Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer Research Articles

Analysis of Deadtime Effects and Optimum Deadtime Control for Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer Converters

Analysis of Deadtime Effects and Optimum Deadtime Control for Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer Converters

Optimal event‐triggered control for wireless power transfer system in electric vehicles

AbstractThis study focuses on stabilizing a bidirectional inductive wireless power transfer (WPT) system using an event‐triggered approach. It is only assumed the inductor currents on both the primary and pickup sides are measurable, and they are sent synchronously to the controller via a digital channel. To estimate the unmeasured states and maintain plant stability, a full‐order state observer and an observer‐based controller have been developed. The control parameters are optimized through a genetic algorithm to achieve the desired output response. An emulation methodology is then applied to create an output‐based event‐triggering condition. This condition ensures the stability of the closed‐loop system even in the presence of communication constraints. To prevent Zeno sampling, a minimal time interval between two transmissions is enforced using time‐regularization techniques. Furthermore, the performance of the event‐triggered controller is enhanced by solving a linear matrix inequality condition, which further reduces the number of transmission instances. The methodology offers a systematic and optimal design for the bidirectional inductive WPT system. It eliminates the need for manual tuning of control parameters, which is particularly beneficial given the system's complex nature. To address both continuous‐time and discrete‐time dynamics, the entire system is represented as a hybrid dynamical system, making it more intuitive for networked control systems. The efficiency of this approach is assessed through numerical simulations of a WPT system, demonstrating its effectiveness. The results show that the average intertransmission interval has been increased from 0.0799 to 0.1782 s, that is, the proposed event‐triggering strategy reduced the number of transmissions to more than 50% compared with conventional periodic sampling.

A Control Strategy for Achieving Constant Voltage Output with an Extensive ZVS Operating Range in Bidirectional Wireless EV Charging Systems

Variations in the coupling coefficient of loosely coupled transformers and dynamic loads have a significant impact on the overall performance of bidirectional inductive power transfer (BIPT) systems. However, a wide range of load and coupling coefficient variations are common in the actual charging process, which may cause the converter on both sides to operate in a hard switching state, resulting in switching noise, reduced efficiency, and potential safety concerns. In this paper, a triple-phase-shift control (TPSC) strategy is proposed to study the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) operating range and constant-voltage output (CVO) characteristics of the double-side-LCC (DS-LCC) topology. To ensure a CVO over the wide range of coupling coefficient variations, a dual-phase-shift control is introduced for AC voltage matching. Based on this, the third phase-shift angle control between the converters on both sides is introduced to ensure the ZVS realization. Meanwhile, the time-domain model is developed to analyze the rationality of the proposed third phase-shift angle and the ZVS operating range. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed TPSC strategy is validated through a 1.5 kW experimental prototype with an air gap of 100–150 mm.

A Triple Phase Shift Control Method for Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer (BIPT) Systems with Fully-compensated Series-Series (SS) Topology

A Triple Phase Shift Control Method for Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer (BIPT) Systems with Fully-compensated Series-Series (SS) Topology

State-Space Based Universal Time-Domain Model for Voltage-Fed Bidirectional IPT Systems

Conventional time-domain model of bidirectional inductive power transfer (BIPT) systems highly rely on specific compensation network and lacks universality. To address this issue, we propose a universal time-domain model for voltage-fed BIPT systems. The proposed state-space model applies to all compensation networks and resonant parameters, The input of the state space consists of the output voltage of the H-bridge. While the voltage combinations of the H-bridge are adaptive to different phase shift conditions. Based on the circuit analysis and by solving the state equations, analytical expressions for the state variables can be obtained. The time-domain analytical model is piecewise and accurately predicts the coil currents and capacitor voltages under all fundamental modulation schemes and compensation topologies. The simulation and experimental results of different compensation topologies and modulation strategies are presented, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed model. Compared with commercial software, the computation burden is obviously alleviated. The simulation is accelerated by 64 times than Simulink and 10 times than Psim.

