Bilingual Glossary Research Articles

A Self-Study of Translators of Medical Texts Using the Kenhub Platform

A huge role in the translation of medical texts, as in the case of other specialist texts, is played by the knowledge of specialised terminology. Unfortunately, the range of training and courses for medical translators is smaller than, for example, in the case of legal texts and documents. Therefore, adepts of the profession of medical translator and translators themselves are forced to search for learning material largely on their own in order to acquire or supplement their own medical knowledge. One possible workshop tool for medical translators are anatomy-learning platforms, which have been created specifically for medical students. One example of such is the Kenhub website, which allows translators to study the human anatomy in German, English, Spanish, Portuguese, and Russian. This article presents the functions of the Kenhub platform in the context of its use for the self-education of translators working in the Polish-German language pair. In addition, proposals are made to supplement the various features of the platform with elements tailored to the needs of medical translators of German, such as, for example, the addition of articles, references to the language register, and the possibility of generating bilingual glossaries.

Experimental study of the impact of using hybride machine translation engines on the quality of translation of texts in the field of ornamental horticulture

The article is devoted to the study of the impact of using hybrid machine translation engines (Onlinedoctranslator and DeepL Translate) on the quality of translation of texts in the field of ornamental horticulture. Within our experimental study the quality of translation was determined by the number of errors and quality of rendering horticultural terminology. Machine translation is gradually evolving, the market is extremely active and proposes many new engines uniting most promising algorithms, but it is important to determine the effectiveness of hybrid machine translation engines in translating texts of various fields, especially in the field of ornamental horticulture. In the course of conducting our research, we formulated a research hypothesis, selected a text in the field of ornamental horticulture rich in horticultural terminology and consisting of more than 30.000 printed characters without spaces, compiled a bilingual glossary based on the selected text, consisting of 200 terminological units, selected machine translation engines (Onlinedoctranslator and DeepL) and the procedure of evaluating errors, having distinguished three main types of mistakes, analyzed translated texts in terms of general quality and in terms of transferring horticultural terminology, processed the experimental data, represented the results in the form of tables providing an expert assessment of the empirical data and formulated conclusions. In the process of conducting the experiment, the hypothesis formulated at the beginning of the research was confirmed: different hybrid machine translation engines offer translations of the same text in the field of ornamental horticulture of varying quality, which we tracked by determining the overall percentage of errors in each translation performed, as well as by calculating the percentage of correct transferring of horticultural terminology. According to both indicators, DeepL showed the best results, and therefore it is advisable to recommend it for translating texts in the field of ornamental horticulture.

Lost in Translation: The Vital Role of Medical Translation in Global Medical Communications

In today's globalized world, translating scientific and medical content is vital to bridging language barriers and facilitating communication among diverse audiences. This article dives deep into the importance of medical translation and provides key best practices to ensure accurate and high-quality translations.
 Effective medical translators must possess strong writing skills in both the source and target languages to accurately convey the intended message while maintaining the tone and style of the original document. Developing and finalizing content in one language before translation streamlines the process and enhances the quality of the translation.
 Translators should seek clarification and ask questions during the translation process to deliver an error-free final version. Understanding medical terminology in both source and target languages is crucial, and staying updated with the latest terminology is essential for accurate translations. Utilizing a bilingual glossary or creating one in collaboration with the client helps ensure translation accuracy.
 While machine translations have limitations, computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools like SDL Trados, MemoQ, Wordfast, and OmegaT improve efficiency and consistency. These tools, equipped with translation memory and terminology management features, support human translators in their work.
 Medical translation plays a significant role in global medical communication, alongside regulatory writing, scientific publications, health communication, professional education, promotional writing, and grant writing. It is essential for effective communication and accurate information exchange in the scientific community.
 In conclusion, accurate medical translation is crucial for effective communication and collaboration in the global scientific community. Adhering to best practices ensures precise and high-quality translations, facilitating the sharing of scientific knowledge across languages.

