Big Water Research Articles

Investigation on Water Erosion Behavior of Ti-based Metal Matrix Composite: Experimental Approach

Wet steam flow produces big water droplets in the low-pressure zone of a steam turbine blade. These droplets clash with subsequent blades, resulting in a strong impact that is evident as erosion. Titanium and its alloys are valuable for technical applications such as turbine blades because of their low density, high strength, and exceptional corrosion resistance. The boron carbide(B4C) has a high hardness but a low strength; therefore, it's exciting to investigate water erosion of Ti/ B4C and SiC combination. The effect of 1 wt% B4C and 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt% SiC particles on water droplet erosion of Ti composite was studied using the SPS method for 5 minutes at 1200 oC temperature and 50 MPa pressure. The L9 orthogonal array with four levels of parameters of the Taguchi method is used to conduct the experiments. By measuring the weight of the specimen at interval time, the erosion behavior with time is obtained with different nozzle diameters. The effect of material and experimental parameters on erosion resistance is studied, and an empirical relation is developed.

Acoustic fields to levitate big water drops

Abstract In this report, we described the main characteristics of acoustic fields allowing the levitation of big water drops. A numerical study is presented for different configurations of levitators and their associated acoustic fields. It is shown that an emitter different to a piston-type source, for instance, a circular plate excited in its center, vibrating at its first axisymmetric eigenmode can produce an acoustic field with improved levitation capabilities.

Big data-driven water research towards metaverse

Although big data is publicly available on water quality parameters, virtual simulation has not yet been adequately adapted in environmental chemistry research. Digital twin is different from conventional geospatial modeling approaches and is particularly useful when systematic laboratory/field experiment is not realistic (e.g., climate impact and water-related environmental catastrophe) or difficult to design and monitor in a real time (e.g., pollutant and nutrient cycles in estuaries, soils, and sediments). Data-driven water research could realize early warning and disaster readiness simulations for diverse environmental scenarios, including drinking water contamination.

Microbiology of Big Soda Lake, a multi-extreme meromictic volcanic crater lake in the Nevada desert.

Big Soda Lake, Nevada, is a multi-extreme meromictic lake, whose hypersaline hyperalkaline bottom waters feature permanent anoxia and high concentrations of arsenic, sulphide and ammonia. These properties make Big Soda Lake-and the adjacent Little Soda Lake-a fascinating system for exploring life's boundaries, discovering novel microbial taxa and identifying biotechnologically useful strains. To date, the taxonomic diversity and metabolic capabilities of microorganisms in this system remain largely unknown. Here, we fill this gap using microbiome surveys across the Big and Little Soda Lake water columns, including 16S rRNA sequencing, fungal ITS2 sequencing and gene- and genome-resolved metagenomics. We accompany these surveys with measurements of salinity, pH, temperature, oxygen, ammonium and ammonia concentrations. Our analyses reveal rich bacterial communities, taxonomically and functionally differentiated along Big Soda Lake's oxycline and, to lesser extent, between lakes. Fungal communities were dominated by a small number of families, while nearly no archaea were detected. Pathways related to perchlorate reduction, anoxygenic phototrophy, fermentation, dissimilatory metabolism of arsenite/arsenate, sulphur compounds, nitrogen compounds and hydrogen, were particularly prevalent. A total of 129 high-quality bacterial and archaeal metagenome-assembled genomes (completeness ≥ 80%, contamination ≤ 5%) were recovered, yielding insight into the taxonomic distribution of microbial metabolic pathways.

