Biliopancreatic Diversion Group Research Articles

Pyrrhic victory? Long-term results of biliopancreatic diversion on patients with type 2 diabetes and severe obesity.

The long-term results after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and severe obesity is still being debated. Retrospective evaluation of the long-term metabolic and clinical conditions of patients with T2D following BPD. University hospital. A total of 173 patients with T2D and severe obesity were investigated prior to and at 3-5 and 10-20 years after BPD. Anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical findings preoperatively and throughout follow-up were considered. The long-term data were compared with those of a cohort of 173 T2D patients with obesity treated with conventional therapy. T2D resolved within the first postoperative phases in most patients, and in the long and very long term, the fasting blood glucose level remained above the normal range in only 8% of patients. Likewise, a stable improvement of blood lipid pattern was observed (follow-up rate 63%). In contrast, in nonsurgical patients in the long term, the glucose and lipid metabolic parameters remained in the pathologic range in all cases. In the BPD group, a very high number of severe BPD-related complications was recorded, and 27% of the BPD patients died, whereas in the control group, 87% of patients were still alive at the end of the follow-up period (P < .02). Despite the high T2D stable resolution rate and the normalization of most metabolic data at 10-20 years following surgery, these results indicate that BPD should be indicated with caution in the surgical treatment of T2D in patients with severe obesity.

Metabolic and bariatric surgery for obesity in Prader Willi syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Obesity is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS). Our objective was to compare changes in body mass index (BMI) after metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) for the treatment of obesity (BMI ≥35 kg/m2) in PWS. A systematic review of MBS in PWS was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central, identifying 254 citations. Sixty-seven patients from 22 articles met criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Patients were organized into 3 groups: laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), gastric bypass (GB), and biliopancreatic diversion (BPD). No mortality within 1 year was reported in any of the 3 groups after a primary MBS operation. All groups experienced a significant decrease in BMI at 1 year with a mean reduction in BMI of 14.7 kg/m2 (P < .001). The LSG groups (n = 26) showed significant change from baseline in years 1, 2, and 3 (P value at year 3 = .002) but did not show significance in years 5, 7, and 10. The GB group (n = 10) showed a significant reduction in BMI of 12.1 kg/m2 in the first 2 years (P= .001). The BPD group (n = 28) had a significant reduction in BMI through 7 years with an average reduction of 10.7 kg/m2 (P = .02) at year 7. Individuals with PWS who underwent MBS had significant BMI reduction sustained in the LSG, GB, and BPD groups for 3, 2, and 7 years, respectively. No deaths within 1 year of these primary MBS operations were reported in this study or any other publication.

Характеристика изменений показателей липидного и углеводного обменов у больных морбидным ожирением до и после оперативного лечения в зависимости от вида хирургического вмешательства

Актуальность. Ожирение — хроническое заболевание обмена веществ, которое прогрессирует при естественном течении, имеет определенный круг осложнений и высокую вероятность рецидива после окончания курса лечения. Связь ожирения с различными метаболическими нарушениями делает его одной из наиболее важных проблем здраво­охранения как для развитых стран, так и развивающихся стран. Цель: проанализировать динамику показателей липидного и углеводного обмена у больных с морбидным ожирением (МО) до и после билиопанкреатического шунтирования (БПШ) в модификации Hess — Marceau и продольной резекции желудка. Материалы и методы. Выборку исследования составили 82 пациента с МО и сопутствующим метаболическим синдромом (МС) в возрасте от 21 до 62 лет (средний возраст — 40,60 ± 1,09 года), которые были про­оперированы по данному поводу и находились в послеоперационном периоде под наблюдением в клинике «Гарвис», которая является базой кафедры хирургии 1 ГУ «Днепропетровская медицинская академия МЗ Украины», в течение от 2 до 3 и более лет после операции. Распределение больных по группам проводилось в зависимости от примененного способа хирургического лечения. І клиническую группу составили 30 (36,6 %) больных с БПШ в модификации Hess — Marceau; II группу — 52 (63,4 %) пациента с продольной резекцией желудка. У разного количества больных в обеих группах в течение срока наблюдения проводили определение характеристик липидного и углеводного обмена с применением общих практических и клинических методов. Оценку результатов снижения массы тела, изменения со стороны маркеров липидного и углеводного обмена проводили в динамике наблюдения — при первом визите на этапе предоперационной подготовки, через 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 и 36 месяцев после оперативного вмешательства. Результаты. Анализ динамики показателей МО после оперативного лечения показал общие тенденции к достоверному (от p &lt; 0,01 до p &lt; 0,001) уменьшению показателей массы тела и индекса массы тела (ИМТ) у пациентов всех клинических групп уже через 3 месяца от начала лечения. В I группе существенное снижение показателей происходило в течение 18 месяцев, а во II — в период 6–12 месяцев. Дислипидемические нарушения у больных с МО достоверно коррелировали с показателями избыточной массы тела с различной степенью достоверности (от р &lt; 0,05 до р &lt; 0,01). Результаты исследования показателей углеводного обмена накануне оперативного лечения свидетельствовали о наличии существенной взаимозависимости уровней С-пептида, инсулина и глюкозы в крови от ИМТ пациентов (от p &lt; 0,01 до p &lt; 0,001). В динамике исследования установлены тенденции к нормализации показателей липидного и углеводного обменов у пациентов обеих групп в течение 2 лет после бариатрического вмешательства с наибольшими изменениями в группе после БПШ уже после 3 и 6 месяцев. Выводы. Прямая корреляционная зависимость, установленная между показателями липидного и углеводного обменов с показателем ИМТ и избыточной массой, доказывала необходимость применения у этих больных оперативного лечения. Тенденции к нормализации показателей липидного и углеводного обменов у пациентов обеих групп в течение 2 лет после бариатрического вмешательства свидетельствовали о его эффективности.

