Bigarreau Burlat Research Articles

DETECTION OF PLUM AND CHERRY VIRUSES IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF ROMANIA

Plum plantations which included 'Anna Späth', 'd'Agen', 'Stanley', 'Čačanska Lepotiča', 'Centenar', 'President', 'Topend plus' and 'Tophit' cv. and sweet cherry plantations with the 'Kordia', 'Skeena', 'Ferrovia', 'Sweetheart', 'Regina', 'Prime Giant', 'Stella', 'Van', 'Maria', 'Bigarreau Burlat', 'Vanda', 'Karina', 'Lapins', 'Penny', 'Summit' cv., from the areas of Muntenia and Oltenia, Romania, were evaluated to identify the main viruses ACLSV, ApMV, PPV, PDV, PNRSV for plum and ACLSV, ApMV, ArMV, PPV, PDV, PNRSV, CLRV, TBRV, SLRSV, RpRSV for sweet cherry. The diagnosis was established by the DAS-ELISA technique, PPV being also identified by the AGRISTRIP method. The degree of viral infection was different, thus, in plum, PPV was identified between 0.00% and 57.50%, ApMV between 0.00% and 1.50% and PDV between 0.00% and 0.5% and in sweet cherry plantations TBRV between 0 and 20.00%, ArMV 0.00% and 15.00% and ACLSV 0.00% and 5.00%.

Влияние на микоризни гъби върху растежните прояви при различни черешови сортове в района на Кюстендил

The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the EC fertilizer Dynocarb MYC on the growth of 16 newly introduced cherry cultivars for the Kyustendil region - Primulat, Early Lorry, Sweet Lorry, Lorry Bloom, Big Lorry, Giant Red, Firm Red, Giorgia, Folfer, Early Star, Simcoe, Canada Giant, Skeena, Katalin, Sweetheart, Ferrovia, Bigarreau Burlat and Van was monitored. It was established that applying Dynocarb MYC positively affected the growth properties of the trees in all investigated cultivars. Regarding trunk diameter (cm²), differences compared to controls were positively demonstrated in Skeena, Firm Red, Early Star, Giant Red and Lorry Bloom. Растениевъдни науки, 2023, 60(5) Bulgarian Journal of Crop Science, 2023, 60(5) https://doi.org/10.61308/NYAB1154 77 For the other cultivars, the differences were insignificant, but the tendency was positive. The trees of the treated variants were proven to be higher in the cultivars Early Lorry, Firm Red, Early Star, Sweetheart, Ferrovia, Skeena, Katalin, Lorry Bloom, Bigarreau Burlat, and Van. In the treated cultivars, a greater average length of annual shoots was found in the cultivars Early Lorry, Firm Red, Early Star, Sweetheart, Ferrovia, Skeena, Katalin, Lorry Bloom, Bigarreau Burlat and Van.

Bulgarian Local Cherry Genetic Resources towards Sustainable Agriculture

In the conditions of global climate change and invasion of new diseases and pests, the utilisation of the local gene pool is a vital step towards sustainable agriculture. Local cultivars and forms are generally considered as better adapted to the conditions of the originating region than widely spread commercial cultivars bred elsewhere. In order to collect, study, and preserve old and local fruit and vine cultivars and forms, a series of expeditions have been conducted throughout Bulgaria under the frame of project KP-06-N46/3 funded by the National Science Fund of the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science. During these scientific expeditions, several local cherry forms were discovered without visual symptoms of brown rot Monilinia laxa (Aderh. and Ruhl.) Honey or cherry leaf spot Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx. To confirm the degree of resistance/low susceptibility of the specimens, laboratory tests with artificial inoculations of fruits and leaves were conducted. In the current study, two specimens found in Damyanovo region (a village in the municipality of Sevlievo, Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria) were included. They were compared to two old local cherry cultivars, ‘Volsko sartse’ and ‘Ranna cherna edra’, and two new selections of FGI-Plovdiv, ‘Asparukh’ (El.17-90) and ‘Kossara’, using ‘Bigarreau Burlat’ as reference cultivar for resistance to economically important diseases. The artificial inoculations confirmed the field observation of the cherry specimen with designation SM-58 with 0.00% of infected fruits. Therefore, it is recommended for use in the breeding programme of the Fruit Growing Institute, Plovdiv for the creation of new cultivars.

STUDIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME STRATEGIES FOR SWEET CHERRY TREE PLANTING DISTANCE AND MANAGEMENT

This papers presents the growth and fruiting of the Valerii Chkalov, Record, Ferrovia, Kordia, Regina, Stella, Skeena, Bigarreau Burlat, Lapins, Early Star, Samba and Black Star varieties, grafted on the Cerasus mahaleb, L., MaxMa 14 and Gisela-6 rootstocks in different combinations and planted at different distances, which are grown in the southern and central area of the Republic of Moldova have been investigated. The sweet cherry trees with an age between 9 to 14 years that had been grafted on Cerasus mahaleb, L. showed a stronger growth as compared to the trees with an age between 4 to 10 years that had been grafted on Gisela 6, and the tees with an age between 8 to 10 years which had been grafted on MaxMa 14. High vigour trees are grown on non-irrigated soils; the sweet cherry trees, grafted on Gisela 6 and MaxMa 14 rootstocks are grown on fertile well-irrigated soils. The studied associations of varieties and rootstocks turned out to be suitable for cultivation in terms of the soil and climatic conditions of the area.

Optimization of the management and pruning concept of cherry plantations by improving the relationship between growth and f

This article describes the research carried out to develop a strategy for the management and pruning of current cherry plantations. The vigour of the variety-rootstock association, crown shape, planting distance, the age of trees and the pruning system have been studied. The studies regarding the establishment of culture systems for the cherry species were carried out in 6 stationary experiments, located on ordinary chernozem, in the southern and central fruit-growing areas of the Republic of Moldova. The growth and fruiting of the Valerii Cikalov, Record, Ferrovia, Kordia, Regina, Stella, Skeena, Bigarreau Burlat, Lapins, Early Star, Samba and Black Star varieties, grafted on rootstocks of the Cerasus mahaleb L., MaxMa 14 and Gisela-6 in different combinations and at different planting distances, have been investigated. High vigor trees are used on non-irrigated soils in association with self-fertile varieties and optimal planting distances that ensure high yields. Cherry trees, grafted on rootstocks of medium-low vigor (Gisela 6) and moderate (MaxMa 14) are used on fertile soils and well-irrigated, provide medium-sized trees, managed entirely from the ground level, early harvests, average yield, reducing costs for harvesting fruits by increasing labor productivity. The investigated cultivar-portaltoi associations are suitable for the pedoclimatic conditions favorable for cultivation in the respective area. The variety-portaltoi associations will have to be selected according to the direct objective, the culture system and the applied technology.

A cherry on top – but which one? Use of physicochemical coupled to multivariate analysis for the distinction of fourteen sweet cherry cultivars in Croatia

Outstanding organoleptic characteristics make sweet cherries one of the most popular seasonal fruits, as it has numerous health benefits making it an increasingly important part of the human diet. This study was conducted to evaluate various physicochemical properties of 9 introduced and 5 local sweet cherry cultivars. Rana Stonska had the lowest measured content of phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, Bigarreau Burlat had the highest amount of phenols and flavonoids, and Garnet the highest measured anthocyanins content. Potassium content was lowest for Sunburst and highest for Rana Stonska. PCA analysis allowed the discrimination of two quite different cultivars in relation to all assessed, Ranka and Isabella, since Ranka ranked the lowest in terms of fruit weight, thickness, volume, geometric mean diameter, and surface area of the fruit. Isabella cultivar stood on the opposite end of the range, ranking the highest in all data categories.

