Big Five Personality Research Articles

Rapid Effects of MDMA Administration on Self-Reported Personality Traits and Affect State: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Healthy Adults

ABSTRACT 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) assisted therapy has been shown to be a safe and effective treatment for PTSD and emerging research suggests a change in personality traits may be a factor in treatment response. Most prior research on MDMA and personality has focused on cross-sectional comparisons of MDMA users and non-users; as such, well-controlled research assessing personality and affective states change following MDMA vs placebo administration is needed. In the current pre-registered study, we investigated the impact of MDMA administration on five-factor model (FFM) traits and affective states before and 48 h after drug administration in a randomized, placebo-controlled study of healthy adults (N = 34). Statistical significance was not observed for the four a priori hypotheses; however, medium effect sizes were found between MDMA administration and trait Openness and Positive Affect 48 h following drug administration, compared to placebo (d = .79 and .51, respectively). This study provides initial results to help guide future well-powered studies with large samples and longer follow-up timepoints to continue to investigate how MDMA impacts personality and emotional experience, which may inform optimization of MDMA treatment approaches.

The Internal Structure of the WISC-V in Chile: Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses of the 15 Subtests

The WISC-V is a widely used scale in clinical and educational settings in Chile. Given that its use guides critical decision-making for children and adolescents, it is essential to have evidence of its psychometric properties, including validity based on internal structure. This study analyzed the factor structure of the WISC-V through an exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) approach considering the age range of 853 children and adolescents between 6 and 16 years. We obtained evidence favoring the four-factor structure in the EFA, which is a clearer organization in the 15–16 age group. In the confirmatory stage, the best four- and five-factor models showed factor loadings greater than 0.4, except for one subtest in the processing speed domain in the 6–8 age group. The internal consistency ranged from acceptable to good estimates for the best two models. The results support the use of hierarchical factor structures of four and five factors, which offer specific advantages and disadvantages discussed in the article. The implications of these findings in both the professional area of psychology and future research are discussed.

The effect of very preterm birth on the Five-Factor Model of personality traits: A meta-analysis of individual participant data

There is mixed evidence on personality differences among those born very preterm or with very low birth weight (VP/VLBW). This meta-analysis of individual participant data aimed to examine differences in personality traits between VP/VLBW ( n = 568) and term-born ( n = 1,060) adults, and the role of neonatal characteristics and neurosensory impairments in childhood, which have not been previously investigated. Six studies were identified from two research consortia and a systematic search of the literature (PubMed and Scopus); studies were eligible if they included VP/VLBW and term-born adults followed from birth and assessed personality using the Five-Factor Model. Risk of bias (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale) was generally not a concern apart from the use of self-reported measures and the rate of follow-up. Using a one-stage approach, VP/VLBW scored lower on extraversion and openness and higher on neuroticism and agreeableness than term-born participants after adjusting for sex and parental education. Within the VP/VLBW group, those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia scored lower on extraversion and higher on neuroticism, with similar findings after removing participants with neurosensory impairments. Altogether, these findings suggest that a proportion of the effect of VP/VLBW birth on personality may be attributed to neonatal morbidities and altered brain development, although other confounding factors require further research.

Validating measurement of social norms for entertainment-education: a five-factor model.

Though the measurement of social norms is important for evaluating entertainment-education interventions, there is a dearth of validity evidence for measuring tools to assess different social norm constructs. Identical survey items were used to assess family planning norms among married Zambian women in 2019 and 2022 following an entertainment-education radio program intervention. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used for confirmation of the internal structure of several subscales used to measure social norms found in a previous study. There were no statistically significant demographic differences between participant groups at T1 and T2. CFA supported a five-factor model at T2 comprising descriptive norms (4 items), outcome expectations (3 items), and 3 different constructs capturing injunctive norms (3 items each). Results indicate good structural validity evidence for measuring social norms in entertainment-education using existing tools.

Bringing team science to the ambulatory diagnostic process: how do patients and clinicians develop shared mental models?