Community Adaptation to Impacts of Big Dams and Water Harvesting at the Red Sea State (Arbaat and Sinkat Areas)

Community Adaptation to Impacts of Big Dams and Water Harvesting at the Red Sea State (Arbaat and Sinkat Areas)

Promotion of Socio-Environmental Sustainability by Water Utilities: Optimal Budget’s Estimation and Results’ Analysis of Varying Company Size

Sustainable management of water resources cannot ignore environmental aspects, let alone social and economic ones. To curb water waste, and groundwater pollution and promote equitable access to the resource, water utilities are required to implement a series of initiatives to promote environmental and social sustainability. In this paper, an optimization model is proposed to define the budget that water utilities should allocate to promote socio-environmental sustainability, optimally conveying their message and achieving the right trade-off between capital invested and audience reached. The optimization problem is solved using a nonlinear programming model. The application of the model shows that both big and small water companies should invest an amount that can increase the visibility of sustainability’s promotional message by 20%. However, this amount is about 0.2% of turnover for large utilities and about 17% for small utilities. The model can be a useful tool for both budgeting and incentivizing sustainable practices.

Review on Aquatic Weeds and Their Management

When aquatic weeds grow too much, they pose a threat to fish farming. An essential component of pond management is weed control. Out of approximately 160 aquatic weeds, the primary focus in India revolves around Eichhornia crrassipes, Ipomoea aquatica, Typha angustata, Ceratophyllum demersum, Salvinia molesta, Nelumbo nucifera, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Hydrilla verticillata, Vallisneria spiralis, Chara spp., Nitelia spp., and Potamogeton spp. Aquatic weeds are rapidly expanding in several irrigation and hydropower projects across the nation, including the Kakki and Idikki reservoirs in Kerala, the Tungabhadra project in Karnataka, the Nagarjuna Sagar project in Andhra Pradesh and the Powai Lake in Maharashtra. Biological, chemical, and physical strategies can all be used to control aquatic weeds. Aquatic weeds can be stopped from spreading or eliminated using a few common control methods. Physical remedies work best for small-scale infestations, but they are expensive and prone to regrowth when used on big water bodies. Herbicide control of tiny infestations has frequently been quite successful, but it significantly depends on trained operators who keep a close eye out for the appearance of regrowth or seedlings over a lengthy period. The amount of nutrients released into water in recent decades has significantly increased from home and industrial sources as well as from land where fertilizers are applied or where clearing has increased run off. This essay examines the problems associated with eight aquatic weeds in India and the efforts made so far to control them through a range of techniques.

Application of Big Data Water Distribution Technology in T Block of Q Oilfield

With the extension of oilfield development time, a large amount of production data has been accumulated in the oilfield water injection development process, which brings great challenges and opportunities to the adjustment analysis, diagnosis, and optimization of oilfield development [1]. Based on geological static data, historical data such as production and monitoring at both ends of injection and production, and using big data and deep learning methods, this paper forms a big data analysis method for water injection optimization with the mode of “finding key layers of key wells, implementing key monitoring and deciding the best scheme”. Good results have been achieved in guiding the adjustment of single well water quantity in Block T of Q Oilfield. Eight water injection adjustment schemes have been deployed on-site, 16 intervals have been adjusted, and the daily water injection has been adjusted from 136 cubic meters to 120 cubic meters. After adjustment, the accumulated oil in the connected oil well stage has increased by 262.3 tons, and the production decline in the well area has been effectively controlled, which provides new technologies and new ideas for the dynamic development adjustment of the oilfield.

Geographies of big water infrastructure: Contemporary insights and future research opportunities

AbstractLargescale “big” water infrastructure is once again at the forefront of the global developmentalist agenda and is receiving attendant scholarly attention. Given this parallel growth, now is time to take stock of current scholarly contributions and explore opportunities for future research. In this paper, I review recent developments and insights gained from research on big water infrastructure, and water infrastructure studies, generally, to highlight six key threads of current scholarship. These include the production of big water infrastructure as: (1) a temporal process embedded in colonialism and ecological modernization; (2) infused with infrastructural knowledges, practices and subjectivities; (3) a spatial‐geopolitical process; (4) subject to infrastructural and environmental material characteristics and capacities; (5) producing uneven development and enabling accumulation by dispossession; and (6) a contested process of differentiated socio‐material resistance. In reviewing this literature, I argue that these six research strands form key analytic considerations that could be employed by others studying the nexus between water development, political ecological change, and infrastructure. Before concluding, in the final section of the paper I present additional and ongoing future research directions including big water infrastructure as it intersects with socially differentiated human intimacy and embodiment, indigenous and racialized forms of dispossession, and financialization.