Metabolic surgery versus conventional medical therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: 10-year follow-up of an open-label, single-centre, randomised controlled trial

No data from randomised controlled trials of metabolic surgery for diabetes are available beyond 5 years of follow-up. We aimed to assess 10-year follow-up after surgery compared with medical therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. We did a 10-year follow-up study of an open-label, single-centre (tertiary hospital in Rome, Italy), randomised controlled trial, in which patients with type 2 diabetes (baseline duration >5 years; glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c] >7·0%, and body-mass index ≥35 kg/m2) were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to medical therapy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), or biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) by a computerised system. The primary endpoint of the study was diabetes remission at 2 years (HbA1c <6·5% and fasting glycaemia <5·55 mmol/L without ongoing medication for at least 1 year). In the 10-year analysis, durability of diabetes remission was analysed by intention to treat (ITT). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00888836. Between April 30, 2009, and Oct 31, 2011, of 72 patients assessed for eligibility, 60 were included. The 10-year follow-up rate was 95·0% (57 of 60). Of all patients who were surgically treated, 15 (37·5%) maintained diabetes remission throughout the 10-year period. Specifically, 10-year remission rates in the ITT population were 5·5% for medical therapy (95% CI 1·0-25·7; one participant went into remission after crossover to surgery), 50·0% for BPD (29·9-70·1), and 25·0% for RYGB (11·2-46·9; p=0·0082). 20 (58·8%) of 34 participants who were observed to be in remission at 2 years had a relapse of hyperglycaemia during the follow-up period (BPD 52·6% [95% CI 31·7-72·7]; RYGB 66·7% [41·7-84·8]). All individuals with relapse, however, maintained adequate glycaemic control at 10 years (mean HbA1c 6·7% [SD 0·2]). Participants in the RYGB and BPD groups had fewer diabetes-related complications than those in the medical therapy group (relative risk 0·07 [95% CI 0·01-0·48] for both comparisons). Serious adverse events occurred more frequently among participants in the BPD group (odds ratio [OR] for BPD vs medical therapy 2·7 [95% CI 1·3-5·6]; OR for RYGB vs medical therapy 0·7 [0·3-1·9]). Metabolic surgery is more effective than conventional medical therapy in the long-term control of type 2 diabetes. Clinicians and policy makers should ensure that metabolic surgery is appropriately considered in the management of patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS.

Effect of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on Static and Dynamic Measures of Glucose Homeostasis and Incretin Hormone Response 4-Years Post-Operatively

