Bidirectional Data Communication Research Articles

Wirelessly Powered and Bi-Directional Data Communication System With Adaptive Conversion Chain for Multisite Biomedical Implants Over Single Inductive Link.

A wirelessly powered and data communication system is presented which is implemented as a full system, designed for multisite implanted biomedical applications. The system is capable of receiving wireless power and data communication for each implant separately, using inductive links with different resonance frequencies. To achieve this, dual-band coils are presented in the system. In addition, the system supports bi-directional half-duplex data communication, utilizing amplitude and load shift keying (ASK and LSK) modulation schemes over a single inductive link. The system employs a digitally assisted active rectifier and an automatic resonance tuning system, to improve the power transfer efficiency (PTE) through various coupling coefficients, while minimizing the reverse current and power dissipation. The power control unit enables closed-loop monitoring to prevent high or low power delivery, and it can detect inefficient or excessive wireless power transmission or prevent temperature elevation by limiting the voltage to a safe level. A new structure of self-sampling separated- Vb ASK demodulator is proposed in the paper which is utilized within the data conversion chain, serving both the external and implanted units. The whole system is fabricated using a standard 180-nm 1.8/3.3 V CMOS process with a core area of 0.82 mm[Formula: see text]. The system is tested with coupled multisite inductive links and offers the maximum overall PTE of 31.2%, from the Tx coil to the implant load.

The Fifth Bioelectronic Medicine Summit Hosted by the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research (Manhasset, NY) and Columbia Engineering (NY, NY) at The Garden City Hotel, Garden City, NY 11530 on October 11-12th, 2022- Bioelectronic Medicine: Today’s Tools, Tomorrow’s Therapies

The Fifth Bioelectronic Medicine Summit Hosted by the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research (Manhasset, NY) and Columbia Engineering (NY, NY) at The Garden City Hotel, Garden City, NY 11530 on October 11-12th, 2022- Bioelectronic Medicine: Today’s Tools, Tomorrow’s Therapies

An Implantable Optogenetic Neuro-Stimulator SoC With Extended Optical Pulse-Width Enabled by Supply-Variation-Immune Cycled Light-Toggling Stimulation.

The design, development, and experimental validation of an inductively-powered four-channel optical neuro-stimulator system on a chip (SoC) with on-chip neural recording, temperature monitoring, signal processing, and bidirectional wireless data communication are presented. A biologically-inspired optical stimulation approach is employed that extends the limitations on the stimulation pulse-width and frequency (i.e., enabling wirelessly-powered optical stimulation at very low frequencies (e.g., 10 Hz)) while significantly reducing the required on-device storage capacitor size. The biological efficacy of the proposed approach is validated and compared with conventional stimulation through in vitro experiments. The stimulator's energy efficiency is enhanced by employing a high-gain (850 A/A) current amplifier/driver in each channel that steers up to 10 mA into the optical source with an excellent linearity ( 0.5LSB), while 1) yielding the lowest-in-literature required voltage headroom, and 2) being insensitive to large (up to 12%) supply voltage drops, which is ideal for battery-less implantable devices. Additionally, to maximize the percentage of the generated optical power that reaches the targeted cells (thus, further energy efficiency enhancement), inkjet printing is utilized to fabricate custom-designed optical μlenses that are placed directly on top of the silicon SoC to enhance the generated light's directivity by > 30×. An electrophysiological recording channel for real-time monitoring of the stimulation efficacy and a high-precision (0.1 °C resolution) temperature readout circuit for shutting off stimulation upon detection of an unsafe temperature increase are also integrated on the chip. Additionally, the SoC hosts an ASK receiver and an LSK transmitter for downlink and uplink wireless data communication, respectively. The SoC is fabricated in a standard 130 nm CMOS process and occupies 6 mm 2. Measurement results for different sensory and communication blocks are presented, as well as in vitro experimental validation results showing simultaneous optical stimulation, electrical recording, and calcium imaging.

