Children Beverage Research Articles

Understanding Factors that Influence Parents' Provision of Beverages to Their Children: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis.

Understand parental perceptions of beverages and factors influencing the beverage choices they make for their children. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL. Included studies contained qualitative data examining parents' perceptions of beverages or factors that influence their child's beverage consumption, were conducted in the United States between 2000 and 2022, written in English, and enrolled parents of children aged 18years or younger. Authors, titles, study aims, methods, qualitative results, and representative quotations were extracted using Covidence. Qualitative findings were independently coded by two coders. Codes were compared and discrepancies resolved through discussion with a third team member. Themes and sub-themes were identified, and representative quotations selected. 13 studies met inclusion criteria. Five major themes emerged: 1) factors that influence parents' provision of beverages to their children, 2) parents' concerns about sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), 3) barriers to limiting children's SSB consumption, 4) strategies to lower children's SSB consumption, and 5) parents' perceptions of beverage healthfulness. Though most parents are aware of unfavorable health effects of frequent SSB intake, environmental and sociocultural factors pose barriers to limiting their child's SSB consumption. Changes to policy and the food environment are needed to initiate and sustain reductions in SSB intake, along with continued nutrition education efforts.

Comparison of Caries Activity of Some Children's Beverages Inoculated with Streptococcus mutans

Comparison of Caries Activity of Some Children's Beverages Inoculated with <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>

Comparison of Caries Activity of Some Children's Beverages Inoculated with Streptococcus mutans

Comparison of Caries Activity of Some Children's Beverages Inoculated with <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>

P17-039-23 Global, Regional, and National Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages in Children and Adolescents Between 1990 and 2018: New Findings From the Global Dietary Database

P17-039-23 Global, Regional, and National Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages in Children and Adolescents Between 1990 and 2018: New Findings From the Global Dietary Database

Prevalence of Obesity in the Under-Fives and Its Association with Marketed Foods and Beverages for Children and Anxiety in Mothers

Prevalence of Obesity in the Under-Fives and Its Association with Marketed Foods and Beverages for Children and Anxiety in Mothers

The color change effect of children's beverages on preheated polyacid-modified composite resins

AimColor stability is crucial to the esthetic success of restorative materials. The research carried out on the development of restorative materials, especially the preheating process to resins draws attention due to some advantages. The purpose of the research was to examine the effect of preheated polyacid-modified composite resins of children's beverages on color stability in vitro.Materials and methodsThe discs were prepared from A2-colored polyacid-modified composite resin material preheated at four different temperatures (4, 23, 39, and 55°C). The discs were kept in distilled water, cola, cherry juice, and chocolate milk. The data obtained by calculating the color changes were statistically evaluated using a two-way robust analysis of variance.ResultsNo significant color change was observed in the chocolate milk group compared to the distilled water group at all preheating temperatures on the working period. In the cola group, a similar color change was observed for up to 60 days at pretemperature values of 39 and 55°C, and up to 30 days at temperatures of 4 and 23°C.ConclusionIt should be considered that the preheating process may be beneficial for the longevity of the color stability of restorations, and that different beverage groups may have different effects.

Black Parents' Perceptions and Barriers to Limiting Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Among Young Children: A Social Cognitive Theory Application.

Introduction: Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are a major contributor to obesity among young children 0 to 5 years of age. In addition, parental beverage intake influences children's beverage intake. Objective: This study explores Black parents' perceptions about and barriers to limiting SSBs among young children. Methods: Twenty-seven Black parents participated in six focus groups conducted across the state of Georgia. Questions grounded in Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) assessed perceived health impacts of SSBs and water consumption, influences of beverage choices, barriers to limiting SSB intake, and resources needed to overcome barriers. Before the focus group sessions, participants completed a demographic survey. Quantitative data were analyzed using R statistical software. Focus group sessions were analyzed using NVivo. Results: Family and cultural norms, price, taste, flavor, water safety, tantrums, and product placement at grocery stores primarily influenced beverage choice and consumption. Restaurant refills, price, lack of confidence, advertisements, cravings, tantrums, and budget were perceived barriers to drinking more water and fewer SSBs daily. Resources Black parents noted would help in promoting and serving healthy beverages to their young children included education on beverage recommendations, training on how to read nutrition labels, healthy alternatives, and the presence of support systems. Conclusion: Findings from this study will inform interventions to reduce SSB intake among Black families with young children.