IntroductionThere is limited literature available on the long-term effect of bariatric surgery especially laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on the incretin hormone response.AimOur primary aim was to investigate changes in glucose metabolism and incretin hormone responses in participants with impaired glucose regulation approximately 4 years after LSG. The secondary aim was to examine the long-term incretin hormone changes of biliopancreatic diversion (BPD).MethodA non-randomised prospective study comprising of 10 participants undergoing LSG and 6 participants undergoing BPD. Serial measurements of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) were performed during an oral glucose tolerance test pre-operatively and 1 month, 6 months and at approximately 4–7 years post-operatively. Area under the curve (AUC) was examined at 60 and 120 min.ResultsIn the LSG group, a significant reduction in 2-h plasma glucose (2 h PG), HbA1c and HOMA-IR was observed at 4 years. Compared with pre-operative levels, significant increases in post-glucose GLP-1 secretion were observed at 1 and 6 months, but not maintained at 4 years. A linear increase was seen in post-glucose GIP response at 1 month and 6 months and 4 years. Within the BPD group, a reduction in HbA1c along with an increase GLP-1 response was observed at 7 years.ConclusionAn increase in GLP-1 response was not preserved at 4 years, but a significant increase in GIP response was observed along with improved glycaemic control following LSG.

Biliopancreatic Diversion Versus Gastric Bypass in the Surgical Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Patients with Body Mass Index Below 35

AbstractBackground: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is an important health problem worldwide with about 23% of patients with morbid obesity have type 2 DM. Bariatric surgery originally developed solely as a weight-reduction therapy, but has been found to improve T2DM and to reduce rates of chronic vascular disease and death. The International Diabetes Federation have recommended consideration of bariatric surgery for control of T2DM.Methods: A total number of 45 patients were randomized into two groups, the first group with 26 patients (n=26) were submitted for Biliopancreatic Diversion (BPD) and the second group with 19 patients (n=19) were planned for Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGBP). The main objective was to compare the efficacy of bariatric surgery in inducing clinical remission of T2DM mellitus in patients with body mass index less than 35 in both groups.Results: The operations were performed laparoscopically in all patients. There were no conversions, operative compli-cations or mortality. Data were collected during a two-year follow-up period and were analyzed at the following periods; pre-operatively and post-operatively at 1 months, 4 months, at 8 months, at 1 year and 2 years. The analyzed parameters included the levels of BMI, FBG, HbA1c, Triglycerides and cholesterol. There were no statistical significant difference between the two groups regarding the BMI, mean glucose levels, and HbA1c levels. However the levels of triglycerides were higher in the BPD group, while the levels of cholesterol were higher in the RYGBP group during most of the follow-up periods.Regarding the diabetes outcome, there was significant reduction of patients who showed diabetes remission at one year and those who remains remittent at 2 year, while the number of patients who showed diabetes failure tripled at 2 years follow-up.Conclusions: Although, BPD is known to have a better effect on type 2 DM in the higher BMI group. There was no difference regarding glycemic control between BPD and RYGBP. And both operations failed to maintain glycemic control at long term follow-up periods.

Bariatric–metabolic surgery versus conventional medical treatment in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: 5 year follow-up of an open-label, single-centre, randomised controlled trial

Randomised controlled trials have shown that bariatric surgery is more effective than conventional treatment for the short-term control of type-2 diabetes. However, published studies are characterised by a relatively short follow-up. We aimed to assess 5 year outcomes from our randomised trial designed to compare surgery with conventional medical treatment for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. We did our open-label, randomised controlled trial at one diabetes centre in Italy. Patients aged 30-60 years with a body-mass index of 35 kg/m(2) or more and a history of type 2 diabetes lasting at least 5 years were randomly assigned (1:1:1), via a computer-generated randomisation procedure, to receive either medical treatment or surgery by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or biliopancreatic diversion. Participants were aware of treatment allocation before the operation and study investigators were aware from the point of randomisation. The primary endpoint was the rate of diabetes remission at 2 years, defined as a glycated haemaglobin A1c (HbA1c) concentration of 6·5% or less (≤47·5 mmol/mol) and a fasting glucose concentration of 5·6 mmol/L or less without active pharmacological treatment for 1 year. Here we analyse glycaemic and metabolic control, cardiovascular risk, medication use, quality of life, and long-term complications 5 years after randomisation. Analysis was by intention to treat for the primary endpoint and by per protocol for the 5 year follow-up. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00888836. Between April 27, 2009, and Oct 31, 2009, we randomly assigned 60 patients to receive either medical treatment (n=20) or surgery by gastric bypass (n=20) or biliopancreatic diversion (n=20); 53 (88%) patients completed 5 years' follow-up. Overall, 19 (50%) of the 38 surgical patients (seven [37%] of 19 in the gastric bypass group and 12 [63%] of 19 in the bilipancreatic diversion group) maintained diabetes remission at 5 years, compared with none of the 15 medically treated patients (p=0·0007). We recorded relapse of hyperglycaemia in eight (53%) of the 15 patients who achieved 2 year remission in the gastric bypass group and seven (37%) of the 19 patients who achieved 2 year remission in the biliopancreatic diversion group. Eight (42%) patients who underwent gastric bypass and 13 (68%) patients who underwent biliopancreatic diversion had an HbA1c concentration of 6·5% or less (≤47·5 mmol/mol) with or without medication, compared with four (27%) medically treated patients (p=0·0457). Surgical patients lost more weight than medically treated patients, but weight changes did not predict diabetes remission or relapse after surgery. Both surgical procedures were associated with significantly lower plasma lipids, cardiovascular risk, and medication use. Five major complications of diabetes (including one fatal myocardial infarction) arose in four (27%) patients in the medical group compared with only one complication in the gastric bypass group and no complications in the biliopancreatic diversion group. No late complications or deaths occurred in the surgery groups. Nutritional side-effects were noted mainly after biliopancreatic diversion. Surgery is more effective than medical treatment for the long-term control of obese patients with type 2 diabetes and should be considered in the treatment algorithm of this disease. However, continued monitoring of glycaemic control is warranted because of potential relapse of hyperglycaemia. Catholic University of Rome.