Smart System Using Lora Technology to Connect Rural Areas Underserved By Existing Internet and Telecommunication Technologies

LoRa, Sigfox, and Narrowband-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) are some of the long-distance, low-power wireless communication technologies developed in the recent past. The proposed system consists of mainly nodes and a gateway as the fundamental system architecture. Nodes only communicate with the gateway individually and the gateway communicates with all the nodes separately and wirelessly. System in this proposed study, uses long range low power RF wireless communication technique for primary data communication, where an Internet connection will not be required for the communication between the gateway and the nodes. Any number of nodes can be paired with the gateway, and the gateway can individually communicate with each and every node. Furthermore, gateways have the ability of storing real-time data. Due to its unique design, the proposed system in this study, can achieve addressable, bidirectional, and continuous data communication even without the Internet connection. The bidirectional communication design of this proposed system facilitates real time and uninterrupted simultaneous handling of monitoring/sensor devices and controller devices without the need of a separate controlling system. As this system consists of those unique features, it is recommended to use in the rural areas underserved by current internet and telecommunication technologies. With the in-built option to get connected to the Internet, this system can be further expanded to an IoT based addressable data communication, processing, and visualization systems by eliminating the major technical problems in typical IoT systems such as interrupted communication and data losses during an Internet connection failure, power concerns and customization issues.

Privacy-preserving statistical analysis over multi-dimensional aggregated data in edge computing-based smart grid systems

Smart grid systems enable bidirectional data communication between users and a smart grid control center (CC), by utilizing various communication infrastructures and embedded devices. To extract valuable information from users’ power consumption data efficiently, multi-dimensional data of users are required to be analyzed deeply. To protect users’ privacy, power consumption data are usually encrypted before transmission, which simultaneously makes it difficult to conduct statistical analysis. In this paper, we propose a scheme which enables privacy-preserving statistical analysis over multi-dimensional aggregated data (SA-MAD) in smart grid systems equipped with edge computing. We modify Boneh–Goh–Nissim (BGN) public key cryptosystem to a dual-message encryption mode, combining with two special superincreasing sequences to deal with multi-dimensional encrypted data aggregation. Besides, we design an identity-based aggregate signature to ensure encrypted data integrity in smart grid systems, and employ shamir secret sharing technique to support transmission fault-tolerance mechanism from smart meters to corresponding edge servers. SA-MAD enables CC to flexibly conduct privacy-preserving statistical analysis (e.g., sum, average, and variance) over aggregated data, and it could be easily extended to support covariance and linear regression computation. The performance evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of SA-MAD in edge computing-based smart grid systems.

A Mixed Reality Interface for a Digital Twin Based Crane

Digital twin technology empowers the digital transformation of the industrial world with an increasing amount of data, which meanwhile creates a challenging context for designing a human–machine interface (HMI) for operating machines. This work aims at creating an HMI for digital twin based services. With an industrial crane platform as a case study, we presented a mixed reality (MR) application running on a Microsoft HoloLens 1 device. The application, consisting of visualization, interaction, communication, and registration modules, allowed crane operators to both monitor the crane status and control its movement through interactive holograms and bi-directional data communication, with enhanced mobility thanks to spatial registration and tracking of the MR environment. The prototype was quantitatively evaluated regarding the control accuracy in 20 measurements following a step-by-step protocol that we defined to standardize the measurement procedure. The results suggested that the differences between the target and actual positions were within the 10 cm range in three dimensions, which were considered sufficiently small regarding the typical crane operation use case of logistics purposes and could be improved with the adoption of robust registration and tracking techniques in our future work.