Perceptions of tap water associated with low-income Michigan mothers' and young children's beverage intake.

To quantify perceptions of tap water among low-income mothers with young children residing in Michigan and examine associations between perceptions of tap water, mothers' and young children's beverage intake, and mothers' infant feeding practices. Cross-sectional study. Online survey. Medicaid-insured individuals who had given birth at a large Midwestern US hospital between fall 2016 and fall 2020 were invited by email to complete a survey in winter 2020 (N 3881); 15·6 % (N 606) completed eligibility screening, 550 (90·8 %) were eligible to participate, and 500 (90·9 %) provided valid survey data regarding perceptions of tap water, self and child beverage intake, and infant feeding practices. Two-thirds (66·2 %) of mothers reported that their home tap water was safe to drink without a filter, while 21·6 % were unsure about the safety of their home tap water. Mothers' perceptions of their home tap water were associated with their own tap and bottled water intake and their young children's tap water and bottled water intake. Mothers with more negative perceptions of tap water in general, independent of their perceptions about their home tap water, consumed more bottled water and sugar-sweetened beverages, and their young children drank bottled water and fruit drinks more frequently. Few associations were observed between mothers' perceptions of tap water and infant feeding practices. Uncertainty about tap water safety and negative perceptions of tap water are common among low-income Michigan mothers. These beliefs may contribute to less healthful and more costly beverage intake among mothers and their young children.

Effects of Caffeine and Caffeinated Beverages in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults: Short Review.

The prevalence of ED consumption has increased over the past 10–15 years. Studies describing the effects of caffeine and caffeinated beverages show confusing results, so it seems important to regularly summarize the available facts, and in more detail. By a thorough analysis of more than 156 scientific papers, the authors describe the molecular background of absorption, as well as the positive and negative effects of different dosages of caffeine, just like its effects in physical activity and performance. ED and EDwA consumption is a regular habit of not only adults, but nowadays even of children and adolescents. There are no safe dosages described of caffeine or ED consumption for children. There are no positive short- or long-term effects of these compounds/products concerning developing brain functions, psycho-motor functions, or social development. Instead, there are many unpleasant side effects, and symptoms of regular or higher-dose ED consumption, especially at younger ages. This mini review describes many details of these unpleasant side effects, their severity, and motivations for consuming these compounds/products. In a quantitative research in Hungary (10–26 years, mean age: 15.6 ± 3.8 y, 1459 subjects, randomly chosen population), a survey based on a questionnaire asking people about their ED consumption habits was conducted. According to the data, 81.8% of the participants consumed EDs at least once, and 63.3% tried several products of the kind. A positive correlation was found between age and consumption (p < 0.001). The results show that a high proportion of this group often consumed EDwA, in many cases leading to harmful side-effects of caffeine overdose. In a sample of Hungarian high school and college students (17–26 years), ED consumption matched the international data, and only 19.7% of respondents did not use EDs at all (had never tasted an ED in their life).

