “ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality”

Prior to this study, indoor air constituent levels and ventilation rates of hospitality environments had not been measured simultaneously. This investigation measured indoor Environmental Tobacco Smoke-related (ETS-related) constituent levels in two restaurants, a billiard hall and a casino. The objective of this study was to characterize ETS-related constituent levels inside hospitality environments when the ventilation rates satisfy the requirements of the ASHRAE 62-1989 Ventilation Standard. The ventilation rate of each selected hospitality environment was measured and adjusted. The study advanced only if the requirements of the ASHRAE 62-1989 Ventilation Standard – the pertinent standard of the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers – were satisfied. The supply rates of outdoor air and occupant density were measured intermittently to assure that the ventilation rate of each facility satisfied the standard under occupied conditions. Six ETS-related constituents were measured: respirable suspended particulate (RSP) matter, fluorescent particulate matter (FPM, an estimate of the ETS particle concentrations), ultraviolet particulate matter (UVPM, a second estimate of the ETS particle concentrations), solanesol, nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP). ETS-related constituent levels in smoking sections, non-smoking sections and outdoors were sampled daily for eight consecutive days at each hospitality environment. This study found that the difference between the concentrations of ETS-related constituents in indoor smoking and non-smoking sections was statistically significant. Differences between indoor non-smoking sections and outdoor ETS-related constituent levels were identified but were not statistically significant. Similarly, differences between weekday and weekend evenings were identified but were not statistically significant. The difference between indoor smoking sections and outdoors was statistically significant. Most importantly, ETS-related constituent concentrations measured indoors did not exceed existing occupational standards. It was concluded that if the measured ventilation rates of the sampled facilities satisfied the ASHRAE 62-1989 Ventilation Standard requirements, the corresponding ETS-related constituents were measured at concentrations below known harmful levels as specified by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene (ACGIH).

Emil Harris: Los Angeles Jewish Police Chief

Emil Harris was not typical policeman if you can stereotype the police. But then, in the eighth decade of the nineteenth century, Los Angeles was not typical American town. Long forgotten lawman Emil Harris served the city and county of Los Angeles in matters routine and adventurous. His career ranged from patrolman to chief of police and his responsibilities from quieting drunken Indians to deep involvement in the famous case of the infamous bandit, Tiburcio Vasquez, as well as his efforts to head-off the tragic events of the Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871. Who was Emil Harris? He was German-born, pioneer in youth work in Los Angeles as gymnastics instructor, champion marksman, devoted Odd Fellow, Turnvereiner, and Jew. Emil Harris was born in Prussia on December 29, 1839. ^n I^53, in the company of an aunt, he came to the United States where some members of his family had previously settled. After living in New York for some time he set out for California where he also had relatives. In 1857 he took passage on the North Star to the Isthmus of Panama and made the land journey to the Pacific side where he boarded the ship John L. Stevens for San Francisco, arriving there in March. In San Francisco he had intended to learn the printing trade and actually began to work in this field, but the work did not prove congenial and he soon left. Subsequently Harris was employed as waiter in Kearny Street restaurant. Later he went to work in his uncle's Stockton billiard hall. He and his uncle returned to San Francisco and founded cigar business as partnership. Two years afterwards, Harris* uncle acquired a billiard hall of eight tables at Visalia, California. Harris managed the establishment until the business was sold. He then returned to San Francisco where he was naturalized on March 18, 1867.1 On April 9, 1869, Emil Harris arrived in Los Angeles.2 There he was employed as barkeeper at the Wine Rooms on Main Street.3 He quickly became involved in civic life. In June 1869, he registered as voter. Working in the commercial center of the city, he was aware of the need

Municipal Corporations: Nuisances: Billiard Halls and Poolrooms

Municipal Corporations: Nuisances: Billiard Halls and Poolrooms