The ambulatory diagnostic process is potentially complex, resulting in faulty communication, lost information, and a lack of team coordination. Patients and families have a unique position in the ambulatory diagnostic team, holding privileged information about their clinical conditions and serving as the connecting thread across multiple healthcare encounters. While experts advocate for engaging patients as diagnostic team members, operationalizing patient engagement has been challenging. The team science literature links improved team performance with shared mental models, a concept reflecting the team's commonly held knowledge about the tasks to be done and the expertise of each team member. Despite their proven potential to improve team performance and outcomes in other settings, shared mental models remain underexplored in healthcare. In this manuscript, we review the literature on shared mental models, applying that knowledge to the ambulatory diagnostic process. We consider the role of patients in the diagnostic team and adapt the five-factor model of shared mental models to develop a framework for patient-clinician diagnostic shared mental models. We conclude with research priorities. Development, maintenance, and use of shared mental models of the diagnostic process amongst patients, families, and clinicians may increase patient/family engagement, improve diagnostic team performance, and promote diagnostic safety.

Understanding Schadenfreude in Politics: The Role of Big Five Personalities and Empathy

The euphoria of the Indonesian election has been replaced by an escalation of the conflict that is increasingly evident in society. The community seems to be looking for gaps in political figures and making jokes, both opponents and friends, even parties who are not part of the horizontal political conflict vortex. There is a phenomenon in a society where political events are used as material for good jokes and come from mistakes, politicians' mistakes become laughing stock, even being distributed as material for jokes together. The crisis of empathy is thought to make this phenomenon appear in society, but personality can also encourage the emergence of this behavior. This study aims to determine the role of empathy and personality in this case the big five personalities of voters against schadenfreude in election voters. Empathy is measured by the Interpersonal Reactivity Index scale, schadenfreude is measured by Schadenfreude, while the Big Five Inventory (BFI) scale is used to measure personality. 330 respondents were obtained in this study. This study uses a simple regression analysis and stepwise regression. The results of this study indicate that there is no role of empathy for schadenfreude in voters. Big Five Personality Traits have a stimulating role and a partial role towards schadenfreude, namely agreeableness, neuroticism, and openness traits. While the stimulant role between the Big Five Personality Traits on empathy was found in, there is a role partially between the traits agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness to Schadenfreude to voters.

Personality and Teaching Motivations of Prospective Teachers in Cuba

ABSTRACT The five-factor model is one of the most researched theories of personality and is frequently evaluated through the Big Five Inventory (BFI). The present study aims to explore the reliability and factorial validity of the BFI in Cuba and to investigate the relationships between personality traits and motivations for teaching. A sample of 320 prospective teachers from two universities participated in the study. A total scale reliability score of α = .73 was obtained. Principal Component Analysis using varimax rotation validated a five-factor structure, however, poor loadings of some items of the agreeableness and neuroticism factors were found. Personality dimensions of the five-factor model provided a set of meaningful relations with motivational factors determining the choice of entering the teaching profession. The dimensions of conscientiousness and agreeableness were significant predictors of intrinsic motivation as well as satisfaction with career choice. In particular, conscientiousness emerged as an important personality trait of prospective teachers. The findings obtained are partly in line with previous studies and are significant for recruitment strategies that optimize teacher quality.

Dispositional Traits, Characteristic Adaptations, and Narrative Identity Reconstructions in Individuals With Depersonalization and Derealization.

Depersonalization and derealization disorder (DPDR) is a debilitating condition. To date, little was known about the role of personality structure and of perceived social support and loneliness in DPDR. Three studies investigated, respectively: (i) broadband personality traits (five-factor model), maladaptive trait domains (PID-5), and perceived support and loneliness in individuals with self-reported DPDR (N = 160) versus a general population sample (N = 303), using network modeling; (ii) structure and interconnectivity of personality, perceived support and loneliness, and DPDR traits (frequency/duration) in individuals with self-reported DPDR (N = 160); (iii) characteristic adaptations and narrative identities in individuals with self-reported DPDR (N = 19), using thematic analysis. Study 1 found between-samples differences across several traits, especially psychoticism and negative affect. Differences in networks' global centrality, but not structures or edges, were also found. The graphical model in Study 2 showed a community of dissociative tendencies including DPDR traits and psychoticism. Study 3 highlighted the development of DPDR as a key life transition for those experiencing it, with narratives focusing on feelings of poor agency, isolation, and a disrupted sense of self. Individual differences in personality characterize DPDR, especially in psychoticism. Implications for theory and research are discussed.