Eco-friendly modified carbon paste electrode by Bigarreau Burlat kernel shells for simultaneous trace detection of cadmium, lead, and copper

Bigarreau Burlat kernel shell was valorized as an eco-friendly modifier of carbon paste electrode (BBKS-CPE) for simultaneous trace detection of Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ and Cu 2+ ions. The electrochemical investigation by cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revels an enhancement in the detection current intensity after the electrode modification. After calibration, the obtained detection limits are 9.56 ppb for Cd 2+ , 8.48 ppb for Pb 2+ and 9.77 ppb for Cu 2+ under the following optimal conditions: modifier granulometry between 180 and 125 µm, pH= 6, 10% of modifier ratio, acetate buffer as supporting electrolyte, -2 V and 130 s as an accumulation potential and time, respectively. The manufactured electrode exhibited good selectivity and sensitivity towards these ions even in the presence of interferences. This electrode was applied to tap water, seawater and industrial wastewater, good detection limits were achieved. Good recovery was found by comparing the modified electrode response with ICP technique.

Vulnerability of sweet cherry cultivars to continuous periods of spring frosts in Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Abstract. The periods with continuous freezing air temperatures reported during the spring of 2020 (13 incidents) affected a wide range of local and introduced sweet cherry cultivars in the region of Plovdiv. They vary from -0.6°C on March 02 to -4.9°C on March 16-17. The duration of influence of the lowest temperatures is 6 and 12 hours between March 16 and 17. The inspection of fruit buds and flowers was conducted twice (on March 26 and April 08) at different phenological stages after continuous waves of cold weather conditions alternated with high temperatures. During the phenological phase ‘bud burst’ (tight cluster or BBCH 55) some of the flowers in the buds did not develop further making the damage hardly detectable. The most damaged are hybrid El.28-21 (95.00%), ‘Van’ (91.89%) and ‘Bing’ (89.41%) and from the next group ‘Lapins’ (85.98%) and ‘Rosita’ (83.33%). A larger intermediate group form ‘Kossara’ (81.67%), ‘Rozalina’ (76.00%), ‘Sunburst’ (75.00%), ‘Bigarreau Burlat’ (69.11%) and ‘Kuklenska belitza’ (66.67%). Candidate-cultivar El.17-90 ‘Asparuh’ has the lowest frost damage values of 55.00% and El.17-37 ‘Tzvetina’ with damage of 50.60%.

ГЕНЕАЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ И ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ ДОНОРОВ И ИСТОЧНИКОВ СЕЛЕКЦИОННО ЦЕННЫХ ПРИЗНАКОВ ИЗ ГЕНОФОНДА ЧЕРЕШНИ (ОБЗОР)

A comprehensive study of the Prunus avium (L.) L. gene pool has identified sources of important breeding traits which can be recommended for the use in programs aimed at breeding new varieties and clonal rootstocks of sweet cherry. Of special importance are the sources of such useful breeding traits as large fruit size (e.g., varieties 'Valerii Chkalov', 'Hedelfingen', 'Krupnoplodnaya', 'Emperor Francis', 'Donchanka', 'Amulet', 'Aleksandriya', 'Vasilisa', 'Yaroslavna', 'Bigarreau Burlat', etc.); self-fertility ('Whiis Gold', 'Camelia', 'Lapins', 'Sweetheart', 'Skeena', 'Staccato', 'Shelen', 'Stella', 'Newstar', 'Sunburst', 'Summit', 'John Innes 2420'), resistance to coccomicosis ('Valerii Chkalov', Trieste der Markt', 'Drogans Gelbe', 'Bigarreau Gaucher', 'Napoleon', 'Tatarskaya chernaya', 'Emperor Francis', 'Skeena', 'Amulet', 'Hedelfingen', 'Generalskaya', 'Euphoria', etc.), and resistance to fruit cracking ('Alaya', 'Amazonka', 'Amulet', 'Viola', 'Donetskaya krasavitsa', 'Donetskiyi velikan', 'Donchanka', 'Hedelfingen', 'Contrastnaya', 'Merton Bigarreau', 'Proshalnaya', 'Sweetheart', etc.) Some genotypes have been identified as complex sources of valuable traits. For instance, these are varieties 'Lapins', 'Skeena', 'Sweetheart', 'Hedelfingen', 'Emperor Francis', 'Valerii Chkalov', 'Drogans Gelbe' and some others. The genealogical analysis of sweet cherry genotypes made it possible to identify the varieties 'Lapins', 'Skeena', 'Sweetheart' and 'Krupnoplodnaya' as complex donors combining sets of such important breeding traits as productivity, late maturity of fruits, large fruit size, high quality taste of fruit and selffertility. The varieties 'Bigarreau Burlat', 'Bigarreau de Germersdorf', 'Valerii Chkalov', 'Stella', 'Van', 'Vittoria', 'Drogans Gelbe', Daybera black' are regarded as hidden donors, as the transferred traits do not manifest themselves in the phenotype, but can be traced in their progeny.