Psychological effects and outcome predictors of three bariatric surgery interventions: a 1-year follow-up study.

Weight loss surgery efficacy has been demonstrated for morbid obesity. Different outcomes have been hypothesized, according to specific bariatric surgery interventions and psychological characteristics of obese patients. The present study compared three different surgery procedures, namely laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and biliopancreatic diversion (BPD), in terms of weight loss efficacy and psychological outcomes. Eighty-three subjects seeking bariatric surgery have been evaluated before and 12 months after surgery intervention, by means of a clinical interview and different self-reported questionnaires, including Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, Emotional Eating Scale, Binge Eating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Symptom Checklist and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. BPD group (26 subjects) showed the greatest weight loss, followed by RYGB (30 subjects), and LAGB group (27 subjects). All the treatments were associated with a significant improvement of anxiety, depression, and general psychopathology, and a similar pattern of reduction of binge eating symptomatology. BPD group reported a greater reduction of eating disorder psychopathology, compared to the other groups. Pre-treatment emotional eating severity was found to be a significant outcome modifier for the three treatment interventions. These results suggest that all the three types of bariatric surgery significantly improved psychopathology and eating disordered behaviors. They also support the importance of a pre-treatment careful psychological assessment in order to supervise the post-surgical outcome.

Temporal changes in glucose homeostasis and incretin hormone response at 1 and 6 months after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

BackgroundBariatric surgery is an effective treatment for morbid obesity. Current literature reports significant improvements in glucose homeostasis after malabsorptive surgery. There is limited evidence on the effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on glucose-insulin homeostasis and postoperative incretin hormone response. The objective of this study was to examine the metabolic effects of SG on temporal changes in insulin and glucose homeostasis, incretin hormones and hepatic insulin clearance in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes (T2 DM). MethodsA nonrandomized prospective study comprising 22 participants undergoing SG (body mass index [BMI] 50.1 kg/m2, glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] 53 mmol/mol) and 15 participants undergoing biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) (BMI 62.1 kg/m2, HbA1c 58 mmol/mol). Serial measurements of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic hormone (GIP) were performed during oral glucose tolerance testing preoperatively and 1 and 6 months postoperatively. Areas under the curve (AUC) were examined at 30, 60, and 120 minutes. ResultsWithin the SG group, significant improvements were observed respectively at 1 and 6 months in glucose control (HbA1c: −0.9%, −1.3%), measures of insulin sensitivity (fasting insulin: −4.8 mU/L, −8.5 mU/L; fasting C-peptide: −0.6 pmol/L, −1.1 pmol/L; Homeostasis Model Assessment [HOMA-IR]: −0.144, −0.174; HOMA %S:+29.6,+92.4), hepatic insulin clearance (+0.07,+0.13) and postprandial GLP-1 response (AUC0-30 pmol h L−1:+300,+331, AUC0-60:+300,+294, AUC0-120:+316,+295). These results were comparable to the BPD group. ConclusionsSG is associated with significant early improvements in insulin sensitivity and incretin hormone response and results in significant improvements in IGT/T2 DM.