Nec vero contemnendum vulgus interdum est: Vernacular animal names among Theodore Gaza’s Latin neologisms

The article discusses the origins of four Neo-Latin animal names, denoting a beetle, a bird, a fish and a mollusk, coined by the Greek scholar Theodore Gaza in the third quarter of the fifteenth century: two neologisms of form, or proper neologisms, gal(l)eruca and gallinago, and two neologisms of sense, cernua ‘inclined forwards, head foremost’ and patella ‘plate, pan’. These words, still valid in today’s zoological nomenclature, were first introduced in Gaza’s Latin version of Aristotle’s Historia animalium, where they stood, respectively, for μηλολόνθη, σκολόπαξ/ἀσκαλώπας, ὀρφώς/ὀρφός and λεπάς. Apparently, they owe their existence to Gaza’s acquaintance with Italian dialectal vocabulary, as can be deduced from two sixteenthcentury sources: Agostino Nifo’s commentary to Aristotle’s zoological writings and Ippolito Salviani’s encyclopedic work on aquatic animals. Gaza’s galleruca must have originated from the Lombard galeruca ‘rose chafer’ (the identification of μηλολόνθη with the latter probably due to the hapax legomenon χρυσομηλολόνθιον, Ar. Vesp. 1341), gallinago from the Emilian gallinazza ‘woodcock’ (since the only known characteristic of σκολόπαξ/ἀσκαλώπας is that it is similar to a hen, Arist. Hist. an. 617b24), cernua from the Calabrian cerna/cernia (identified with ὀρφώς/ὀρφός either due to Gaza’s use of a bilingual glossary or due to his own experience in the Calabrian bilingual milieu) and patella from the Calabrian or Roman patella ‘pan; limpet’ (perhaps identified with λεπάς because Gaza kept in mind the name of a vessel, λεπαστή/λεπάστη, considered deriving from λεπάς by Eustathius). All the said dialects correspond to the Italian regions where Gaza spent parts of his life.

Frequency or Keyness?

The possibility of compiling electronic corpora, as of the second half of the last cen­tury, has provided new opportunities for vocabulary research. This has also resulted in the devel­op­ment of a series of computer software solutions for the lexical analysis of texts and the building of vocabulary lists for language learners. In this article, the differences in building tech­nical vocabu­lary lists according to their frequency and keyness in corpora of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) are discussed. Both criteria have been discussed in terms of their benefits and limitations, and the possibilities of the most convenient combination of both. Finally, the word frequency list has been upgraded with keywords to provide a more comprehensive, but still very attainable, word list suitable for building a bilingual glossary or to be extended into a dictionary. Keywords: word list, frequency, keyness, keywords, corpus, marine engineering, English, lexis, vocabulary

Experimental study of the impact of using machine translation engines on the quality of translation of texts in the field of Jungian psychology

The article is devoted to the study of the impact of using machine translation engines (Microsoft Translator and DeepL Translate) on the quality of translation of texts in the field of Jungian psychology. The translation quality was determined by the number of errors and quality of rendering psychological terminology. The modern translation market offers many online engines designed to help with the translation of psychological texts, which gradually get more recognition, but it’s important to define the most efficient machine translation engine that can be recommended for working with the texts in the field of Jungian psychology. In the course of conducting our research, we formulated a research hypothesis, selected a psychological text rich in psychological terminology, compiled a bilingual glossary based on the selected text, selected machine translation engines and the procedure of evaluating errors, analyzed translated texts in terms of general quality and in terms of transferring psychological terminology, processed the experimental data and represented the results in the form of tables providing an expert assessment of the empirical data and formulated conclusions. In the process of conducting the experiment, the second hypothesis was confirmed: the quality of conveying the content and basic psychological terminology in the translation of the text in the field of Jungian psychology turned out to be higher when using the DeepL Translate machine translation engine, and therefore it is this machine translation engine that we can recommend for the use by professional translators working with texts in the field of Jungian psychology. However, when using this online translator, one needs to be aware of the inaccuracies, literalism tendency and stylistic errors that the machine makes.