Influence of the Planting Distance and the Crown Shape on the Fruit Harvest and the Productive Potential of Cherry Trees in a High-Density System

Cherry technology is permanently modernized due to new varieties, vegetal rootstocks and new tree management systems. The cherry varieties “Bigarreau Burlat”, “Ferrovia” and “Lapins”, grafted on Gisela 6 (Prunus cerasus × Prunus canescens) rootstock at distances of 5x1.5 m; 5x2.0 m; 5x2.5 m, were studied in the southern area of the Republic of Moldova. The trees were shaped by the Ameliorated natural reduced-volume crown and Slender Spindle Ameliorated form. Cherry trees start to yield in the fourth year after planting; the largest total fruit production from the tree was obtained in the variant with trees planted at a distance of 5x2.5 m and per hectare, when the trees were planted at a distance of 5x1.5 m. In the fourth year of yielding, the production of “Ferrovia” cherry variety, where the trees were shaped by the Ameliorated natural crown with low volume constituted 15368-18155 kg/ha, and at the time the “Slender Spindle Ameliorated” form, constituted 16904 -20074 kg/ha. Although the results are preliminary, it seems that high-density planting systems combined with low-power vegetal rootstocks and improved crowns can give higher yields of cherries in the first 4 years than the traditional improved crown system with low volume.

Evaluation of cherry cultivar susceptibility to bacterial canker and leaf spot disease

AbstractIn this study, the susceptibility of different sweet (19) and sour cherry (3) cultivars (cvs.) to the bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and P. s. pv. morsprunorum race 1 causing bacterial canker (sensu stricto) and leaf spot was evaluated. Susceptibility to bacterial canker was examined by artificial inoculations of 1‐year‐old rooted trees, which revealed susceptibility of all cvs. to both P. syringae pathovars. Susceptibility level differed among cvs.; sweet cherry cvs. Katalin, Linda, Summit, New Star and Bigarreau Burlat were highly susceptible, sour cherry cvs. Érdi bôtermô and sweet cherry Drogan's Yellow, Carmen, Germersdorfer and Noir de Meched were susceptible. Sour cherry cvs. Španska and Újfehértói fürtös, as well as sweet cherry cv. Rita were found to be less susceptible to bacterial canker. Susceptibility to bacterial leaf spot disease was evaluated on naturally infected (field conditions) and artificially inoculated leaves (laboratory conditions). Severe symptoms of bacterial spot with shot hole appearance were observed in cherry leaves at the beginning of May under field conditions. In all collected leaf samples, presence of P. s. pv. morsprunorum race 1 was determined. Sweet cherries Valery Chkalov, Summit, Bigarreau Burlat and New Star were highly susceptible to this bacterium. No symptoms of bacterial spot were found on sweet cherries Solomary gomboly, Linda, Germersdorfer, Hedelfinger, Katalin, Margit, Carmen, Aida, Sunburst, Alex, Peter, Rita and Kavics and sour cherry Érdi bôtermô. In laboratory conditions, susceptibility of the tested cvs. varied and mostly depended on the inoculation method. Nonetheless, sweet cherry cvs. Carmen and Margit and sour cherry Érdi bôtermô exhibited a certain level of resistance.