P64 Tap Water Safety and Connection to the Flint Water Crisis Associated with Beverage Intake Among Low-Income Michigan Families

<h3>Background</h3> Many Michigan communities have experienced threats to the safety of their tap water; the most well-known being the Flint Water Crisis. Little is known about how Michigan families perceive tap water and the extent to which beliefs about tap water safety influence beverage intake. <h3>Objective</h3> To identify perceptions of tap water safety among low-income mothers residing in Michigan and examine associations between these perceptions, mothers' beverage intake, infant feeding practices, and young children's beverage intake. <h3>Study Design, Settings, Participant</h3> In fall 2020, 3,881 low-income women who had given birth at the University of Michigan hospital between fall 2016 and fall 2020 were invited to complete a one-time online survey. Sixteen percent of women responded; 13% (N = 503) were eligible to participate and provided valid data. <h3>Measurable Outcome/Analysis</h3> Bivariate analyses and multivariable regression were used to examine associations between perceptions of tap water safety and mother-reported self and child beverage intake. <h3>Results</h3> Eleven percent of mothers reported that their tap water is unsafe to drink and 22% were unsure if their water is safe to drink. Negative perceptions of home tap water and tap water in general were associated with greater consumption of bottled water, using bottled water (vs tap) to make infant formula, and young children's bottled water intake. Mothers with friends or family in Flint during the Flint Water Crisis also drank more bottled water and gave their children bottled water more often than mothers without. Mothers' negative perceptions of tap water in general were associated with greater sugar-sweetened beverage intake among mothers and young children. On average, mothers spent $27/month on bottled water. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Distrust of tap water is common among low-income Michigan mothers. This distrust creates an economic and health burden due to reliance on bottled water and may increase socioeconomic inequalities in nutrition. Community-based interventions that improve trust and increase knowledge of tap water safety among low-income women are needed.

A Systematic Review of the Recent Consumption Levels of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages in Children and Adolescents From the World Health Organization Regions With High Dietary-Related Burden of Disease.

This review aimed to investigate national estimates of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption in children and adolescents aged two to 18 years, from countries in regions particularly burdened by dietary-related chronic illnesses. The most recent studies or reports from included countries (n = 73) with national-level consumption data of SSBs in children and adolescents, collected between January 2010 and October 2019, were considered for inclusion. A random effects meta-analysis was used to calculate pooled estimates of the mean consumption of SSB in millimeters per day. Heterogeneity between national estimates was assessed using the I2 statistic and explored via subgroup analyses by the World Health Organization region, age groups, and country-level income. Forty-eight studies were included in the review reporting national estimates of consumption for 51 countries. The highest estimate of daily consumption was in China at 710.0 mL (95% confidence interval (CI) [698.8, 721.2], while the lowest was in Australia at 115.1 mL (95% CI [111.2, 119.1]). Pooled synthesis of daily SSB consumption of the 51 countries was 326.0 mL (95% CI [288.3, 363.8]), although heterogeneity was high, and was not explained by subgroup analyses. While there is considerable variability between countries, intake of SSB remains high among children and adolescents internationally underscoring the need for public health efforts to reduce SSBs consumption.

Optical detection of the potential for tooth discoloration from children's beverages by quantitative light-induced fluorescence technology.

Some beverages are known to cause extrinsic staining on the tooth. This study investigated the degree of pigmentation caused by children's acidic beverages, and to confirm the possibility of the quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technology in assessing staining of the tooth. Bovine tooth specimens were subjected to an 8-day pH-cycling model, using six children's beverages (experimental groups) and a cola (control group), and a remineralizing solution. Before and after the pH-cycling, white-light and fluorescence images of the enamel surface were photographed with a QLF to evaluate color change (ΔEafter) and fluorescence loss (ΔFafter), respectively. Paired t-test was used to compare the tooth colors obtained before and after the pH-cycling. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to examine the correlation between the ΔEafter and ΔFafter values. Median ΔEafter values of all the beverages ranged from 1.33 to 20.42, showing the greatest value in Koal-Koal Koala™ (KKK, p < 0.001). The ΔEafter was correlated with ΔFafter value negatively (ρ=-0.611, p < 0.001). The median ΔFafter varied by beverages (-38.86-0.00) and KKK caused the greatest value. The cola and 6 children's beverages showed the possibility for discoloration on the tooth. The QLF technology may enable monitoring the discoloration induced on the tooth surface by acidic beverage.