Bariatric Surgery Versus Conventional Medical Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes

Mingrone, Geltrude*; Panunzi, Simona†; De Gaetano, Andrea†; Guidone, Caterina*; Iaconelli, Amerigo*; Leccesi, Laura*; Nanni, Giuseppe‡; Pomp, Alfons§; Castagneto, Marco‡; Ghirlanda, Giovanni*; Rubino, Francesco‡§ Author Information

Bariatric Surgery versus Conventional Medical Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes

BackgroundRoux-en-Y gastric bypass and biliopancreatic diversion can markedly ameliorate diabetes in morbidly obese patients, often resulting in disease remission. Prospective, randomized trials comparing these procedures with medical therapy for the treatment of diabetes are needed.MethodsIn this single-center, nonblinded, randomized, controlled trial, 60 patients between the ages of 30 and 60 years with a body-mass index (BMI, the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of 35 or more, a history of at least 5 years of diabetes, and a glycated hemoglobin level of 7.0% or more were randomly assigned to receive conventional medical therapy or undergo either gastric bypass or biliopancreatic diversion. The primary end point was the rate of diabetes remission at 2 years (defined as a fasting glucose level of <100 mg per deciliter [5.6 mmol per liter] and a glycated hemoglobin level of <6.5% in the absence of pharmacologic therapy).ResultsAt 2 years, diabetes remission had occurred in no patients in the medical-therapy group versus 75% in the gastric-bypass group and 95% in the biliopancreatic-diversion group (P<0.001 for both comparisons). Age, sex, baseline BMI, duration of diabetes, and weight changes were not significant predictors of diabetes remission at 2 years or of improvement in glycemia at 1 and 3 months. At 2 years, the average baseline glycated hemoglobin level (8.65±1.45%) had decreased in all groups, but patients in the two surgical groups had the greatest degree of improvement (average glycated hemoglobin levels, 7.69±0.57% in the medical-therapy group, 6.35±1.42% in the gastric-bypass group, and 4.95±0.49% in the biliopancreatic-diversion group).ConclusionsIn severely obese patients with type 2 diabetes, bariatric surgery resulted in better glucose control than did medical therapy. Preoperative BMI and weight loss did not predict the improvement in hyperglycemia after these procedures. (Funded by Catholic University of Rome; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00888836.)

Temporal changes in glucose and insulin homeostasis after biliopancreatic diversion and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding

BackgroundObesity surgery is associated with improvement in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our aim was to examine the effects of biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) on the body mass index, fasting insulin level, glucose level, and insulin resistance in morbidly obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The setting was the Department of Surgery, Morriston Hospital (Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom). MethodsA total of 13 morbidly obese patients (7 BPD, 6 LAGB) underwent serial measurements of fasting glucose and insulin at baseline, immediately after surgery (days 1–7), and 1, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. The homeostasis model of assessment–insulin resistance was calculated. ResultsIn the BPD group, the glucose levels had normalized by day 3 (5.6 ± 1 mmol/L) and the difference was statistically significant at 6 and 12 months postoperatively (5 ± .7 and 4.4 ± .5 mmol/L, respectively). The insulin levels had improved from day 1, and the difference was statistically significant at days 2, 5, 6, and 7 (19 ± 9, 14.2 ± 7, 15.2 ± 8, and 17.4 ± 8 mU/L, respectively). All diabetes medications were stopped on the fourth postoperative day. In the LAGB group, no statistically significant changes were seen in the glucose levels. Statistically significant changes in insulin were seen on days 1 and 2 (19 ± 13 and 13 ± 6.5 mU/L, respectively). The homeostatic model of assessment–insulin resistance had improved in both groups (BPD, 1.6 ± 1.2, P < .01; and LAGB, 4.3 ± 1.4, P < .05). ConclusionBPD causes immediate remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Leptin might play an important role in the early improvement of insulin resistance in fasting states after BPD. In the LAGB group, glucose homeostasis improved, but the patients still required diabetes medications, although the dosages were reduced.