The Influence of Rootstock on the Growth and Fructification of Cherry Cultivars in a High Density Cultivation System

The influence of rootstock on the growth and fruiting of three sweet cherry cultivars (‘Bigarreau Burlat’, ‘Kordia’, ‘Regina’) was studied under the pedoclimatic conditions of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, in 2014-2016. The trees were grafted on Gisela 5 rootstock, trained as Zahn Spindle and the orchard had a density of 1666 trees/ha. Root were cut twice, at 50 cm distance from the trunk, in an angle of 45° and 30 cm depth, as followed: first time, to the autumn, in fall leaves time, on one side of the row and the second time, in spring, at blooming time, at the other side of the row. The rootstocks influenced height of the trees, the shoot growth, the number of long and fruiting branches, trunk cross sectional area yield and precocity, with differences statistically assured. The longest shoots, in mean values, gave the variant with cultivars grafted on Mahaleb rootstock (111.7 cm). ‘Gisela 5’ rootstock decreases the average length of annual growth (93.3 cm). Trees grafted on Mahaleb formed more long fruiting branches and fewer short fruiting branches than those grafted on ‘Gisela 5’. The biggest average trunks cross sectional area were obtained for the cultivars grafted on Mahaleb (62.1 cm2). Also rootstocks influenced the height of the trees. The cumulative yield was almost double in variants where the trees were grafted on ‘Gisela 5’ (23.2kg/tree), compared to the variants where the trees were grafted on Mahaleb (13.1 kg/tree).

In vitro Germination of Early Ripening Sweet Cherry Varieties (Prunus avium L.) at Different Fruit Ripening Stages

In vitro embryo culture enabled satisfactory germination of immature seeds produced in crosses from early ripening sweet cherry varieties (Prunus avium L.). Three varieties —‘Rita’, ‘Bigarreau Burlat’ and ‘Carmen’— were crossed with ‘Early Star’ as male parent. Germination rate was affected by the developmental stage of both fruit and embryo. Fruit ripening stage was a critical factor for culture infection rate that increased with maturity. In-ovule embryo culture on Murashige and Skoog medium without hormones improved the embryo size but did not increase the germination rate due to a further increase in infection rate. Ex-ovule embryo culture on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with BA 1 mg L−1, NAA 0.5 mg L−1, 20 g L−1sucrose, 10 g L−1 sorbitol and 6 g L−1agar during the stratification time increased embryo length. Germination was performed on Brooks and Hough medium at the 22 ± 1 °C with 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod. The highest germination rate (75 %) was reached in embryos that were 3−4 mm in length, after 30-days stratification at 4 °C. Embryos in fruits at green-yellow stage that were 3−4 mm long were morpho-physiologically developed to produce bipolar seedlings, without combined application of embryo culture and micropropagation.

POMOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SWEET CHERRY CULTIVARS GROWN IN DALMATIA, CROATIA

Sweet cherry growing in Mediterranean area of Croatia has a long tradition because of the favourable ecological conditions. Four local cultivars ('Gomilicka', 'Rana Stonska', 'Stonska' and 'Tugarka') and five introduced cultivars ('Bigarreau Burlat', 'Garnet', 'Isabella', 'Summit' and 'Van') were evaluated for ripening time and fruit characteristics. To assess external and internal fruit quality, the following was investigated: fruit weight (g), fruit lenght, width and fruit thickness (mm), weight of pits (g), fruit pedicel length (mm), fruit soluble solids (%), fruit acid content (g/l) and fruit skin colour (L, C, H, CIELAB system). Large differences for particular quality attributes were found between cultivars. Fruit of 'Isabella' and 'Tugarka' had a mean weight >7.5 g, while those of 'Bigarreau Burlat' was less than 5 g. Fruit soluble solid content varied from 13.1% ('Tugarka') to 19.2% ('Van'), and total titrable acidity varied from 4.8 g/l ('Rana Stonska') to 9.3 g/l ('Van'). The 'Garnet' fruits had the highest L values (dark red skin colour). Chroma and hue angle had higher level for fruits of 'Summit', 'Isabella' and 'Garnet', and lover for the other cultivars.