The Water Sector Was Born and Raised with Big-Impact Water Data

For thousands of years, data allowed societies to first understand the connection between water quality and public health and later to refine water and waste management strategies. In this commentary, we look at the past, present, and future of 'big-impact' data in the water sector, from ancient water systems to Paris’ valorization of wastes, London’s tribulations with cholera, and modern environmental standards for the protection of public and environmental health. We continue the journey of water data with emerging applications in understanding our water resources, including blue-green city planning, understanding water use trends in remote areas, water resource monitoring, and wastewater epidemiology. We conclude with a foray into the future of the water sector, where proactively managing water resources to ensure equitable and resilient water access can be informed by remote sensing, satellite-based monitoring, and machine learning. By understanding how water data revolutionized our societies in the past, we aim to inspire the use of big water data to open possibilities for managing urban and environmental water in our future.

상수관로 누수 감지를 위한 머신러닝 모델의 적용

The applicability of machine learning models for detecting water pipeline leakage was evaluated in this study. The machine learning models, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), gradient boosting machine (GBM), LightGBM, categorical boosting (CatBoost), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), and random forest (RF) models, which were developed using the open dataset of water pipeline leakage detection, were evaluated and compared based on classification performance using confusion matrix and performance indices. The results show that the latest boosting models, XGBoost, GBM, LightGBM, and CatBoost, yield superior classification performance compared to RF and AdaBoost models. Although the performance of the latest boosting models is similar, the LightGBM model (accuracy = 0.960, precision = 0.941, recall = 0.955, F1-score = 0.948, and specificity = 0.970) shows the best performance. Therefore, the latest boosting machine learning models can be used as effective predicting tools to develop big data-based water pipeline leakage detection systems and manage water pipeline leak risks.

Информационная летопись эволюции Аральского моря

This study is a fragment of the information chronicle of the evolution of the Aral Sea, captured on the sites of ancient shores and paleorusels, in the discovered archaeological artifacts and traces of ancient structures (settlements) on the exposed bottom of the Kazakh part of the Southern (Big) water area The Aral Sea. It is shown that fluctuations in the water cycle, including migration (meandering) Both the Amudarya and the Syrdarya rivers were an important prerequisite for the emergence of a unique settlement culture in the oasis areas of the arid zone. The analysis of paleorousels reveals that the duration of regressive periods in the evolution of the Aral Sea lasted longer than transgressive processes. Throughout the transgressive-regressive processes, the Syrdarya River had a more or less stable flow with significant migration (change) of the channel, but always with a directional flow into the Aral Sea, while the Amudarya radically changed its course. The studied materials are the most valuable source for a wide range of researchers, as well as the key tounderstanding the large-scale processes of the evolution of the Aral Sea.

Construction and Demolition Waste as Substrate Component Improved the Growth of Container-Grown Duranta repens

Small size construction and demolition waste (CDW) is rarely reused and consequently causes environmental problems. CDW can increase aeration porosity of soil due to the big surface area and water absorption. In order to investigate the feasibility and function of CDW as a component of container substrate, we mixed four small sizes CDW (<10 mm) of 0–3, 3–6, 6–8, and 0–10 mm with clay soil according to the mass ratios of 20%, 35%, and 50% to plant one-year old Duranta repens cuttings, clay soil (CS) and pure CDW (CW) as the controls. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed to screen the most suitable particle size and proportion of CDW for plant growth and physiological function. The substrate containing 50% 3–6 mm CDW (S6) had the higher aeration porosity, lower water loss, better water retention and permeability, and therefore higher PCA score. The total branch length of plants in the S6 was increased by 18% and 71%, leaf area by 116% and 444%, and net photosynthetic rate by 10% and 59% compared to CS and CW, respectively. The suitable CDW has potential to improve substrate properties and can effectively improve plant growth. Meanwhile, the reuse of CDW can partially alleviate the problem of construction waste disposal and environmental pollution, and provide reference for the research on the combination of CDW and landscaping.