A Bidirectional Long-Range IPT System based on Multi-Tap Parameter Reconfigurable Coupling Structure with Discrete Ferrite Bridge

A Bidirectional Long-Range IPT System based on Multi-Tap Parameter Reconfigurable Coupling Structure with Discrete Ferrite Bridge

30kW Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer Charger with Intermediate Coil for EV Applications

30kW Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer Charger with Intermediate Coil for EV Applications

Fuzzy Logic Controlled Pulse Density Modulation Technique for Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer Systems

Fuzzy Logic Controlled Pulse Density Modulation Technique for Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer Systems

Decoupled State-Plane Analysis of Series–Series Compensated Bidirectional IPT Systems

Decoupled State-Plane Analysis of Series–Series Compensated Bidirectional IPT Systems

Novel Three-Phase to Single-Phase Matrix Converter Modulation Strategy for Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer

Novel Three-Phase to Single-Phase Matrix Converter Modulation Strategy for Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer

Bidirectional inductive underwater wireless power transfer converter with variable structure

The undersea sensor networks have an important function in marine resource exploration. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor networks, a bidirectional inductive underwater wireless power transfer (BI-UWPT) system with variable structure is proposed. With the proposed system, the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) could receive energy from the undersea docking station and transmit energy to the undersea sensor networks. The two full bridge topologies and the SS compensation networks are adopted in the system to achieve the bidirectional power transfer. To achieve bidirectional energy transmission of different power levels, two different operating frequencies and variable compensation capacitors are employed by the AUV. The system mathematical model is also presented. To verify the theoretical analysis, a 432 W simulation model when the AUV receiving electric energy and a 96 W simulation model when the AUV transmitting electric energy are constructed, respectively. The theoretical analysis is verified by the simulation results. Simulation results show that the variable compensation networks can obtain high transfer efficiency of the BI-UWPT system.

Power Factor Corrector Control Strategies of a Bidirectional Wireless Battery Charger With an Unfolding Active Rectifier

In this article, two power factor corrector (PFC) control strategies for a bidirectional inductive power transfer (IPT) system are proposed. These control strategies are presented for a novel power circuit without input and output interfaces for a wireless electric vehicle battery charger application. This compact topology comprises: unfolding rectifier, primary resonant bridge, and secondary-side active rectification. Two PFC controls are described in detail: a primary-side PFC control, performed in the primary resonant bridge; and a secondary-side PFC control, implemented in the secondary-side active rectification stage. Both strategies are based on a duty-cycle control operating close to the resonance frequency, integrating different functionalities, i.e., PFC, current shaping (CS), and power control on a single control strategy. We analyze each control strategy, evaluating them for different operating points of the charging process. The performance of the wireless charger applying both control strategies is evaluated in terms of power losses, power factor, harmonic distortion, and bifurcation. Additionally, the theoretical results are validated using a GaN-based experimental prototype. The presented analysis and experimental results clearly identify the advantages and limitations of each control strategy leaving no doubt about their usefulness for the future IPT systems.

An Asymmetrical Pulsewidth Modulation With Even Harmonics for Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer Under Light Load Conditions

An Asymmetrical Pulsewidth Modulation With Even Harmonics for Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer Under Light Load Conditions

A Versatile Unified Model for Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) Systems

Efficient and cost-effective inductive power transfer (IPT) systems essentially require reactive power compensation networks. To select and design compensation networks best suited to meet the specific requirements of any particular application, the modeling and investigation of each type of compensation are required. Traditional approaches using separate models for each compensation type are repetitive and inefficient. Therefore, this article proposes a novel unified model for IPT systems that can be easily adapted to investigate the suitability of any type of compensation network. It is applicable to the design of uni-, or bidirectional IPT systems. Its utility is apparent from the ease with which it can be used to evaluate key performance indicators of IPT systems that are affected by compensation network design. The proposed unified model is benchmarked against experimental results from already published work, highlighting its benefits and verifying its accuracy.

Bidirectional wireless power/data transfer via magnetic field

Recently, inductive power transfer (IPT) system has been used for wireless charging of electric vehicles (EVs). However, most of them only treat the issue of single directional wireless power transfer (WPT). This research proposes a novel bi-directional IPT (BD-IPT) scheme EVs, which can simultaneously transmit power/data via magnetic field when the mutual inductance changes. For power transmission, resonant inverters with phase-shift pulse width modulation (PSPWM) are used to generate carrier waves and alternating current. As for data transmission, a dedicated communication method with the accompanied protocol is proposed. Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) is used to simulate the two-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), which generates digital signals for data transmission without the need of extra communication links. Hamming codes are combined with single-error correction and double-error detection (SECDED) to ensure communication quality.