Bi-Directional Data Communication using Visible Light Technology for Underwater Environment

ABSTRAK Pengembangan VLC (Visible Light Communication) dapat diimplementasikan ke dalam air. Pada penelitian ini dirancang sistem komunikasi menggunakan cahaya tampak untuk komunikasi dua arah di lingkungan bawah air. Sistem dirancang untuk mengirimkan sinyal digital dengan pengukuran jarak menggunakan filter warna. Terdapat dua link di bagian pemancar dan penerima. Untuk membedakan kedua link tersebut, data dari generator sinyal 3 kHz akan diaplikasikan pada link 1 dan data dari pembangkit sinyal 4 kHz akan diaplikasikan pada link 2. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, sistem menerima data secara optimal pada link 1 dengan jarak 50 cm dengan tegangan keluaran (Vout) 4,32 Vpp, dan frekuensi keluaran (fout) 3,121 kHz. Hasil pengukuran pada link 2 didapatkan tegangan keluaran sebesar 5,28 Vpp dan frekuensi keluaran (fout) sebesar 4,021 kHz. Pengukuran pada link 1 dengan filter warna biru didapatkan tegangan rata-rata sebesar 5,46 Vpp dan frekuensi keluaran (fout)) sebesar 3,136 kHz. Sedangkan pengukuran link 2 dengan filter warna merah didapatkan tegangan rata-rata 5,11 Vpp dan fout 4,054 kHz. Kata kunci: color filter, bidirectional, data, UVLC ABSTRACT The development of VLC (Visible Light Communication) can be implemented into underwater. In this research, we design a visible light communication system for two-way communication in the underwater environment. The system is designed to transmit digital signals with a distance measurement using a color filter. There are two links in transmitter and receiver part. To distinguish between those two links, data from the signal generator of 3 kHz will be applied on link 1 and data from the the signal generator of 4 kHz will be applied on link 2. The distance measurement system can receive the data optimally on link 1 with the distance of 50 cm, an output voltage (Vout) of 4.32 Vpp, and output frequency (fout) of 3.121 kHz. The result measurement on link 2 obtains an output voltage of 5.28 Vpp and output frequency of 4.021 kHz. The measurement on link 1 which applied the blue color filter obtains the average voltage of 5.46 Vpp and the output frequency (fout) of 3.136 kHz, while on link 2 which applied the red color filter obtains an average voltage of 5.11 Vpp and fout of 4.054 kHz. Keyword: color filter, bidirectional, data, UVLC

Wireless power and data transfer through carbon composite using a common inductive link

This paper presents the design and development of an integrated wireless power transfer and data communication system. The power and data transfer share a common inductive link that consists of two identical Helical coils placed on both sides of a carbon composite barrier. Power and data are transferred simultaneously through a 5-mm thick carbon composite barrier without any physical penetration or contact. Power transfer measurements show that the system can deliver 9.7 AC power to the receiving coil with a power transfer efficiency of 36% through the carbon composite barrier. The system achieves a bidirectional half-duplex data communication with the data rate of unit 1.2kbit/s.

Optimal frequency reuse scheme based on cuckoo search algorithm in Li‐Fi fifth‐generation bidirectional communication

Huge demand for bandwidth and capacity is exhibited by various wireless users and applications, for that purpose now the light-fidelity (Li-Fi)-based technologies are developing. In visible light communication, the hybrid networks based on Wi-Fi and Li-Fi has emerged recently. It is based on the concept of integrating small cell Li-Fi networks with large coverage radio frequency (RF) communication systems. For bidirectional data communication, the access links use shared bandwidth since the link of wireless backhaul invokes in the visible light spectrum. Due to the RF spectrum shortage, the bandwidth of Wi-Fi access point (AP) and the coverage of Li-Fi AP are limited in the outdoor environment. To tackle this issue, the authors propose a swarm intelligence-based improved cuckoo search into the frequency reuse of a hybrid Wi-Fi–Li-Fi network in the outdoor environment. The proposed approach employed bidirectional visible light propagation with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) which is an effective approach towards fifth-generation wireless networks. The NOMA can help various users at the same time with the same frequency and multiple power levels. The system throughput and spectral efficiency are improved with dynamic frequency reuse scheme. The simulation results are compared with conventional techniques to show its effectiveness.