Translating TCM nomenclature into English: A bilingual reference tool needed for clinical practice

Translating traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) terminology into other languages, although notoriously difficult, is vital for medical practices outside China. Given the diverse and notably inconsistent translations of TCM terms in bilingual glossaries, dictionaries and the general TCM literature, there is a real and urgent need to study the merits and drawbacks of the representative translations in order to better support clinical practice. Ten commonly used bilingual terminology references were selected to investigate the translations of ten key terms on 经络 jingluo . As a case study, the sample of translations was analyzed in terms of the use of translation strategies and the strengths and weaknesses of the different translations. Four major translation strategies were identified, the most common being literal translation and semantic translation, followed by a combination of transliteration and either literal or semantic translation, and, lastly, transliteration. Each of the ten reference works uses three or more translation strategies. It is worth noting that several conventionally established translations of the key terms, including 经脉 jingmai , only partially convey the meaning of the Chinese term and could therefore result in misunderstandings. This study demonstrates the usefulness of studying the most representative bilingual glossaries to understand the merits and constraints of diverse translation strategies. We argue for the need to construct a comprehensive bilingual reference work containing the major representative translations of TCM terms to be used in different contexts, which will be instrumental for the clinical practice and spread of TCM.

Developing Bilingual Glossary (English-Urdu) for Tourists: A systematic Approach

Glossaries are created to provide information on a wide range of words and their usage, as well as to improve people's intercultural knowledge. This article covers the process of developing a bilingual English-Urdu glossary, with a focus on the tourism industry. It outlines all steps taken for the glossary compilation process and analyses the issues that glossary writers confront when working with a large number of foreign terminology, as well as their possible solutions. It demonstrates that certain decisions are made at various stages to provide an effective bilingual glossary product for users. The article suggests that bilingual glossaries be developed using a methodological approach that effectively meets the needs of dictionary users.

МАТЕМАТИЧНА ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЯ У БРИТАНСЬКИХ ТА УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ШКІЛЬНИХ ПІДРУЧНИКАХ

This study discusses an effort to create a bilingual (English-Ukrainian) glossary for the field of ‘Mathematics. 8th year of study’ based on two textbooks: Bostock L., Chandler S., Shepherd A., Smith E., Bettison I. “STP Mathematics 8”. 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press (Eng.) and Ister O. “Algebra. 8th class” and “Geometry. 8th class”, “Geneza” (Ukr.). The common and distinctive features of the British and Ukrainian educational programs for the 8th year of study were defined and illustrated. The authors examined to what extent the concept systems could be mapped to facilitate unambiguous communication across teachers and alumni from Britain and Ukraine. It turns out that only 44,1% topics and terms that describe them in Ukrainian curricula correspond to the British ones: Units of Measurement, Geometric Shapes, Transformations, Numbers and Operations, Angles, Expressions and Inequalities, Physical Quantities, Statistical Data, Map Interpretation, Graphs, Theorems and Proofs. The authors conceptualized the terminological system and defined 81 English-Ukrainian equivalents central to the proposed domain. The grammatical and semantic structure as well as etymology of English and Ukrainian terms were considered, and some common features were distinguished. Compound terms are more frequently used both in English and Ukrainian. English terms are mainly (93,2%) borrowings from Latin, French and Greek, most (61,9%) of Ukrainian terms are of native origin. Interlingual terminological asymmetry was discussed to define full and partial equivalents and best English-Ukrainian correspondences for the ‘Mathematics. 8th year of study’ domain. SDL Multiterm tool was used to compile English-Ukrainian termbase for facilitating the translation and communication process.