Variations in Personality Traits Among Top Judo Referees from 2018 to 2022 Based on Gender Differences

The personality traits of top judo referees are crucial for fair decision-making in elite competitions, shaping the experience for athletes, coaches, and spectators. This study examines potential differences in personality traits among 63 referees from the World Judo Tour between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2022. Factors analyzed include completing the IJF Academy course Level 1, elite athlete status, number of officiated events, performance ratings, and participation in the Olympic or Paralympic Games. Our research shows that older referees tend to exhibit greater extraversion, whereas less experienced officials show lower levels of this trait. Referees with limited experience generally demonstrate higher agreeableness than their more experienced counterparts. Female referees and those with top performance ratings display greater conscientiousness than male referees. Completing the IJF Academy course is associated with lower neuroticism, while lower performance ratings are linked to higher neuroticism. Openness tends to decrease with increased officiating experience, with less experienced referees showing higher levels of this trait. In conclusion, competitive experience, training completion, and officiating tenure are associated with specific personality traits among judo referees, highlighting the importance of continuous training for effective officiating. The analysis of personality traits revealed no statistically significant differences between male and female referees in the dimensions measured by the BFI (Big Five Inventory). This indicates that the levels of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness were similar for both genders, with no significant variation in how these traits were expressed.

The Moderating Role of the Five-Factor Model of Personality in the Relationship between Job Demands/Resources and Work Engagement: An Online Cross-Sectional Study.

When organizations or managers utilize personality assessments for their workers, it is crucial to consider not only personality profiles but also the interaction between these profiles and the psychosocial environmental factors in the workplace. The present study aimed to examine the moderating effects of the five-factor model (FFM) of personality traits on the relationship between job demands/resources and work engagement (WE). A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between November and December 2022, targeting full-time workers in Japan. Data were collected from 1500 participants (757 men and 743 women). The survey included demographic variables, job demands and resources (job control, supervisor, and coworker support), WE, and the FFM. The primary statistical analysis was hierarchical regression analysis, which tested the interactions between job demands/resources and each personality trait. Four significant interactions were found: job demands and neuroticism, control and neuroticism, control and conscientiousness, and supervisor support and extraversion. High conscientiousness was associated with higher WE when job control was abundant. Moreover, low levels of both neuroticism and extraversion were linked to higher WE. The results suggest that managers can enhance WE by aligning workplace factors with employee personality traits. These insights can be applied to organizational staffing decisions.

An Empirical Study on Asset Pricing Models Based on The Chinese A-Share Market

Based on the analysis of the A-share markets in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchange from 2000 to 2023, this paper systematically evaluates the applicability and explanatory power of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), the Fama-French Three-Factor Model (FF3) and the Fama-French Five-Factor Model (FF5) in the Chinese market. The study finds that although CAPM has some explanatory power in the early stage, the three-factor and five-factor models can better explain the cross-sectional changes in stock returns as the market develops. In the descriptive statistics, each factor's volatility and correlation reveal the Chinese market's unique characteristics, such as the relative strength of small-cap and growth stocks. In the regression analysis, the results of the Fama-MacBeth regression showed that the significance and explanatory power of the market factor, size factor and value factor were different in different models. Further robustness analysis reveals the COVID-19's impact on the model's performance through the sub-period analysis. This paper provides a new perspective on understanding the asset pricing of China's A-share market and a theoretical basis for investors' investment decisions. It also points out the limitations of existing models in explaining emerging market equity returns. It suggests that future research can deeply explore the performance of more factors in different market environments.

Psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in an Icelandic community sample

Purpose The current paper aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Icelandic translation of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, for both parent and teacher reports. SDQ is a widely used questionnaire for screening mental problems among youth. However, only a few studies have conducted a factor analysis on the youngest and oldest cohorts using an adequate sample size. This study aims not only to examine the traditional 5-factor model and alternative models suggested in prior research but also to establish norm data for the Icelandic population. Materials and methods The total sample consists of 1653 youth aged 5–16 years, thereof 316 parent reports and 271 teacher reports for the 5-year-old sample. We used confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the factor structure. Special attention was given to the models’ performance across different age groups and between genders. This cross-demographic evaluation is vital to ensure that the SDQ’s utility is not limited by developmental or gender-specific variations in symptom expression or reporting. Results We found an acceptable fit for both the original five-factor model and the more recent three-factor model with higher-order internalizing and externalizing factors. The fit for the factor structures seemed to be quite similar across ages. However, we observed goodness-of-fit below the acceptable range for girls on the parent ratings. We also found evidence for the convergent and divergent validity of both models. Conclusions The current study provides further evidence of the utility of the SDQ as a screening instrument, with an acceptable factor structure across ages.

AUTO-TRAINING AS A SELF-MANAGEMENT TOOL: WAYS TO EFFECTIVELY MANAGE YOURSELF

The technique of auto-training for the development of self-management is discussed in the article. It is proposed to improve auto-training according to the author’s methodology to achieve results. Attention is drawn to the fact that this technique can be used both for working out the qualities of self-management consisting of 7 blocks, and for the five-factor model of the Big Five.

The Career Support Scale for Women in Engineering (CSS-WE): Development and Validation With Engineering Students in Korea

Career supports play a more critical role in the persistence of engineering students relative to perceived barriers, especially among women engineering students ( Fouad et al., 2016 ). Although vocational research on the academic and career development of women in engineering has grown in recent years in response to longstanding and persistent gender disparities in this field, there is a lack of gender-specific instrumentation to assess the perceived supports among women students. This study developed a 21-item Career Support Scale for Women in Engineering (CSS-WE) to assess the perceived supports of Korean women college students pursuing engineering. Using two independent samples of women engineering students, exploratory ( n = 306) and confirmatory ( n = 309) factor analyses supported a five-factor model of the CSS-WE: instrumental support, inclusive support, emotional support, informational support, and institutional and societal support. The results suggested that CSS-WE scores demonstrated strong internal consistency and construct validity. Implications for practice and future research related to supporting women students in engineering are discussed.

Personality traits and foreign language anxiety: The mediating role of self-efficacy

We examined the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between personality traits and foreign language anxiety among university students of English as a foreign language. Using a cross-sectional study design, 524 Chinese undergraduate students completed the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS), the Big Five Inventory (BFI), and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE). The PROCESS mediation analysis findings indicated that personality traits predicted foreign language learning anxiety. Self-efficacy significantly mediated the relationship between personality traits and foreign language anxiety, associated with lower foreign language anxiety. Openness and extroversion were associated with higher self-efficacy and lower foreign language anxiety. Neuroticism was associated with lower self-efficacy and higher foreign language anxiety. Educational programs, therapeutic interventions, and policy measures should be designed to enhance self-efficacy as an asset in foreign language learning experiences.

Asset pricing models for Vietnamese non-life insurance companies

This paper aims to perform an extensive asset pricing analysis for the Vietnamese non-life insurance industry between 2008 and 2023. We document that well-known asset pricing models, such as the three-factor and five-factor models developed by Fama and French (1993, 2015), are unable to explain adequately the returns of non-life insurance stocks. Therefore, based on the results of Ammar et al. (2018) and He et al. (2021), we built a five-factor asset pricing model adapted to the Vietnamese non-life insurance industry. Empirical evidence shows that this model is better than other models in explaining the cross-section of non-life insurance stock returns. Significant factors are the excess market return, the size factor, the price-to-earnings ratio, the return on equity, and the reimbursement rate.

A Fundamental Difference in the Nature of Personal Values and Personality Traits Revealed Through Different Patterns of Stability Across Their Distributions.

Personal values and personality traits are both important aspects of personality, but much is still unknown about the fundamental differences between the constructs, including how their patterns of temporal stability compare. This paper investigated patterns of intra-individual stability in both values and traits. Quantile correlations were estimated between each of the 20 refined personal values and the same values 2 years later in a large longitudinal sample of Australian adults (N = 2875). The same was done for each of the 15 Five-Factor Model trait facets in a subsample of these participants (n = 2424). It was observed that more important values tended to remain more stable over time, while traits retained a similar stability regardless of trait strength, and frequently showed small decreases in stability at extreme levels. Findings indicate that highly prioritized values may be a more central aspect of the self, and a more reliable element for predicting future outcomes, than less highly prioritized values, but in contrast, traits do not function in a way that is dependent on trait strength.