Wireless Power and Data Transmission System of Submarine Cable-Inspecting Robot Fish and Its Time-Sharing Multiplexing Method

In this paper, a hybrid system topology with one-way wireless charging function and the function of the bi-directional data communication is proposed for the problem of electric energy replenishment and data transmission faced by robot fish in the implementation of autonomous submarine cable inspection. Three working modes of the system and the time-sharing multiplexing method are studied. In the power transmission mode, high-efficiency wireless charging is realized by utilizing the transmission characteristics of a series–series (SS)-type resonant network which involves series resonant networks in both the primary side and the secondary side. In the alignment detection and handshake communication mode, the charging platform distance recognition and the handshake signal transmission are implemented through a series–parallel (SP)-type resonant network based on the ASK (amplitude shift keying) modulation method. In the high-speed data transmission mode, the reverse (secondary to primary) high-speed transmission of the inspection data is achieved through a SP-type resonant network based on the OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) modulation method. The three modes share the same coupled coils via a reconfigurable resonant network. The working principle of the system is expounded, the system characteristics under each working mode are analyzed, and the time-division multiplexing control strategy is given. The rationality and effectiveness of the scheme are verified by experiments.

Simultaneous Wireless Power and Bidirectional Information Transmission With a Single-Coil, Dual-Resonant Structure

Simultaneous wireless power and information transmission constitute an essential topic in the area of wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. In this paper, a dual-channel transmission model is constructed for integrating bidirectional data communication into a WPT system based on a single-coil, dual-resonant structure. Formulas for the Q value at the energy transmission channel, the bandwidth at the signal transmission channel, and the bidirectional crosstalk between the energy and signal transmission channels are deduced. The design methods for circuit parameters are analyzed with the aim of balancing the transmission power, signal transmission bandwidth, and crosstalk. Additionally, bidirectional communication transmission abilities with different coil misalignments are analyzed. Finally, three sets of different simulation models and an experimental platform are constructed to verify the proposed circuit design method and to implement an experimental system that transfers 354 W and 19.2 kbps with an air gap of 100 cm.

228-Spatial-Channel Bi-Directional Data Communication System Enabled by 39-Core 3-Mode Fiber

We demonstrated simultaneous usage of 228 spatial channels (effectively) within a strand of fiber. We fabricated a 13-km 39-core 3-mode fiber and constructed a bi-directional space division multiplexing (SDM) transmission setup by using cascaded spatial multiplexers on both fiber ends. Aggregated intercore crosstalk and return loss of the system were below -35 and above 31 dB, respectively, over the C and L bands. The feasibility of using bi-directional SDM transmission was investigated using 10 GBaud, 37.38-Gb/s dual-polarization QPSK signals at 1550 nm and coherent detection with a 6 × 6 multi-input-multi-output equalizer. Excellent transmission properties were obtained for most spatial channels.

An Analysis of the Systematic Error of a Remote Method for a Wattmeter Adjustment Gain Estimation in Smart Grids

Smart energy meters supporting bidirectional data communication enable novel remote error monitoring applications. This research targets characterization of the systematic worst-case error of the previously published remote watthour meter’s gain estimation method based on the comparison of synchronous measurements by the reference and meter under test. To achieve the research aim a methodology based on global maximization of the systematic error objective function assuming the typical low voltage electrical distribution network operation parameters ranges as defined by the standard recommendations for network design. To cross verify the reliability of the assessed solutions the suggested error analysis methodology was implemented utilizing two stochastic global extremum search techniques (genetic algorithms, pattern search) and the third one utilizing nonlinear programming solver. It was determined that the wattmeter adjustment gain worst-case error does not exceed 0.5% if the remote wattmeter monitored load power factor is larger than 0.1 and a network is designed according to the recommendation of the acceptable voltage drop less than 5%. For a load exhibiting power factor larger than cos φ = 0.9 the worst-case error was found to be less than 0.1%. It is concluded therefore that considering the systematic worst-case error the previously suggested remote wattmeter adjustment gain estimation method is suitable for remote error monitoring of Class 2 and Class 1 wattmeters.