Inter-lingual correspondence between the conceptual systems of patent law in Russia and the United States

Due to its deep connection with international law and the requirement to register patents in every country where protection of an invention is sought, patent law requires an immense number of translations every year. Nevertheless, considerable diversity in national patent legislations around the world hinders translation of patent documentation because of significant terminology differences. This paper studies patent law terminology equivalence in Russian and U.S. patent law. The main objective is to identify concept correlation between the main patent law terms in the U.S. and Russian legal systems and to classify the identified term-pairs according to their degree of equivalency, pointing out problematic cases and suggesting ways of their resolution for better translation of documents in this field. This objective is reached through comparative definitional analysis of the key patent law terminological units extracted from legislation texts, monolingual term glossaries, and bilingual term dictionaries. Notwithstanding the predominance of full equivalents, the research shows that national patent law systems preserve their characteristic features which result in a significant number of partially equivalent and non-equivalent terms, many of which are related to the very basic patent law concepts such as patentability. However, no currently existing bilingual English-Russian or Russian-English dictionary provides up-to-date and accurate information about Russian and American patent law terms with all necessary remarks concerning possible differences between the concepts. The research results can serve as the basis for compilation of a specialised bilingual glossary of Russian and American patent terms which can be used as a reference during translation of patent documentation.

„...radosť z roboty samej a vedomie, že prácou pre Slovensko slúžili sme republike.“ K slovenskému pôsobeniu Františka Heřmanského z hľadiska česko-slovenských medzijazykových a medziliterárnych vzťahov

The paper focuses on the personality of the Czech secondary school teacher František Heřmanský (1887–1966) and his interwar activities in Slovakia concerning a broad sphere of education and culture. Several lines of his activity can be seen as part of the contemporary cultural policy in the field of Czech-Slovak interlingual and interliterary relations, where special attention was paid to the simultaneous development of Czech-Slovak and Slovak-Czech bilingualism and biliterarism. F. Heřmanský deserves special attention as the author of textbooks for both the Czech and Slovak schools. Being a classical philologist, he compiled Latin grammars and readers. On the other hand, he prepared multiple series of Slovak literary readers for secondary and grammar schools, thereby contributing to the creation of the Slovak and Czechoslovak literary canon and formation of collective identity in the First Czechoslovak Republic. His contribution in this regard has not yet been analysed. One line of his activity connected with his involvement in multi focused work of the Slovak cultural institution Matica slovenská was bound up with the need to provide the Slovak and Czech (Czechoslovak) education system with enough Slovak literary work. F. Heřmanský’s contribution to the cultivation of Czech-Slovak biliteracy is associated with the literary series Čítanie študujúcej mládeže [Reading for young students], intended primarily for Slovak students and, to some extent, also for Czech students. In the course of this work, F. Heřmanský became a textual lexicographer authoring Slovak-Czech glossaries that accompanied Slovak literary texts to help the Czech reader understand unfamiliar expressions. Appended bilingual glossaries represent a remarkable part of the Czech-Slovak interlingual and interliterary context of the time. F. Heřmanský also produced Czech-Slovak glossaries for his literary readers to help Slovak students read Czech texts. His Slovak textbooks, a wide range of his other texts written in Slovak and his Slovak-Czech and Czech-Slovak glossaries as well as translations (from Slovak into Czech and vice versa) demonstrate that F. Heřmanský was a distinctive bilingual and biliterary author. Through his translation activity he entered the controversial sphere of Czech-Slovak and Slovak-Czech mutual translation. His bilingual competence found its specific expression in the translation of Jiří Polívka’s important scholarly work Súpis slovenských rozprávok [Survey of Slovak fairy tales] (1923–1931) from Czech into Slovak and later in his literary translations of Ladislav Nádaši-Jégé’s works from Slovak into Czech. His other linguistic and literary activities included involvement in the preparation and publication of the official Pravidlá slovenského pravopisu [Slovak Spelling Rules] (1931), for which he prepared the first draft of the spelling dictionary. A closer look at the interwar work of F. Heřmanský, which has not yet received due attention, reveals the breadth of the cultural challenges as well as the political and ideological tensions and contradictions in the Czech-Slovak context of the time. This paper is framed by substantial excerpts from Česi a Slováci [Czechs and Slovaks], Heřmanský’s 1922 programmatic journalistic text, which illustrates his vision of the activities of Czechs in Slovakia and mutually beneficial Czech-Slovak relations.

