Biconical Antenna Research Articles

Low windage dual‐band omnidirectional antenna for high‐speed aircraft communication application

AbstractThe letter presents a low‐windage omnidirectional antenna for high‐speed aircraft in the UHF and L bands. It combines a planar biconical antenna with a printed tape parasitic branch monopole antenna. Upgrading the traditional restricted‐length biconical antenna to a double‐layer planar design meets the compact, lightweight, and low windage requirements of airborne use. To enhance bandwidth and meet the lightweight, compact criteria of high‐speed aircraft, the planar‐printed monopole antenna integrates parasitic stubs and loop antenna concepts. Experimental results exhibit excellent isolation between antenna elements, with over 15 dB segregation and operational spectrum return loss of 27% and 18% at 10 dB. The voltage standing wave ratio is below 2, with less than 5 dB variation in the horizontal radiation pattern across frequency bands. The antenna, measuring 20 mm × 190 mm × 270 mm and weighing around 0.5 kg, holds great promise for high‐speed aircraft applications.

Drone direction estimation: phase method with two-channel direction finder

This scientific article presents a block diagram of a two-channel radio direction finder that effectively uses the phase method to determine the direction of the signal source. The main attention is paid to the mathematical model of the formation of the cardioid radiation pattern of biconical antennas, which have unique directivity characteristics. These features significantly affect the accuracy and reliability of the bearing determination process. The developed algorithm aims to accurately determine the direction of motion of an unmanned aerial vehicle, especially in the context of a two-channel radio receiver and a five-element antenna system. This antenna system provides unique capabilities for increased resolution and directional accuracy. The article also touches on the issue of software implementation of the developed algorithm, which is aimed at increasing the number of generated bearing estimates in conditions of limited time for observing an unmanned aerial vehicle. Thus, the proposed method is of interest in the field of precision direction finding in the context of small unmanned vehicles.

Corrections to “Input Admittance, Directivity, and Quality Factor of Biconical Antenna of Arbitrary Cone Angle”

Corrections to “Input Admittance, Directivity, and Quality Factor of Biconical Antenna of Arbitrary Cone Angle”

Wideband Biconical Antenna With Embedded Band-Notch Resonator

Wideband Biconical Antenna With Embedded Band-Notch Resonator

О способах вычисления поверхностных сингулярных интегралов при решении антенных задач методом моментов

This paper compares the efficiency of different ways to compute singular integrals for solving antenna problems using moment method matrix-vector equations. We use a biconical antenna as an example to assess the accuracy of different singular integral computation approaches. We also evaluate the computational complexity of the examined approaches and provide recommendations for the selection of the most optimal approach.

Compact Dual-Band Shared-Aperture Omnidirectional Biconical Antenna for Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Applications

Compact Dual-Band Shared-Aperture Omnidirectional Biconical Antenna for Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Applications

Exact Transient Analysis of a Biconical Antenna of Arbitrary Length and Cone Angle

Exact Transient Analysis of a Biconical Antenna of Arbitrary Length and Cone Angle

On Modeling Antennas Using MoM-Based Algorithms: Wire-Grid versus Surface Triangulation

This paper focuses on antenna modeling using wire-grid and surface triangulation as two of the most commonly used MoM-based approaches in this field. A comprehensive overview is provided for each of them, including their history, applications, and limitations. The mathematical background of these approaches is briefly presented. Two working algorithms were developed and described in detail, along with their implementations using acceleration techniques. The wire-grid-based algorithm enables modeling of arbitrary antenna solid structures using their equivalent grid of wires according to a specific modeling recommendation proposed in earlier work. On the other hand, the surface triangulation-based algorithm enables calculation of antenna characteristics using a novel excitation source model. Additionally, a new mesh generator based on the combined use of the considered algorithms is developed. These algorithms were used to estimate the characteristics of several antenna types with different levels of complexity. The algorithms computational complexities were also obtained. The results obtained using these algorithms were compared with those obtained using the finite difference time domain numerical method, as well as those calculated analytically and measured. The analysis and comparisons were performed on the example of a rectangle spiral, a spiral, rounded bow-tie planar antennas, biconical, and horn antennas. Furthermore, the validity of the proposed algorithms is verified using the Monte Carlo methodology.