A Bidirectional Neuromodulation Technology for Nerve Recording and Stimulation.

Electrical nerve recording and stimulation technologies are critically needed to monitor and modulate nerve activity to treat a variety of neurological diseases. However, current neuromodulation technologies presented in the literature or commercially available products cannot support simultaneous recording and stimulation on the same nerve. To solve this problem, a new bidirectional neuromodulation system-on-chip (SoC) is proposed in this paper, which includes a frequency-shaping neural recorder and a fully integrated neural stimulator with charge balancing capability. In addition, auxiliary circuits consisting of power management and data transmission circuits are designed to provide the necessary power supply for the SoC and the bidirectional data communication between the SoC and an external computer via a universal serial bus (USB) interface, respectively. To achieve sufficient low input noise for sensing nerve activity at a sub-10 V range, several noise reduction techniques are developed in the neural recorder. The designed SoC was fabricated in a 0.18 m high-voltage Bipolar CMOS DMOS (BCD) process technology that was described in a previous publication and it has been recently tested in animal experiments that demonstrate the proposed SoC is capable of achieving reliable and simultaneous electrical stimulation and recording on the same nerve.

Maximizing Data Transmission Rate for Implantable Devices Over a Single Inductive Link: Methodological Review

Due to the constantly growing geriatric population and the projected increase of the prevalence of chronic diseases that are refractory to drugs, implantable medical devices (IMDs) such as neurostimulators, endoscopic capsules, artificial retinal prostheses, and brain-machine interfaces are being developed. According to many business forecast firms, the IMD market is expected to grow and they are subject to much research aiming to overcome the numerous challenges of their development. One of these challenges consists of designing a wireless power and data transmission system that has high power efficiency, high data rates, low power consumption, and high robustness against noise. This is in addition to minimal design and implementation complexity. This manuscript concerns a comprehensive survey of the latest techniques used to power up and communicate between an external base station and an IMD. Patient safety considerations related to biological, physical, electromagnetic, and electromagnetic interference concerns for wireless IMDs are also explored. The simultaneous powering and data communication techniques using a single inductive link for both power transfer and bidirectional data communication, including the various data modulation/demodulation techniques, are also reviewed. This review will hopefully contribute to the persistent efforts to implement compact reliable IMDs while lowering their cost and upsurging their benefits.

A review of STEP-NC compliant CNC systems and possibilities of closed loop manufacturing

A new programming interface, ISO14649, named STEP-NC, has been introduced recently to overcome the drawbacks of the conventional CNC system. Enhanced machining flexibility, interoperability, and adaptability are the key features of this new programming strategy. STEP-NC technology is based on object-oriented concepts and considers machining processes rather than tool motions as in ISO 6983 for machine tool operation. As such, high level machining features and machining parameters are transferred to the CNC controller, which are eventually used for generating axis movements and other operations. The bidirectional data communication facility of this new strategy enables last minute shop floor level modifications of machining operations at the controller level and establishes a communication pathway to feed major modifications, if required, back to the CAD level as well. Accordingly, the new programming interface allows seamless integration in the CAD/CAM/CNC chain and paves the way for Closed Loop Manufacturing facilities. Most CNC controller vendors have not released STEP-NC compliant controllers yet. Therefore, researchers are developing Open Architecture Control systems to execute STEP-NC and operate CNC machines. This paper reviews research and development of STEP-NC controllers in the last decade and the capabilities of Closed Loop Manufacturing with STEP-NC based systems.