Irrigated agriculture: more than ‘big water’ and ‘accountants will [not] save the world’

ABSTRACT Two of Tony Allan’s phrases – big water and accountants will save the world – invite me to argue that irrigation is poorly served when its hydrology is seen solely as big or via accounts. While big applies because irrigated areas deplete considerable volumes of water, irrigation systems contain many more water relations, behaviours and puzzles. In this problematic, environmental, social and governance (ESG) and water accountants and accounts will become a dominant force. This is worrying for the degree to which individual irrigation systems are rendered into catchment-level accounting abstractions, removing us from a more vital, multidisciplinary, cross-scale and action-oriented approach.

Water 2050: Where Will Tech Take Us?

When I started as a water professional (and honestly it was not that long ago), I did not have a computer on my desk, and I relied on my phone (rotary dial, landline), fax, and FedEx to communicate with others who were farther away than across the hall. Look at where we are today—texting, emailing, and “Zooming” with our colleagues who are in the next office or working around the globe. Who could have imagined that our cell phones would be our computers and that we'd be connected to each other—and our work—all the time, from anywhere? Now's the time to go one step further: imagine 2050 and ask yourself, when will water utility services be fully automated? Makes you think, doesn't it? Put simply, as the water community seeks to be innovative, we will increasingly turn to technology as an enabler of innovation. This is why AWWA's Water 2050 program involves understanding meaningful technological advancement and its risks rather than just hoping positive technology happens. The words of water's emerging professionals provide insights on the direction technology will take as we move forward. Top 5 Technologies Being Planned or Assessed by Utilities. Data source: AWWA 2022 State of the Water Industry report; n = 1,826 In talking about the impact of technology, Ji Im recognizes that “it should really transform how our sector looks and feels”; she then provides the next generation with this inspiration: “I hope students will be excited to join our sector, because they're going to research the next big water treatment technology and bring reliable drinking water to everyone in the world.” It's not just emerging water professionals who grasp the future of technology. As one of AWWA's members (in the 56–65 age group) summarized in a recent Water 2050 member survey, “I believe that the water industry will change dramatically. There will be more automation and less workforce, more instrumentation and automated testing, point-of-use devices at homes to treat water to potable levels, and regionalized water treatment systems.” At the same time, technology brings with it new risks. AWWA members participating in AWWA's 2022 State of the Water Industry survey ranked cybersecurity as the 10th highest issue facing the water sector. Now your initial instinct may be, “It's only 10th—how important can that be?” If so, consider the fact that this is the first time cybersecurity is a top 10 issue; it was not that long ago that it was ranked in the mid-twenties of concerns. I cannot say with certainty whether the steady climb up the ladder of water sector issues of concern is related to the increased use of technology, increased awareness of risks, more cyber incidents, or all of these. One thing seems clear, though: the water community cannot just focus on advancing technology without also addressing its risks. This dual requirement makes a focus on technology a fascinating, essential, and complicated part of Water 2050. The top five technologies that utilities are focusing on now show the variety of technology uses already identified by water utilities. In each case, at least one in four utilities is already focused on at least one of these five technologies (see figure). Future innovation is dependent on technology and understanding the risks it introduces. This reminds me of a college paper I wrote (albeit using a typewriter—go ahead and google typewriter if you don't know what one is). In it I cynically suggested that as we become more dependent on computers, we will believe that 2 + 2 = 5 if the computer (mistakenly) tells us it is. Wait a minute—let me check—“Hey, Alexa, what is 2 + 2?” Oh, good—it is still 4. Yes, technology is a key driver of water's future. The first step for us, of course, is to start figuring the future it will lead to, because waiting for the future to come to us, well, that is not a strategy.