Modeling of water movement trough cherry plant as preselecting tool for prediction of tree vigor

The aim of this study was to predict the rootstock and scion cultivar vigor and rootstock/scion interaction on the basis of the knowledge of their morphological and anatomical characteristics and calculated theoretical hydraulic conductance. The simulated root system contribution to the plant vigor is numerical output of morphological parameter (number of skeletal roots), physiological parameter (active root surface area) and root and rootstock stem axial conductance quantified through theoretical hydraulic conductance. Theoretical hydraulic conductance at the graft union included ‘functional’ vessel area of hipobiont and epibiont. Rootstock stem and scion cross-sections were examined in three zones: inner (the oldest), middle, and outer (the youngest). Calculated functional vessel area and theoretical hydraulic conductance included all three zones of xylem in scion and two rootstock zones (middle and outer), since the inner zone of rootstock xylem surface area overlaps with the pith of the scion. Obtained theoretical hydraulic conductance of scions had values which are in accordance with the natural inherent tree vigor of the examined varieties.Graphical models were based on the interaction of the above parameters as a visual simulation of the pre-selection method. The lowest vigor was noted in all three examined varieties combined with rootstock ‘Gisela 5’, as well as the combination of European ground cherry and ‘Oblačinska’ sour cherry with variety ‘Summit’, whereas the most vigorous was ‘Colt’/‘Bigarreau Burlat’, which is in agreement with in vivo measured parameters on one-year-old fruit trees grown in the nursery.

Organoleptic evaluation of sweet cherry varieties

The extraordinary abundance of precipitation in 2010 (somewhere around 1000 mm) influenced highly the development of taste and flavour in cherry fruits. As stated, only a few varieties out of 27 were acceptable as for commercial quality. Under the given climatic conditions, actually ‘Bigarreau Burlat’ earned 965.11 points and proved to be the best in the early ripening group. In the mid season group, three varieties earned more than 1000 points (‘Giant Red’, ‘Carmen’ and ‘Vera’ grown at Nagykutas and Pallag), whereas in the late ripening group ‘Germesdorfi’ sent from Csenger (1084), ‘Linda’ (1070.07) and ‘Lapins’ (1052) received recognition. Correlation has been tested on the basis of 27 varieties between the individual properties. We sated that the most important attributes, which influenced the general impression of decision makers are the following: form and size of the fruit (r=0.835 and 0.797), furthermore juiciness (r=0.776), taste (r=0.876) and sweetness (0.875). Crispness was considered to be typical to cherry (r=0.743). Relation between acidity and sweetness was also essential to determine the acceptance of the cherry character.

INFLUENCE OF THE ROOTSTOCK ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE FLOWER BUDS IN TWO CHERRY CULTIVARS

The studies were conducted during 2004-2006 on 8 to 10-year-old trees of ‘Bigarreau Burlat’ and ‘Stella’ sweet cherry (Prunus avium) grafted on the rootstocks P 1 (seedling of P. mahaleb L.), Gisela 5 (P. cerasus × P. canescens), Weiroot 13 and Weiroot 72 (both P. cerasus). From the beginning of May to the end of September (every 7 days), spurs were collected from the two-year-old wood and their lateral buds were examined under a stereomicroscope. Rootstock did not influence the growth termination date of the long shoots, irrespective of the fact that the length of the apical shoot depended on their vigour. The onset of the morphological differentiation of the flower buds (connected with the appearance of the bract primordia) was observed 2 to 3 weeks after the growth termination of the apical shoot. This fact can be used for optimizing the application of fertilization, irrigation, and plant protection, etc., to influence the processes of flower bud formation. The type of rootstock did not influence significantly the rate of initiation of the bud scales (including the bracts), nor that of the remaining parts (flower sepal, petal, stamen and pistil primordia) on the differentiating flower buds. No significant differences were discovered in morphological differentiation of the flower buds, nor between the cultivars on the various rootstocks, regardless of the difference in time of fruit ripening. Trees on Gisela 5 (in comparison with P 1) formed the greatest number of flower primordia per flower bud, whereas the remaining rootstocks were intermediate. The floral bud scales differed in shape by cultivar – in ‘Bigarreau Burlat’ there was a small notch in the upper part of the bud scale, whereas in Stella’, they were more rounded, with a bigger notch in the upper part, forming essentially two parts. These differences are best established in the 4th to 6th bud scales. This difference could be used to identify the two cultivars in fall and winter, when there is a lack of fruit. It is advisable to study the morphological characteristics of the bud scales in other sweet cherry cultivars too, with a view to enriching their pomological characterization.