Research on Synchronous Phase Shift Control Strategy of Bilateral Converter in Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer System

Research on Synchronous Phase Shift Control Strategy of Bilateral Converter in Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer System

Design, implementation and experimental results of an inductive power transfer system for electric bicycle wireless charging

The use of renewable energy and the transformation of transport mode are crucial items for achieving an efficient and clean electrical mobility that allow being competitive on the market. In this context the interface between the power system and the Electric Vehicles (EVs) assumes a strategic role. Specifically, wireless energy transmission, based on Inductive Power Transfer (IPT), is an attractive solution for EVs charging. Moreover, the use of electric bicycles or kick scooters as mode of urban transport is continuously growing because they are lightweight, sustainable, easily parking, flexible and efficient transport devices. Owing to its benefits, the wireless power transfer can be considered suitable for those devices. In fact, IPT can also be exploited for Vehicle-To-Grid (V2G), where the wireless power flow can occur from battery to power grid as well. For E-bike applications, bicycle-to-grid or bicycle-to-bicycle energy transfer are viable solutions by means of a Bi-Directional Inductive Power Transfer (BDIPT). In this paper, a 300 W IPT wireless charger prototype for E-bikes is proposed. Modelling, design, simulation and experimental results of this prototype are provided. Open-loop and closed-loop tests have been performed, focusing on system behaviour for different cases of load, distance and misalignment between the coils.

Control Scheme of a Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles Integrated into the Grid

Inductive power transfer (IPT) systems have become a very effective technology when charging the batteries of electric vehicles (EVs), with numerous research works devoted to this field in recent years. In the battery charging process, the EV consumes energy from the grid, and this concept is called Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V). Nevertheless, the EV can also be used to inject part of the energy stored in the battery into the grid, according to the so-called Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) scheme. This bidirectional feature can be applied to a better development of distributed generation systems, thus improving the integration of EVs into the grid (including IPT-powered EVs). Over the past few years, some works have begun to pay attention to bidirectional IPT systems applied to EVs, focusing on aspects such as the compensation topology, the design of the magnetic coupler or the power electronic configuration. Nevertheless, the design of the control system has not been extensively studied. This paper is focused on the design of a control system applied to a bidirectional IPT charger, which can operate in both the G2V and V2G modes. The procedure design of the control system is thoroughly explained and classical control techniques are applied to tailor the control scheme. One of the advantages of the proposed control scheme is the robustness when there is a mismatch between the coupling factor used in the model and the real value. Moreover, the control system can be used to limit the peak value of the primary side current when this value increases, thus protecting the IPT system. Simulation results obtained with PSCADTM/EMTDCTM show the good performance of the overall system when working in both G2V and V2G modes, while experimental results validate the control system behavior in the G2V mode.

Dual-Side Asymmetrical Voltage-Cancelation Control for Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer Systems

Bidirectional inductive power transfer (BIPT) systems for electric vehicles allow power exchange between grid and vehicle. To achieve high transfer efficiency under a wide range of transmission power, this article proposes a dual-side asymmetrical voltage-cancelation (AVC) control technique. With the proposed dual-side AVC control, the adjustment of the fundamental component amplitude of the excitation voltage, the maintenance of a large phase angle between excitation voltages as well as zero-voltage switching (ZVS) of the power switches, and the optimization of the resonant tank power transfer efficiency can be achieved simultaneously. The basic characteristics and the conditions for maximum transfer efficiency of the resonant tank are derived. The control scheme for the overall system including the control of the primary-side and secondary-side full bridges is proposed, which considers both efficiency optimization and ZVS operation of all switches. The ZVS range of the proposed dual-side AVC control technique is presented. Experiments are performed with dual-phase-shift, triple-phase-shift, and the proposed dual-side AVC control technique, which show that the BIPT system with the proposed dual-side AVC control technique achieves a higher efficiency over the others in a wide range of transmission power.

Primary-Side Parameter Estimation Method for Bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer Systems

This letter proposes a novel primary-side parameter estimation method for bidirectional inductive power transfer (BD-IPT) systems. This method can estimate mutual inductance at startup and monitor secondary-side phasor information continuously during operation. The proposed method can be used to simplify existing optimal control methods in BD-IPT systems by providing necessary feedback information without a wireless communication link. Besides, it helps to implement new control methods to further improve system performance. A current decoupling concept is utilized to estimate both the mutual inductance and secondary phasor information. A circuit model based on the superposition principle is presented to describe the current decoupling concept. The validity and accuracy of the proposed estimation method are demonstrated using the measured results of a 1-kW prototype BD-IPT system.