Educational project "Seasons in works of art" with children of senior preschool age

From birth, the child is the discoverer of the world that surrounds him. But independently, a preschooler still cannot find answers to all his questions teachers help him. At the preschool, educators use methods of problem-based learning: questions that develop logical thinking, modeling of problem situations, experimental research activities, etc.
 The development and implementation of the cognitive speech project will teach children to comprehend the acquired knowledge and use it in independent creative activity. It will expand children's knowledge of art, arouse a desire to visit exhibitions, museums, cultural events. It will develop inquisitiveness, curiosity, and the desire to live in active interaction with nature in children. It will allow you to more freely and easily own the material of the topic stated in the name of the project. Will introduce children to famous artists and their paintings such as: I.I. Shishkina "The First Snow", "Landscape with lake", "Rye"; I. I. Levitan. "Golden Autumn", "Blooming apple trees", "Spring. Big water", "Overgrown pond"; Savrasov A. K. "Rooks have arrived", "Winter"; poets and their poems: Pushkin A.S. "Winter morning", "sad time", Fet A.A. "Wonderful picture", "I came to you with the dawn", Tyutchev F. I. "Spring waters" "There is in the original autumn", Yesenin S. A. "white birch", "Blue May"; composer Tchaikovsky P. I. and his work "Seasons".
 We assume that the active involvement of children in joint project activities will contribute to the development of creative abilities in children with ONR, will allow for more productive correction of their existing disorders.
 Solving various cognitive-speech tasks together with adults and peers during the design process, children with speech underdevelopment motivatively enrich and activate their vocabulary, learn to speak publicly, communicate adequately with others.
 The project method can go through all kinds of children's activities and encourages teachers to improve their professional and creative level, which affects the quality of the educational process. It encourages the active interaction of all pre-school specialists, parents of pupils and the organization of society.
 It forms the ability of preschoolers to plan and independence in solving the problem, promotes the development of cognitive and creative activity. It is the project activity that allows you to unite teachers, children, parents, teach them to work in a team, cooperate, plan their work. Every child will be able to express, feel needed.

Big Fracs That Add More Oil May Also Mean More Water, and That Can Be All Right

A few years ago, Occidental Petroleum managers were puzzled by why their recent Permian Basin wells were producing more water per barrel of oil, so they asked some engineers to figure out what was wrong. Their concern was understandable. While the company’s well evaluation system was supposed to screen out prospects likely to become big water producers, the amount of water flowing out of wells in the Delaware Basin drilled after 2018 far exceeded volumes from previous years. “We found that newer wells had a steeper increase in water cut over time than older wells,” the coauthors of an Occidental paper wrote about the work done to answer the question. They added, that “pre-2018 wells had an average water cut increase of 4% in the first 300 days (after cleanup) and then stayed relatively flat after 300 days, whereas post-2018 wells’ water cut increased at an average of 12% in the first 300 days and 16% in the first 600 days before reaching a plateau” (URTeC 3720245). Those trends, plus wells ultimately reaching an 80% water cut, suggested that a string of wells may have been drilled into water aquifers. While that is a risk in the Permian, the evidence suggests that the geology in the wells they compared was similar before and after 2018, even though the water cut levels were not. A big difference was how the wells were fractured. In 2018 Occidental began doing bigger fracturing jobs, using more water and sand per foot, which increased the number of stages and fracturing clusters. Those changes added oil production because “high conductivity speeds production and enhances the well’s net present value,” said Samuel Amadi, a senior reservoir engineering advisor for Occidental, while presenting the paper at the recent Unconventional Resources Technology Conference (URTeC). Based on production records, the water/oil ratio also was higher. Using data from comparable wells before and after the completion design changes, a model was created that quantified the relationships between fracturing designs and the oil, water, and natural gas flowing out of Occidental wells. “One recurring observation in all these completion scenarios is that a better-completed well will have higher fluid withdrawal and a steeper water cut trend after cleanup than a poorly completed well for the same reservoir and operating conditions,” the paper’s authors wrote. A coauthor, Xueying Xie, principal and manager of unconventional recovery design at Occidental, added that based on her team’s simulations, “we know we are not doing something wrong. This is doing a better job. It speeds production.” But unlike a well drilled through a fault connecting it to an aquifer, there was a limit to the water produced from these extremely tight formations. Like the oil production in more aggressively completed wells, the water production peaked at a higher level than the less intensely fractured wells but declined over time to a similar level. “On the water production side, just the pace changes,” Xie said.