Copper and Zinc Serum Levels after Derivative Bariatric Surgery: Differences Between Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Biliopancreatic Diversion

There are limited data on the prevalence of copper and zinc deficiency in the long term after bariatric surgery. We analysed copper and zinc serum levels in a cohort of 141 patients, 52 who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and 89 biliopancreatic diversion (BPD), with a follow-up of 5years. Mean copper level was significantly lower in the BPD group (P < 0.0001 vs. RYGB). Forty-five (50.6%) BPD patients had, at least once, a low copper level, and half of them, 27 (30.3%) patients, had repeatedly low levels. In this group, serum copper level correlated positively with total leukocyte and granulocyte count (r = 0.14, P = 0.002, and r = 0.17, P < 0.001, respectively). However, no patient had clinical evidence of haematological or neurological disorders. Only two RYGB patients (3.8%) had copper deficiency. Mean zinc level was also significantly lower in the BPD group (P < 0.0001). All but one BPD patient had hypozincaemia at least once, and the percentage of patients with hypozincaemia ranged from 44.9% to 74.2%. In RYGB patients, zinc deficiency peaked at 48 and 60months (15.4% and 21.2%, respectively). The zinc level was determined by the alimentary limb length in this group, but the common channel length had no influence on copper and zinc levels in the BPD group. Hypocupremia, and especially hypozincaemia, are frequent findings in BPD patients, but rarely found in patients who underwent RYGB, particularly short RYGB. Our data also suggest that a long-standing and severe hypocupremia is required to develop neurological and haematological disorders after bariatric surgery.

Chronic Increase of Bone Turnover Markers After Biliopancreatic Diversion is Related to Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and Weight Loss. Relation with Bone Mineral Density

Biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) is the most effective bariatric procedure. Around 70% of these patients have secondary hyperparathyroidism (SH) in the long term as a consequence of calcium and vitamin D malabsorption. This work was aimed to study the influence of SH on bone turnover and its relationship with bone mineral density (BMD). Bone turnover markers were determined in 63 BPD patients and 34 morbidly obese controls. In the BPD group, we also studied the influence of age, loss of weight, common channel length, PTH, vitamin D, and serum calcium on bone turnover as well as its relation with BMD. BPD patients showed significantly higher PTH, osteocalcin, and beta-CTx levels than controls. In the multivariate regression analysis, only PTH (beta=0.42; P=0.0002), menopausal status (beta=0.31; P=0.007) and the percentage of lost BMI (beta=-0.24; P=0.03) significantly predicted the osteocalcin level (R2=0.33; F=9.56; P<0.0001). Similarly, only PTH (beta=0.39; P=0.0005), menopausal status (beta=0.37; P=0.001) and the percentage of lost BMI (beta=-0.23; P=0.04) significantly predicted the beta-CTx level (R2=0.33; F=9.82; P<0.0001). Osteocalcin and beta-CTx levels correlated negatively with BMD at lumbar spine (r=-0.38, P=0.002 and r=-0.30, P=0.02, respectively). Chronic SH and the loss of weight determine a high rate of bone turnover that is associated with decreasing BMD in BPD patients.

The effect of bilio-pancreatic diversion on type 2 diabetes in patients with BMI &lt;35 kg/m2

To aim of the study was to investigate the effect of bilio-pancreatic diversion (BPD) on type 2 diabetes in patients with BMI <35 kg/m(2). OGTTs were performed and anthropometric data were compared between five diabetes patients (BMI 27-33 kg/m(2)) following BPD and seven diabetes patients after a low-energy diet. Insulin secretion was computed by C-peptide deconvolution. A euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp was performed only in the BPD group and the M value measured. One month after BPD, fasting and 2 h post-OGTT glycaemia decreased from 15.22 +/- 3.22 to 6.22 +/- 0.51 mmol/l (p = 0.043), while insulin sensitivity increased significantly. No significant changes were observed in the low-energy diet group. Insulin secretion did not differ significantly after either intervention. Diabetes amelioration (change in HbA(1c) level) was observed up to 18 months after BPD without pharmacological therapy. BPD can achieve adequate control of type 2 diabetes also in patients with BMI <35 kg/m(2). The rapid postoperative remission of diabetes is primarily related to an improvement in insulin sensitivity.