The Impact of COVID-19 on the Fama-French Five-Factor Model: Unmasking Industry Dynamics

This analysis investigates the performance and underlying dynamics of the Fama–French Five-Factor Model (FF5M) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, exploring its implications on the U.S. stock market across 30 industries. Our findings reveal marked shifts in the significance of factors. The SMB (size) gained in strength, while the HML (value) factor rose and fell in response to shifting flight-to-quality, liquidity, and inflation concerns. Both the RMW (profitability) and CMA (investment) factors saw a decline in their overall significance during the pandemic. Our results illustrate the oscillation of investor preferences from 2018 to 2023, capturing three distinct periods: pre-COVID-19, COVID-19, and post-COVID-19.

Factor analysis of impulsivity in gaming disorder and internet gaming disorder

BackgroundResearch suggests that a two-factor model of impulsivity predicts Substance Use Disorder and Gambling Disorder. We aimed to determine whether a similar factor structure was present for Gaming Disorder (GD) and Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD).MethodsSecondary data analysis was conducted on survey responses from 372 participants who had completed a series of questions on facets of impulsivity and their involvement in gaming. Participants were sampled from gaming forums and an online recruitment website. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the measures of trait impulsivity, and the identified factors were then analyzed against measures of Gaming Disorder and Internet Gaming Disorder. A confirmatory factor analysis was then run to confirm the model.ResultsThe exploratory results suggested a five-factor model of impulsivity, with gaming being related to all five factors. Interestingly, only two of those factors (Urgency (Positive Urgency, Negative Urgency, Delay Discounting) and (Impaired) Inhibitory Control (False Button Presses on Go/No-Go Tasks)) predicted symptom counts above the clinical cut-off for IGD. In addition, Urgency was related to symptom counts above 7/9 criteria for IGD, as well as symptom counts above the suggested clinical cut-off for GD. The confirmatory factor analysis suggested that this two-factor model of impulsivity had ‘good fit.’ConclusionsThis two-factor model of impulsivity is similar to those found in established addiction disorders, in that one factor appears to predict more problematic involvement than the other. However, the results indicate that Urgency predicts higher symptom counts than (Impaired) Inhibitory Control. This contrasts with previous findings on substance use and gambling, where (Impaired) Inhibitory Control was the factor predicting problematic use. However, there was evidence to suggest that gaming is similar to alcohol consumption, where socially acceptable, “healthy,” use is related to impulsivity at some level, but Urgency is key in the transition from recreational to disordered behavior.

Verification of five-factor models and reference scores for personality dysfunction and trait domains of the Personality Assessment Questionnaire for ICD-11 (PAQ-11), revised version.

A brief self-reported measure of the Personality Assessment Questionnaire for the 11th edition of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Disease (ICD-11) (PAQ-11) was developed to evaluate ICD-11 personality traits. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity of the revised PAQ-11 version (PAQ-11R) with an additional item in the Dissociality domain and thresholds for the severity of personality dysfunction and domains. Study 1 examined the construct validity of the PAQ-11R in 192 university students in Korea. Study 2 estimated tentative reference scores of personality dysfunction and domains of the PAQ-11R in 91 patients in Korea. In study 1, the PAQ-11R had a five-factor structure and the revised Dissociality scale had better convergent and discriminant validities than the previous version. In study 2, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the PAQ-11R identified a threshold score of 35. Reference scores for domains were estimated as 15 for Negative Affectivity, 10 for Detachment, 8 for Anankastia, and 5 each for Disinhibition and Dissociality. These scores contribute to severity of personality disturbance but remain qualifiers only; they are not diagnostic. The results suggest that the PAQ-11R is useful as a quick assessment tool for identifying the domains of personality dysfunction in clinical practice in harmony with the ICD-11 guidelines.