Associations of mothers' source of feeding information with longitudinal trajectories of sugar-sweetened beverage intake, 100% juice intake and adiposity in early childhood.

There remains a need to understand how information sources can promote young children's healthy beverage consumption and prevent obesity. To examine associations of mothers' primary feeding information source with children's sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake, 100% juice intake and adiposity between ages 3 and 7 years. We analyzed data from a prospective cohort study (n = 371 children; 13 visits). Mothers reported their primary feeding information source at baseline and completed child 3-day dietary records each visit. Child adiposity indicators were calculated from repeated height/weight measurements and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Longitudinal models examined beverage intakes and adiposity over time by source. Primary feeding information sources included doctors (48.2%), mothers (17.5%), grandmothers (13.5%), other healthcare professionals (11.3%) and other family/friends (9.4%). Children's juice intake with age differed by source (P interaction = 0.03), with steepest and slightest intake decreases in the doctor (-19.7% each year; 95% CI: -23.7%, -15.5%) and grandmother (-5.0%; -14.5%, 5.5%) subgroups, respectively. Children's SSB intake did not differ by source, but increased annually by 7.1% (4.5%, 9.8%) overall. The grandmother subgroup had the greatest child adiposity over time. Mothers' primary feeding information source may have important, yet heterogeneous, influences on young children's beverage intakes and adiposity over time. Consistent evidence-based messages are likely needed.

Effects of a multipronged beverage intervention on young children's beverage intake and weight: a cluster-randomized pilot study.

To evaluate whether a multipronged pilot intervention promoting healthier beverage consumption improved at-home beverage consumption and weight status among young children. In this exploratory pilot study, we randomly assigned four childcare centres to a control (delayed-intervention) condition or a 12-week intervention that promoted consumption of healthier beverages (water, unsweetened low- or non-fat milk) and discouraged consumption of less-healthy beverages (juice, sugar-sweetened beverages, high-fat or sweetened milk). The multipronged intervention was delivered via childcare centres; simultaneously targeted children, parents and childcare staff; and included environmental changes, policies and education. Outcomes were measured at baseline and immediately post-intervention and included children's (n 154) at-home beverage consumption (assessed via parental report) and overweight/obese status (assessed via objectively measured height and weight). We estimated intervention impact using difference-in-differences models controlling for children's demographics and classroom. Two northern California cities, USA, 2013-2014. Children aged 2-5 years and their parents. Relative to control group children, intervention group children reduced their consumption of less-healthy beverages from baseline to follow-up by 5·9 ounces/d (95 % CI -11·2, -0·6) (-174·5 ml/d; 95 % CI -331·2, -17·7) and increased their consumption of healthier beverages by 3·5 ounces/d (95 % CI -2·6, 9·5) (103·5 ml/d; 95 % CI -76·9, 280·9). Children's likelihood of being overweight decreased by 3 percentage points (pp) in the intervention group and increased by 3 pp in the control group (difference-in-differences: -6 pp; 95 % CI -15, 3). Our exploratory pilot study suggests that interventions focused comprehensively on encouraging healthier beverage consumption could improve children's beverage intake and weight. Findings should be confirmed in longer, larger studies.

Assessing the relationship between water and nutrition knowledge and beverage consumption habits in children.