Obesity Surgery Results Depending on Technique Performed: Long-Term Outcome

Many techniques have excellent results at 2 years of follow-up but some matters regarding their long-term efficacy have arisen. This is why bariatric surgery results must be analyzed in long-term follow-up. The aim of this study was to extend the analysis over 5 years, evaluating weight loss, morbidity, and mortality of the surgical procedures performed. This was a retrospective cohort study of the different procedures for morbid obesity practiced in our Department of Surgery for morbid obesity. The results have been analyzed in terms of weight loss, morbidity improvement, and postoperative morbidity (Bariatric Analysis And Reporting Outcome System). One hundred twenty-five patients were operated on open vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG), 150 patients of open biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) of Scopinaro, 100 patients of open modified BPD (common limb 75 cm; alimentary limb 225 cm), and 115 patients of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGBP). Mean follow-up was: VBG 12 years, BPD 7 years, and LRYGBP 4 years. An excellent initial weight loss was observed at the end of the second year of follow-up in all techniques, but from this time an important regain of weight was observed in VBG group and a discrete weight regain in LRYGBP group. Only BPD groups kept excellent weight results so far in time. Mortality was: VBG 1.6%, BPD 1.2%, and LRYGBP 0%. Early postoperative complications were: VBG 25%, BPD 20.4%, and LRYGBP 20%. Late postoperative morbidity was: protein malnutrition 11% in Scopinaro BPD, 3% in Modified BPD group, and no cases reported either in VBG group or LRYGBP group; iron deficiency 20% VBG, 62% Scopinaro BPD, 40% modified BPD, and 30.5% LRYGBP. A 14.5% of VBG group required revision surgery to gastric bypass or to BPD due to 100% weight regain or vomiting. A 3.2% of Scopinaro BPD with severe protein malnutrition required revision surgery to lengthen common limb to 100 cm. A 0.8% of LRYGBP required revision surgery to distal LRYGBP (common limb 75 cm) due to 100% weight regain. The most complex bariatric procedures increase the effectiveness but unfortunately they also increase morbidity and mortality. LRYGBP is safe and effective for the treatment of morbid obesity. Modified BPD (75-225 cm) can be considered for the treatment of superobesity (body mass index > 50 kg/m(2)), and restrictive procedures such as VBG should only be performed in well-selected patients due to high rates of failure in long-term follow-up.

Bypass gástrico y derivación biliopancreática laparoscópica efectuadas con anastomosis manual. Resultados en 250 pacientes obesos móbidos

Gastrojejunostomy anastomosis after a gastric bypass or biliopancreatic diversion can be performed by staples or hand-sewn technique. The aim of this study is to analyze totally hand-sewn anastomosis by laparoscopy. Morbid obese patients treated consecutively with a gastric bypass or biliopancreatic diversion in which the main anastomosis was performed with a totally hand-sewn gastrojejunostomy by laparoscopy at Hospital Universitario de Getafe from March-01 to November-07. 250 patients were included: 232 were gastric bypass and the remaining 18, biliopancreatic diversion. Mean BMI was 46 +/- 4. There was only one case of digestive bleeding for a marginal ulcer during immediate postoperative period (6th day). Later, there were 2 cases of complicated ulcers: due to bleeding and perforation. There were no anastomotic leaks from the hand-sewn gastrojejunostomy. A patient was re-operated on 48 hours after bypass due to a leak secondary to a thermal perforation at the lesser curvature. Radiological or endoscopic dilatation were required in 11 stenosis (4.4%) at gastrojejunostomy and none in the biliopancreatic diversion group. Mean surgical time for the anastomosis was 40+/-15 minutes. There were no deaths, sepsis, abdominal abscess, deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Average hospital stay was 5.1+/-2.4 days. Even though most surgeons believe that staples anastomosis is easier, hand-sewn technique can be reproducible by surgeons with laparoscopic sutures experience. This technique has a longer operation time but continuous training provides advanced laparoscopic skills and significantly reduces operation time.

Biliopancreatic diversion in rats is associated with intestinal hypertrophy and with increased GLP-1, GLP-2 and PYY levels

Factors leading to weight loss and weight stabilization after bariatric surgery are not fully understood. The aims of this study were to develop an animal model for biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) and to determine changes in gut hormones, malabsorption and small bowel histology postoperatively. 2 groups of Wistar rats underwent sham and BPD surgery. Daily postoperative weights and food intake were measured. 24-hour fecal collections were performed at Day 6 and 21. Bomb calorimetry was performed to determine the fecal calorific values. At day 23, levels of peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) were determined and small bowel biopsies were taken. Animals in the BPD group had significant reduction in weight (P<0.001) and in food intake (P<0.001) compared to the sham group. Serum levels of PYY, GLP-1 and GLP-2 in the BPD group were significantly higher (P<0.005). Animals in the BPD group had significantly higher fecal energy content at Day 6 (P<0.001) but not at Day 21 when compared to the sham group. Small bowel histology confirmed the presence of significantly increased mitosis (P=0.03) and labelled cells (P=0.002) in the BPD animals when compared to sham. In our animal model, the higher levels of PYY, GLP-1 and GLP-2 after BPD may be due to gut adaptation and hypertrophy and could be important in inducing and maintaining weight loss after bariatric surgery.