Wireless opto-electro neural interface for experiments with small freely behaving animals

Objective. We have developed a wireless opto-electro interface (WOENI) device, which combines electrocorticogram (ECoG) recording and optical stimulation for bi-directional neuromodulation on small, freely behaving animals, such as rodents. Approach. The device is comprised of two components, a detachable headstage and an implantable polyimide-based substrate. The headstage establishes a bluetooth low energy (BLE) bi-directional data communication with an external custom-designed USB dongle for receiving user commands and optogenetic stimulation patterns, and sending digitalized ECoG data. Main results. The functionality and stability of the device were evaluated in vivo on freely behaving rats. When the animal received optical stimulation on the primary visual cortex (V1) and visual stimulation via eyes, spontaneous changes in ECoG signals were recorded from both left and right V1 during four consecutive experiments with 7 d intervals over a time span of 21 d following device implantation. Immunostained tissue analyses showed results consistent with ECoG analyses, validating the efficacy of optical stimulation to upregulate the activity of cortical neurons expressing ChR2. Significance. The proposed WOENI device is potentially a versatile tool in the studies that involve long-term optogenetic neuromodulation.

AREP: An asymmetric link-based reverse routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks

Routing protocol design is one of the fundamental requirements of Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs). However, traditional underwater routing protocols focus on the particularities of underwater environment, while ignoring the features of underwater nodes that influence route establishment. In this study, the impact of the directional beam width of underwater nodes on communication links was fully explored. The presented case studies indicate that for fixed beam width of directional antennas, the relative position change of two geographically adjacent nodes is prone to generate asymmetric links. To ensure bidirectional data communication between source nodes and destination nodes, an asymmetric link-based reverse routing (AREP) is proposed. In AREP, each node maintains a neighbor table in which items are used to analyze the link state. Routing paths are established by prioritizing the utilization of symmetric links. When an asymmetric link is required to be introduced into a routing path, a three-hop-constrained circuitous route will be established for ease of reverse routing search. The routing void problem is addressed in AREP through eliminating void nodes. A routing update is periodically conducted to dynamically adjust previous routing paths to the change of network topology caused by node mobility. Simulation results demonstrated that AREP improves network performance in terms of transmission delay, packet delivery ratio, as well as energy consumption.

A wirelessly-powered homecage with animal behavior analysis and closed-loop power control.

This paper presents a new EnerCage-homecage system, EnerCage-HC2, for longitudinal electrophysiology data acquisition experiments on small freely moving animal subjects, such as rodents. EnerCage-HC2 is equipped with multi-coil wireless power transmission (WPT), closed-loop power control, bidirectional data communication via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), and Microsoft Kinect® based animal behavior tracking and analysis. The EnerCage-HC2 achieves a homogeneous power transfer efficiency (PTE) of 14% on average, with ~42 mW power delivered to the load (PDL) at a nominal height of 7 cm by the closed-loop power control mechanism. The Microsoft Kinect® behavioral analysis algorithm can not only track the animal position in real-time but also classify 5 different types of rodent behaviors: standstill, walking, grooming, rearing, and rotating. A proof-of-concept in vivo experiment was conducted on two awake freely behaving rats while successfully operating a one-channel stimulator and generating an ethogram.

PEMBUATAN APLIKASI AUDIENCE RESPONSE SYSTEM BERBASIS WEB DAN ANDROID

Audience Response Systems are widely used in various events as a media to gather information, to collect data, and to know the opinions of the general public towards particular issues, topics, news. Audience Response System can also be used to find out the client or customer satisfaction to the quality of products or services. Unfortunately most of the audience response systems that exist today are in the form of a physical (or remote) device which is severely limited in use. Along with the development of technology, almost all people have a smartphone to support their daily activities. The physical remote device called a clicker can be replaced with an application or program that can be installed on smartphones, while the polls are created through the website. In this research, the Audience response system was built using Node.js, PhoneGap platform, and the WebSocket Socket.IO as Javascript library to support bi-directional data communications. Based on testing result, this application can run properly all the functionalities that have been mentioned such as login to the system, create a poll, join a poll, and give a vote. The realiability of the system is 93%..