Ultrawideband Compact Lightweight Biconical Antenna With Capability of Various Polarizations Reception for Modern UAV Applications

This article presents the results of numerical modeling, optimization, fabrication and performance measurements of a new biconical antenna for modern unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications. The developed antenna effectively combines a set of fundamental constructive and electromagnetic requirements, which include compact structure and small total dimensions, lightweight, and ultrawideband operating frequency range with the capability of receiving or transmitting both circular, horizontal, vertical, and one of slant linear polarizations. For the first time, an effect of multiple resonance reflections in the structure of biconical antenna with a polarizer and deterioration of antenna’s matching and gain characteristics at a series of frequencies was detected by measurements. Theoretical analysis of the observed resonances has been carried out in this article. Possible ways to exclude resonances are given. In the most part of operating frequency range 2–18 GHz, the developed antenna provides voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) less than 2 and gain higher than 3 dBi for the -45° slant polarization, while the +45° slant polarization is discriminated by more than 15 dB.

Wideband High-Gain Omnidirectional Biconical Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications

A novel omnidirectional biconical antenna for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) wireless communications is investigated. It is loaded by an annular metal lens that consists of rotationally symmetric annular metal plates (MPs). A nearly uniform <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$E$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -field distribution can be obtained at the radiating aperture across a wide frequency range, giving a wideband high-gain omnidirectional antenna. The operating principle and design flowchart of the lens are given. To validate the idea, a Ka-band vertically polarized prototype was fabricated. Both its measured −10 dB impedance and 3 dB gain bandwidths are 43.9% (25.6–40.0 GHz), with the maximum measured gain given by 9.2 dBi. As compared with the conventional biconical antenna, our antenna can obtain a higher gain by ~4 dB across the entire impedance passband.

A Flexible Planarized Biconical Antenna for Partial Discharge Detection in Gas-Insulated Switchgear

This letter proposes a new ultrahigh frequency (UHF) flexible planar biconical antenna design method for partial discharge (PD) detection in gas-insulated switchgear. Continuous transverse branching increases the electrical length to expand the bandwidth and miniaturize the antenna. For comparison of the effects of the lateral branch structure model, the optimized dimensions of both designed antennas are 150×150 mm, and both use polydimethylsiloxane, flexible material with a thickness of 0.5 mm, as the substrate. The results show that the S11 of the antennas is less than −10 dB in the bands of 0.3–0.5, 0.64–1.25, and 1.4–3.0 GHz, and the planar biconical antennas still maintain good bandwidth and gain under different bending radii of 0, 150, 350, and 500 mm. The PD test platform was built to test the antenna. The experimental data show that the two flexible antennas designed in this letter can detect the PD-radiated electromagnetic wave signal with a discharge of 15 pc before and after the bending deformation and meet the UHF partial discharge detection requirements.

Design a Compact Printed Log-Periodic Biconical Dipole Array Antenna for EMC Measurements

This article presents the design, modeling, and fabrication of a printed log-periodic biconical dipole array antenna (PLPBDA) for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) measurements. The proposed structure used bow tie-shaped dipoles instead of typical dipoles to achieve a size reduction of 50% and bandwidth enhancement of 170% with the help of PCB technology. Furthermore, the balanced feeding method and the modifications in bow tie-shaped dipole dimensions were utilized to obtain broad bandwidth of 5.5 GHz (from 0.5 GHz to 6 GHz). This structure comprises 12 dipole elements with a compact size of 170 × 160 × 1.6 mm, reflecting low fluctuations gain of about (4.6–7) dBi with the help of an extra dipole. Moreover, the achieved frequency and radiation characteristics (simulated and measured) agree with each other and are compatible with the results of classical EMC antennas. The achievements of this structure showed promising results compared to both literature reviews and reference antenna Hyper LOG® 7060 offered for sale.