Differential Effect of Weight Loss on Insulin Resistance in Surgically Treated Obese Patients

Purpose: To compare the effects of equivalent weight loss induced by two bariatric surgical techniques on insulin action in severely obese patients. Methods: Eighteen nondiabetic patients with severe obesity (mean [± SD] body mass index: 53.5 ± 9 kg/m2) and 20 sex‐ and age‐matched lean subjects (body mass index: 23.8 ± 3 kg/m2) underwent metabolic studies, including measurement of insulin sensitivity by the insulin clamp technique. Patients then underwent either vertical banded gastroplasty with Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass or biliopancreatic diversion and were restudied at 5–6 months and again at 16–24 months postsurgery. Results: At baseline, patients were hyperinsulinemic (194 ± 47 pmol/L vs 55 ± 25 pmol/L, p &lt; .0001), hypertriglyceridemic (1.56 ± 0.30 mmol/L vs 0.78 ± 0.32 mmol/L, p &lt; .0001), and profoundly insulin resistant (insulin‐mediated glucose disposal: 20.8 ± 4.4μ mol/min/kg fat‐free mass vs 52 ± 10.1 μmol/min/kg, p &lt; .0001) as compared with controls. Weight loss by the 2 procedures was equivalent in both amount (averaging –53 kg) and time course. In the gastric bypass group, insulin sensitivity improved (23.8± 6 μmol/min/kg at 5 months and 33.7 ± 11.3 μmol/min/kg at 16 months, p &lt; .01 vs baseline and controls). In contrast, in the biliopancreatic diversion group, insulin sensitivity was normalized already at 6 months (52.5 ± 12.4 μmol/min/kg, p = .72 vs controls) and increased further at 24 months (68.7 ± 9.5 μmol/min/kg, p &lt; .01 vs controls), despite a persistent obese phenotype (body mass index 33.2 ± 8 kg/m2). Conclusions: In surgically treated obese patients, insulin sensitivity improves in proportion to weight loss with use of predominantly restrictive procedures (gastric bypass) but is reversed completely by predominantly malabsorptive approaches (biliopancreatic diversion) long before normalization of body weight. Selective nutrient absorption and gut hormones may interact with one another in the genesis of the metabolic abnormalities of obesity.

Differential effect of weight loss on insulin resistance in surgically treated obese patients

To compare the effects of equivalent weight loss induced by two bariatric surgical techniques on insulin action in severely obese patients. Eighteen nondiabetic patients with severe obesity (mean [+/- SD] body mass index: 53.5 +/- 9.0 kg/m(2)) and 20 sex- and age-matched lean subjects (body mass index: 23.8 +/- 3.0 kg/m(2)) underwent metabolic studies, including measurement of insulin sensitivity by the insulin clamp technique. Patients then underwent either vertical banded gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, or biliopancreatic diversion, and were restudied at 5 to 6 months and again at 16 to 24 months postsurgery. At baseline, patients were hyperinsulinemic (194 +/- 47 pmol/L vs. 55 +/- 25 pmol/L, P < 0.0001), hypertriglyceridemic (1.56 +/- 0.30 mmol/L vs. 0.78 +/- 0.32 mmol/L, P < 0.0001), and profoundly insulin resistant (insulin-mediated glucose disposal: 20.8 +/- 4.4 micromol/min/kg fat-free mass vs. 52.0 +/- 10.1 micromol/min/kg, P < 0.0001) as compared with controls. Weight loss by the two procedures was equivalent in both amount (averaging -53 kg) and time course. In the gastric bypass group, insulin sensitivity improved (23.8 +/- 6.0 micromol/min/kg at 5 months and 33.7 +/- 11.3 micromol/min/kg at 16 months, P < 0.01 vs. baseline and controls). In contrast, in the biliopancreatic diversion group, insulin sensitivity was normalized already at 6 months (52.5 +/- 12.4 micromol/min/kg, P = 0.72 vs. controls) and increased further at 24 months (68.7 +/- 9.5 micromol/min/kg, P < 0.01 vs. controls) despite a persistent obese phenotype (body mass index: 33.2 +/- 8.0 kg/m(2)). In surgically treated obese patients, insulin sensitivity improves in proportion to weight loss with use of predominantly restrictive procedures (gastric bypass), but is reversed completely by predominantly malabsorptive approaches (biliopancreatic diversion) long before normalization of body weight. Selective nutrient absorption and gut hormones may interact with one another in the genesis of the metabolic abnormalities of obesity.