The Factors That Influence the Incidence of Infection of Intestinal Worms in Children Under Five with the Problem of Nutritional Stunting in the South Timor Timor District (TTS)

The problem of nutritional stunting or child short is the condition of failure to thrive in infants (0-11 months) and young children (12–59 months) as a result of chronic malnutrition, especially in the first 1000 days of life so that the child is too short for her age. One of the factors that affect the nutritional problems in children toddlers is an infection of intestinal worms. The purpose of the research was to analyze the factors that condition the incidence of infection of intestinal worms in children toddlers with nutritional problems stunting.
 
 This research method is quantitative research with Cross-Sectional Study. Observations between risk factors hygiene individual and environmental sanitation have an effect on the Infection of intestinal Worms in children under five with the Problem of Nutritional Stunting. This research was conducted in March – September 2021. Place of sampling in 8 Villages located in the working area of Puskesmas Nule District of Molo District North of the TTS, with a large sample of 230 children toddlers and sampling techniques random sampling simple. The independent variable is Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene of the individual and the dependent variable is the infection of intestinal worms in child centers this, is how data collection is done by interview, observation, and examination of toddler stool and analyzed in a Bivariate Chi-Square and Multivariate namely Logistic Regression.
 
 The results showed the incidence of Infection of intestinal worms in children under five with the problem of nutritional stunting is influenced by factors Jamban type (Spicy). Floor (Land), a Means of Waste Disposal, habits of big water, habits of playing on earth, and habits of snacking simultaneously.

A methodology to estimate the photovoltaic potential on parking spaces and water deposits. The case of the Canary Islands

In regions where the land available is scarce it is of special interest to deploy solar photovoltaic energy without occupying additional land. Besides solar roofs, which have already been extensively studied, there are other type of constructions that could be used for the deployment of solar photovoltaic such as car parking spaces and big water deposits. No much attention has been given so far to these type of elements that could potentially been used to deploy solar photovoltaic energy. So the aim of this research is to establish how relevant can these type of surfaces be in terms of solar energy production. For this purpose a methodology has been developed to identify the surfaces corresponding to uncovered parking spaces and water deposit at regional level using cartographic information, first, and, secondly, to estimate how much of these areas could be used to deploy solar photovoltaic energy. This methodology has been applied to one insular region, the Canary Islands, and the results are surprising in terms of the potentiality of these type of elements for the deployment of solar photovoltaic energy which could cover around 9% of the whole regional electricity demand.

Differences effect of red and big white ginger extract as anti-inflammatory agents by In vitro

This research was conducted to evaluate the possibility of different anti-inflammatory effects from the extract of red ginger and big white ginger by measuring their protein (bovine serum albumin) denaturation inhibitory capability. This study is a quasi experimental, using a model reaction between 0.2 % BSA were heated to form protein denaturation by five groups: red ginger water extract group, red ginger ethanol extract group, big white ginger water extract group, and big white ginger ethanol extract group as the test group (200 ppm, 100 ppm, 10 ppm, and 1 ppm) and diclofenac sodium as the standard group (40 ppm, 20 ppm, 10 ppm, 5 ppm, 2.5 ppm, and 1.3 ppm). Potential inhibition of protein denaturation is known to determine the value of IC50. The results of this study indicate that the red ginger water extract has the IC50 value of 107.4513 ppm (r=0.967), the red ginger ethanol extract has the IC50 value of 193.4338 ppm (r=0.959), the big white ginger water extract has the IC50 value 160 ppm (r=0.969), the big white ginger ethanol extract has the IC50 value 160.9536 ppm (r=0.994), of whereas for diclofenac sodium by 27.1133 ppm (r=0.874). These results indicate that the red ginger and big white ginger as a potential inhibitor of protein denaturation for inflammatory processes in vitro.