To examine the relationship between knowledge and beverage consumption habits among children. Cross-sectional analysis. Linear regression was used to identify sociodemographic, dietary and behavioural determinants of beverage consumption and knowledge, and to describe the relationships between children's knowledge and water and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption. Seventeen elementary schools in London, Ontario, Canada. A total of 1049 children aged 8-14 years. Knowledge scores were low overall. Children with higher knowledge scores consumed significantly fewer SSB (β = -0·33; 95 % CI -0·49, -0·18; P < 0·0001) and significantly more water (β = 0·34; 95 % CI 0·16, 0·52; P = 0·0002). More frequent refillable water bottle use, lower junk food consumption, lower fruit and vegetable consumption, female sex, higher parental education, two-parent households and not participating in a milk programme were associated with a higher water consumption. Male sex, higher junk food consumption, single-parent households, lower parental education, participating in a milk programme, less frequent refillable water bottle use and permission to leave school grounds at lunchtime were associated with a higher SSB consumption. Water was the most frequently consumed beverage; however, 79 % of respondents reported consuming an SSB at least once daily and 50 % reported consuming an SSB three or more times daily. Elementary-school children have relatively low nutrition and water knowledge and consume high proportions of SSB. Higher knowledge is associated with increased water consumption and reduced SSB consumption. Interventions to increase knowledge may be effective at improving children's beverage consumption habits.

Recent progress in children's meals law in restaurants in Baltimore City and California State: Making a healthy beverage option the default choice

In July 2018, Baltimore became the largest US city to prohibit restaurants from including sugar-sweetened beverages on kids' menus. In September 2018, California made history by becoming the first US state to require either water or milk as the default beverage with children's meals at all restaurants. Supporters of children's meals laws view them as helping to change the culture of health on beverage preferences and subtly influencing the choices of patrons. Using subtle methods of influencing children's beverage choices at restaurants, or nudges, will not on its own eradicate childhood obesity. However, the law aims to make healthier choices easier options and to influence people's choices in predictable ways without restricting their options. Evidence from a wide range of fields shows that people tend to stick with defaults and that setting beneficial defaults has high rates of acceptability. The laws in Baltimore and California, along with the other jurisdictions that have passed similar legislation, reflect a growing understanding – among restaurant owners, community members and policymakers alike – of the importance of feeding children healthy meals. They also signal that making healthier beverages the default option on children's menus is gaining strength in the US. Cities and states across the country should consider enacting similar laws as part of a greater public health initiative to combat the childhood obesity epidemic.

Children's healthy and unhealthy beverage availability, purchase and consumption: A wearable camera study

Children's sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumption presents significant risks for obesity, type 2 diabetes and dental health. But there is a lack of objective data on beverages in children's overall environments. This study aimed to determine the nature and extent of children's beverage availability, purchase and consumption, throughout their day, using wearable cameras for data collection.Data were sourced from ‘Kids’Cam NZ′, a study in which randomly-selected New Zealand children (n = 168; 11-14y, mean 12.6y) wore cameras for four days (Thursday-Sunday), automatically taking a photo every 7s. Using content analysis, Thursday and Saturday images (n = 700,201) were systematically analysed.On average, 18.9 (95% CI 16.8, 21.4) drinks/day were available to the children (n = 158), of which 7.5 (95% CI 5.8, 9.7; 39.7%) were non-core drinks, including 6.4 (95% CI 5.0, 8.3; 33.9%) SSBs. At school and home, core drinks (water and unflavoured milk) were the most available. In all other locations in which children spent time (e.g., recreation venues and food retail outlets) non-core drinks dominated, at rates 1.5–5 times that of core drinks availability. Almost all drinks (n = 17; 10.8%) the children purchased were non-core. On average, children (n = 111; 70.3%) consumed a drink 2.6 (95% CI 2.1, 3.1) times/day, including one (95% CI 0.7, 1.3) SSB.At school and home core drinks predominated. SSBs were available to most children in all locations in which they spent time, and dominated their drinks purchases and consumption. SSBs appear to be a typical feature of children's everyday environments, almost certainly making it difficult for children's beverage intakes to align with guidelines. The findings support calls for governments to urgently enact the SSB-related actions in the WHO Commission's Ending Childhood Obesity implementation plan and, in turn, improve child health.