Developing an Android-based bilingual e-glossary application of English for Specific Purposes (ESP)

One effort considered quite effective in assisting vocabulary mastery and facilitating understanding of English texts is the provision of a bilingual glossary (English-Indonesian). This glossary becomes more essential especially for non-English Department students because basically English for Specific Purposes has a higher level of difficulty than general English. This study was a design and development research, with a product cluster and research tool. There were four main stages undergone, namely preliminary study, product development, expert validation, and field-testing. The research subjects were students and lecturers in seven departments of both commerce and engineering schools at State Polytechnic of Malang. Instruments of data collection used were questionnaires, interviews, and focused group discussion. The output of the study is an android application of bilingual E-Glossary of English for Specific Purposes. There were seven fields of glossary, each of which consists of vocabulary in English, the translation or description in Indonesian language, along with example sentences in two languages. Pictures are also displayed for easy understanding of the vocabulary. Field testing proves that the E-Glossary application is quite effective in helping users in comprehending English texts better. The application is also considered attractive, easy to use, and easy to understand.

Authoring support for Spanish language writers

Abstract Authoring support consists of (semi)automated aids to be used at different stages during the writing process. Language information, however, tends to be restricted to areas such as spelling and grammar checking or term banks, and text construction difficulties that writers face concerning the structure of particular genres, associated sentence formulations or genre-specific vocabulary have not received proper attention. An additional gap in the research is that this support is generally addressed to English language users. This paper addresses these concerns focusing on a particular genre: the company’s directors’ report, and on Spanish language writers writing in English. A custom-made monolingual corpus has been analyzed using Bhatia (1993, 2004) and Swales (1990, 2004) definitions of genre and move combined with theme characterization. Recurrent strings for each move/step, which are conventionally associated with each rhetorical unit, were identified and formulated as “meta-strings.” The bilingual glossary includes domain-specific items as well as move/step or genre-specific lexical and phraseological options, i.e., elements used irrespective of the business, places or people involved. The results are valuable by themselves, as an analysis of the genre, but also as the empirical basis for the authoring support tool that we present here, and as language training materials.

CoLecTer KIN: Mobile Application for Collaborative Bilingual Glossary Compilation in the ESP Classroom

The ubiquitous use of smartphones has shown to offer great advantages in language learning, which still remain to be harnessed in the field of mobile-assisted language learning (MALL), ESP teaching and translator training in higher education. Language teachers are predominantly the users of existing mobile applications and not their producers, which may narrow their range of choices and options in using mobile technology in teaching. This paper presents the results of a student survey on the usability, perceived benefits, and feedback on the features of an Android mobile application built by the author. The CoLecTer KIN application was used by first-year undergraduate students of Applied Kinesiology in a collaborative project of compiling a Slovene-English bilingual glossary of topic-specific terminology. The design of the application makes it suitable for use in the ESP and translation classroom and in collaborative translation projects.

THE HISTORY OF BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES RECONSIDERED: AN ANCIENT FRAGMENT RELATED TO PS.-PHILOXENUS (P.VARS. 6) AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

AbstractThis article identifies a papyrus in Warsaw, P.Vars. 6, as a fragment of the large Latin–Greek glossary known as Ps.-Philoxenus. That glossary, published in volume II of G. Goetz's Corpus Glossariorum Latinorum on the basis of a ninth-century manuscript, is by far the most important of the bilingual glossaries surviving from antiquity, being derived from lost works of Roman scholarship and preserving valuable information about rare and archaic Latin words. It has long been considered a product of the sixth century a.d., but the papyrus dates to c.200, and internal evidence indicates that the glossary itself must be substantially older than that copy. The Ps.-Philoxenus glossary is therefore not a creation of Late Antiquity but of the Early Empire or perhaps even the Republic. Large bilingual glossaries in alphabetical order must have existed far earlier than has hitherto been believed.