On Wire-Grid Representation for Modeling Symmetrical Antenna Elements

This paper focuses on the combination of the method of moments and the wire-grid approximation as an effective computational technique for modeling symmetrical antennas with low computational cost and accurate results. The criteria and conditions for the use of wire-grid surface approximation from various sources are presented together with new recommendations for modeling symmetrical antenna structures using the wire-grid approximation. These recommendations are used to calculate the characteristics of biconical and horn antennas at different frequencies. The results obtained using different grid and mesh settings are compared to those obtained analytically. Moreover, the results are compared to those obtained using the finite difference time domain numerical method, as well as the measured ones. All results are shown to be in a good agreement. The recommendations used for building a symmetrical wire-grid of those symmetrical antenna elements provided the most advantageous parameters of the grid and mesh settings and the wire radius, which are able to give quite accurate results with low computational cost. Additionally, the known equal area rule was modified for a rectangular grid form. The obtained radiation patterns of a conductive plate using both the original rule and the modified one are compared with the electrodynamic analysis results. It is shown that the use of the modified rule is more accurate when using a rectangle grid form.

Input Admittance, Directivity, and Quality Factor of Biconical Antenna of Arbitrary Cone Angle

New analytical expressions and numerical results for the mode coefficients, the directivity, and the quality factor and computationally convenient expressions for the input admittance of a symmetrical biconical antenna of arbitrary length <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and cone angle <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\theta _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> are presented. The quality factor for a wide-angle biconical antenna is evaluated using three alternative formulations: 1) the evanescent energy stored outside the circumscribing sphere; 2) the total evanescent energy stored in all space; and 3) by equivalent circuit model, and these are all compared with Chu’s lower limit for an ideal antenna. Numerical calculations based on the analytical formula for antenna admittance confirm the conjecture that Foster’s reactance theorem remains invalid even for perfectly conducting antennas. Furthermore, the variation of directivity of a wide-angle biconical antenna is a slowly varying function of its electrical length and is shown to depart significantly from that of a thin cylindrical dipole. Finally, the ratio of directivity to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of an electrically small biconical antenna is shown to approach 78% of the value of an ideal omnidirectional antenna.

Design of wideband receiving antenna for VHF / UHF band passive radar

To broaden bandwidth of the receiving antenna for VHF/UHF band passive radar, a broadband improved biconical antenna loaded with resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) circuits is designed. Firstly, by introducing six metal rods into the biconical antenna to replace part of the cone, the feature size of the antenna is effectively reduced. Secondly, by introducing six parallel RLC-loading circuits into the antenna, the bandwidth of the antenna at the low frequency end is effectively broadened, and at the meantime mutual coupling of the array composed of the proposed antenna becomes weak. The measured results show that the impedance bandwidth of the antenna corresponding to reflection coefficient less than −10 dB is 174–843 MHz. Moreover, the antenna also has good omnidirectional pattern in the horizontal plane, and the pattern characteristics have good consistency in the whole impedance bandwidth.

Dual-Band Circularly Polarized Omni-Directional Biconical Antenna With Double-Circular Parallelepiped Elements for WLAN Applications

This research proposes a novel dual-band (2.45/5.80 GHz) omnidirectional circularly polarized (CP) biconical antenna with double-circular parasitic parallelepiped elements for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The proposed dual-band CP antenna scheme consisted of a biconical radiating structure surrounded by inner- and outer-circular parallelepiped elements that convert linearly polarized electric fields into CP fields. Simulations were performed to optimize the antenna parameters, and an antenna prototype was fabricated and experiments were conducted. The measured impedance bandwidths (IBWs) were 44.4% (1.84 – 2.89 GHz) and 4.56% (5.73 – 5.99 GHz) for the lower- (2.4 GHz) and upper-frequency (5.80 GHz) bands, respectively. The corresponding 3-dB axial ratio bandwidths (ARBWs) were 11.22% (2.27 – 2.54 GHz) and 10.49% (5.6 – 6.2 GHz). The radiation patterns of the dual-band antenna scheme were omnidirectional left-hand circular polarization, with the measured antenna gains of 3.2 dBic and 8.5 dBic at 2.45 and 5.80 GHz, respectively. The simulated and measured results were reasonably agreeable. Despite the narrow IBW and ARBW for the upper-frequency band, the bandwidths adequately covered the target upper frequency band, rendering the proposed CP omnidirectional biconical antenna scheme operationally suitable for WLAN applications. Furthermore, the novelty of this research lies in the use of a biconical radiating structure augmented with double-circular parasitic parallelepiped elements to realize circular polarization for dual-band WLAN applications.