HERBIGATION IN A CHERRY ORCHARD – EFFICIENCY OF PENDIMETHALIN

HERBIGATION IN A CHERRY ORCHARD – EFFICIENCY OF PENDIMETHALIN

Sweet cherry fruit quality by half-intensive orchard management

We made our study on fruit quality in the summer of 2005 on 6 cultivars („Bigarreau Burlat”, „Germersdorfi 3”, „Germersdorfi 45”, „Katalin”, „Linda” and „Van”) in a half-intensive sweet cherry orchard in Siófok. We measured fruit diameter, fruit width, fruit height, stem length and stem weight, fruit and pit weight and total soluble solids content. There were large differences among cultivars in the datas. These differences are due to genetic fruit-characteristics, because all other conditions were the same. We harvested fruits by 3 cultivars two times to check their characteristics on two ripening phases. We examined on these cultivars all the above listed fruit quality parameters. With these data we can be informed about the role of later than optimal harvesting time and how big an effect it has on fruit quality.

Fruit bearing shoot characteristics of apricot and sweet cherry cultivars in Hungary

: Our study was carried out on 23 apricot and 9 sweet cherry cultivars in February 2005. Fruiting laterals were classified into four groups (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-40 cm and >40 cm) and then the density and setting of flower buds were evaluated and expressed as bud/cm. The flower bud density of four types of fruit bearing shoots and the changes in the frost resistance were studied. Shoots were collected from a young orchard in Gone (apricot), Siófok (sweet cherry) and Nagykutas (sweet cherry). There were significant differences among the cultivars in the density of flower buds. The number of flower buds/cm shoot length ranged between 0.91 and 2.20 in the average of the different fruit bearing shoot types on apricot. Based on the results, the bud density of shorter shoots is generally higher on apricot, but this is not valid for all cultivars. For cvs. Magyarkajszi and Ceglédi bíborkajszi, the highest flower bud density was detected on shoots of medium length (10-40 cm). There were fivefold and almost twofold (1.85) differences in bud density among cultivars on shoots shorter than 10 cm length and longer than 40 cm length, respectively. The ratio of the bud densities of the different types of shoots also ranged between wide boundaries. For cvs. Bayoto, Toyesi and Toyiba this ratio was 2.5-3.5, while for cv. Magyarkajszi it was 1.3.
 In the average of fruit bearing shoots on sweet cherry, cv. Bigarreau Burlat (1.10 bud/cm) and cv. Germersdorfi 45 (0.61 bud/cm) had the largest and the lowest flower bud density, respectively. Among the fruit bearing shoots, the largest flower bud density was in the group of 0-10 cm fruiting laterals. Among cultivars, cv. Bigarreau Burlat had the largest bud density. In the groups of n- i 0 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm and 30-40 cm fruiting laterals, the lowest flower bud density was for cv. Linda, cv. Germersdorfi 45, cv. Ferrovia and cv. Sunburst, respectively. On cvs. Van and Bigarreau Burlat, large numbers of double-set flower buds were observed on the fruit bearing shoots longer than 20 cm. Fruit setting differed on the different types of fruit bearing shoots, with the lowest value measured on above 40 cm shoots. The highest fruit setting was observed on cv. Katalin, while the lowest value was measured on cv. Germersdorfi 3.