Análise de corpora de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em Saúde e proposta de um glossário bilíngue

O ser humano sempre buscou a recuperação e a manutenção da saúde. Além da medicina convencional ou alopática, existem numerosas formas complementares de tratamento, no Brasil chamadas Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em Saúde (PICS). Por meio da elaboração de corpora comparáveis em português e inglês, analisamos a linguagem utilizada por essa área de especialidade. Para realizar este trabalho, utilizamos como referenciais teóricos as bases da Linguística de Corpus tratadas por Berber Sardinha (2004, 2009) e Tagnin (2013, 2015) e fundamentos da Terminologia tratados por Barbosa (2004), Barros (2004), Bevilacqua (2005) e Krieger e Finatto (2004). Após abordarmos a compilação dos corpora, apresentamos alguns resultados e uma proposta de glossário bilíngue para os termos encontrados, com exemplos de verbetes. Esperamos contribuir com um material de apoio aos tradutores dessa área.

An integrated approach to the higher education terminology in Spanish-Russian university texts

The commitment of European and non-European countries for the convergence of educational standards happened decades ago. In the beginning, in 1999 (Bologna Declaration) Spain became an integral part of the Bologna Process. Meanwhile the Russian Federation required four more years to respond to this initiative and sign in 2003 the Berlin Communique. Many issues were raised by the alignment of different education systems and their adaptation to common quality standards. However, few solutions were offered to tackle terminology issues in university domain. In this study, we will focus on how we can overcome higher education terminology differences. We will analyse Spanish-Russian university texts, exploit a mixed monolingual and bilingual corpus as well as investigate the system for terminological equivalence of terms. Finally, we will elaborate a bilingual glossary of terms, synonyms and abbreviations conceivably to meet the needs of intercultural mediators, translators or education experts.

A ‘Building material science glossary’ mobile application for Chinese international students

Chinese international students encounter a variety of difficulties in their education at Russian universities. Overcoming the language barrier and adjusting to new social and learning environment are thought to be the major factors for successful training abroad. However, there is also one serious challenge that Chinese students face. Professional disciplines, in particular technical ones, are characterized by a high concentration of terms. Knowledge of specialized technical words has a strong impact on the academic development of the students. Greater vocabulary size is a main component for understanding written learning materials and for effective oral interacting with faculty members. However, just few Chinese-speaking students demonstrate a sufficient level of competence in technical Russian. In this regard, the paper raises the issue of developing language proficiency under a course in construction. On the example of building material science the authors consider compiling a bilingual glossary designed as a mobile application. Such a ‘mobile’ glossary can help Chinese international students, whose major is construction, to successfully gain subject knowledge.

Deutsch-spanische Terminologie der Energieeffizienz in der Gebäudetechnologie

El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar la terminología de la eficiencia energética en la tecnología de la edificación. La parte práctica del trabajo consiste en un primer paso en la selección textual para un corpus del que se extraen los términos (alemán-español). Se elaboran dos subcorpus con textos en alemán y español, respectivamente. La parte teórica sintetiza los resultados sustraídos del corpus y ordena los términos taxonómicamente. Se procede también a una clasificación lingüística de los términos.Como resultado se presenta un glosario bilingüe (alemán-español).

Early Mandarin Profanity and Its Middle Mongolian Reflection in the Vocabulary of the Wu Bei Zhi 武備志

Terms of impoliteness, rudeness and profanity are segments of vocabulary which old Chinese dictionaries, glossaries or encyclopaedias are not introducing in their full varieties. For this reason it is a kind of rarity when one finds a bunch of expressions apparently of vernacular origin, and it is even more extraordinary that they are not only listed in Chinese but being a part of a bilingual glossary included in the largest Chinese military compilation, the Wu Bei Zhi (i 武備志), they are provided with their Middle Mongolian translations. The author presents a study introducing the related vocabulary from both sides of the glossary and alongside he analyses the likeliness of their actual use by the time of compilation from the point of view of historical pragmatics.