The relationship between socioeconomic status and beverage consumption in children: The Cuenca Study.

beverage consumption constitutes a source of children's daily energy intake. Some authors have suggested that consumption of caloric beverages is higher in children with a low socioeconomic position because families limit their spending on healthy food in order to save money. the aim of this study was to explore the relationship between socioeconomic status and Spanish children's beverage consumption. a cross-sectional study was conducted in a sub-sample of 182 children (74 girls) aged 9-11 from the province of Cuenca (Spain). Beverage consumption was assessed using the YANA-C assessment tool, validated for HELENA study. Data for parental socioeconomic status were gathered by using self-reported occupation and education questions answered by parents and classified according to the scale proposed by the Spanish Society of Epidemiology. beverage intake was higher in children belonging to a middle-status family than in those of upper socioeconomic status (p = 0.037). The energy from beverages was similar in most water intake categories, except for water from beverages (p = 0.046). Regarding other beverages categories, middle-status children had higher consumption levels. In contrast, lower status children drank more fruit juices and skimmed milk. All of these do not show statistically significant differences. our study did not find significant associations between beverages consumption and socioeconomic status in children. In fact, intake for most beverage categories was higher in middle-status children than in both other socioeconomic groups. Future research is needed in order to identify this complex relation between socioeconomic inequality and beverage intake behavior.

Evaluation of Changes in Salivary pH after Intake of Different Eatables and Beverages in Children at Different Time Intervals.

IntroductionDissolution of the enamel in the form of erosion has increased due to shift in eating habits toward carbonated drinks like soft drink and chocolates.AimThe purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the salivary pH after intake of different eatables and beverages in children at different time intervals.Study designUsing standard salivary tests, this study was conducted as a case-control study. Fifty children between ages of 8 and 12 years having strict vegetarian diet were included in the study.Materials and methodsOral prophylaxis was done and salivary buffer capacity for stimulated saliva was measured. Before the saliva collection, each of the children was informed not to eat or drink anything for up to 2 hours just before the appointment.ResultsOn pairwise evaluation, all the differences were found to be significant statistically except between baseline vs 30 minutes. Maximum mean difference was calculated and observed between baseline and immediately after intake of fruit juice and immediate after 30 minutes, 0.953 and 0.963 respectively, while minimum difference was calculated and observed between baseline and 30 minutes after intake of fruit juice (0.010).ConclusionMaximum drop was seen in cold drink when compared with fruit juice. The maximum pH increase was observed in cream biscuits with 7.63 ± 0.20. It was observed that in all the groups, the pH gradually got back to near normal levels due to the buffering mechanism of saliva.How to cite this article: Pachori A, Kambalimath H, Maran S, Niranjan B, Bhambhani G, Malhotra G. Evaluation of Changes in Salivary pH after Intake of Different Eatables and Beverages in Children at Different Time Intervals. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(3):177-182.

A mHealth randomized controlled trial to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage intake in preschool-aged children.

Sugar-sweetened beverages and maternal weight are strong drivers of child obesity, but few studies have targeted these risk factors as an obesity prevention strategy in children. The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of a smartphone-delivered intervention to reduce parent-provided sugar-sweetened beverage and juice (SSB/juice) consumption among children ages 3-5 and maternal weight. Mothers with overweight or obesity, who had a child ages 3-5 that consumed at least 12fl. oz./day of SSB/juice (N=51 dyads) were randomized to the Smart Moms group that received one group session, lessons on a mobile website, and text messages, or to a waitlist control group. Mothers self-monitored their children's beverages in addition to their own beverages, high-calorie foods, and weight. Assessments at baseline, 3, and 6months included dietary recalls to measure SSB/juice intake and objectively measured maternal weight. Using linear mixed models controlling for baseline values, child age and race, there was a greater reduction in child SSB/juice in Smart Moms compared with control at 6months (-9.7oz./day vs. 1.7oz./day, p<.01). Mothers in Smart Moms lost 2.4kg at 6months compared with a 0.9-kg gain in the control group (p<.01). An intervention delivered using mHealth technologies can target mothers to change child dietary behaviours and improve maternal weight, which suggests a novel approach to family-based obesity prevention.