Search for dark photon dark matter: Dark E field radio pilot experiment

We are building an experiment to search for dark matter in the form of dark photons in the nano- to milli-eV mass range. This experiment is the electromagnetic dual of magnetic detector dark radio experiments. It is also a frequency-time dual experiment in two ways: We search for a high-Q signal in wide-band data rather than tuning a high-$Q$ resonator, and we measure electric rather than magnetic fields. In this paper we describe a pilot experiment using room temperature electronics which demonstrates feasibility and sets useful limits to the kinetic coupling $\epsilon \sim 10^{-12}$ over 50--300 MHz. With a factor of 2000 increase in real-time spectral coverage, and lower system noise temperature, it will soon be possible to search a wide range of masses at 100 times this sensitivity. We describe the planned experiment in two phases: Phase-I will implement a wide band, 5-million channel, real-time FFT processor over the 30--300 MHz range with a back-end time-domain optimal filter to search for the predicted $Q\sim 10^6$ line using low-noise amplifiers. We have completed spot frequency calibrations using a biconical dipole antenna in a shielded room that extrapolate to a $5 \sigma$ limit of $\epsilon\sim 10^{-13}$ for the coupling from the dark field, per month of integration. Phase-II will extend the search to 20 GHz using cryogenic preamplifiers and new antennas.

Investigation of Broadband Printed Biconical Antenna with Tapered Balun for EMC Measurements

This article investigates the design, modeling, and fabrication of small-size (150 × 90 × 1.6 mm) broadband printed biconical antenna. The proposed antenna is intended for use a reference antenna for electromagnetic interference measurement inside the EMC chamber. The reflection coefficient (S11-parameter) is verified by modeling the equivalent circuit of the structure in terms of lumped elements. This structure offers a −10 dB impedance bandwidth (from 0.65 GHz to 2.3 GHz) with the tapered balun feeding method. Therefore, it has a high probability of estimating the electromagnetic waves emitted from several applications such as GSM, LTE, UMTS, 3G, Wi-fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee and more. The simulated standard antenna parameters are compatible with the measured parameters results. Furthermore, azimuth omnidirectional radiation pattern and well-realized gain (3.8 dBi) are achieved, reflecting good values of antenna factor compared to the commercial design.

Design and Implementation of Wide Band for Biconical Antenna for X Band Applications

This paper reflects architecture and pattern synthesis for biconical antenna. The Biconical Antenna Radiation Pattern is identical to the half wave dipole antenna. The ramp shaped Radiation pattern is obtained by varying different antenna parameters such as amplitude distribution, phase distribution, spacing between the element and number of elements. Biconical antennas (2-14) GHz operating range gives reflection co-efficient- 0.46; return loss- 10dB, VSWR- 2.5:1, Gain (2-4) dB with 50Q input impedance.Biconical antenna was designed using CST Microwave Studio.

Omnidirectional oversized annular lens antenna with high gain for 5G millimeter‐wave channel measurement

AbstractA high gain oversized annular lens antenna for 28‐GHz band channel measurement system is presented. The proposed antenna is composed of an omnidirectional feeding source and an oversized annular lens. The feeding source is a compact multi‐stepped biconical antenna with a wide impedance bandwidth. By rotating a horizontally placed two‐dimensional extended hemispherical lens around the vertical axis, the oversized annular lens is realized, which effectively increases the vertical radiation aperture and maintains high aperture efficiency to enhance the omnidirectional gain. Under the same envelope, the proposed antenna features a higher gain than the biconical antenna and the ordinary annular lens antenna. A prototype is fabricated and measured. The measured results demonstrate that the ‐10‐dB impedance bandwidth is 20.7% (24‐29.6 GHz), with stable vertically polarized (VP) omnidirectional radiation patterns and gain over 10.3 dBi within the entire band of interest.