Between-individual Level Research Articles

The Interplay between nighttime/midday sleep duration and the number of new-onset chronic diseases: A decade-long prospective study in China

ObjectiveTo investigate the interplay between individual nighttime and midday sleep duration and the number of new-onset chronic diseases and determine the optimal sleep duration associated with lowest number of new-onset chronic diseases. MethodsWe used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) covering a decade and involving 10,828 participants. A random intercept cross-lagged model was used to explore the interplay between nighttime/midday sleep durations and new-onset chronic diseases at both the within-individual and between-individual levels, followed by a dose–response analysis at the between-individual level to determine the optimal sleep duration. New-onset chronic diseases include 14 types of self-reported diseases diagnosed by doctors. ResultsWithin-individual analysis revealed that increased nighttime/midday sleep duration led to a higher number of new-onset chronic diseases, and an increased number of new-onset chronic diseases resulted in decreased nighttime sleep duration. Between nighttime and midday sleep, one type of sleep duration increase was likely to lead to an increase in another type. Between-individual analysis found a nonlinear relationship between the number of new-onset chronic diseases and nighttime sleep duration, identifying the optimal nighttime sleep duration as 7.46 h. ConclusionsThese findings elucidate the interplay between sleep duration and number of new-onset chronic diseases and underscore the need for public awareness and comprehensive interventions. Future studies should focus on refining sleep monitoring and exploring the sleep–chronic diseases nexus in greater depth.

Gender-Sexuality Alliance Experiences and LGBTQ+ Inclusive School Policies and Practices Predict Youth's School Belonging.

Gender-Sexuality Alliances (GSAs) and inclusive school policies and practices that affirm youth with minoritized sexual orientations or gender identities (e.g., lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer youth; LGBTQ+ youth) are two sources of support for LGBTQ+ youth that could promote school belonging. The current study tested a three-level multilevel model in which youth's GSA experiences and the degree to which their schools implemented LGBTQ+ inclusive policies and practices predicted their school belonging over a six-month period. Participants included 627 youth (87% LGBQ+ youth, 45% transgender or nonbinary youth, 48% youth of color) ages 11-22 (Mage = 15.13) in 51 GSAs. At the within-individual level, youth reported greater school belonging on occasions following months when they felt their peers and advisors were more responsive to their needs and when they had taken on more leadership in the GSA. At the between-individual level, youth who generally felt their peers were more responsive over the study period reported greater school belonging than others. At the between-GSA level, GSA members in schools that more thoroughly implemented LGBTQ+ inclusive policies and practices reported greater school belonging over the study period. These findings underscore the relevance of GSAs and inclusive policies and practices in establishing welcoming school environments.

학업요구, 학업자원, 학업정서, 수업집중곤란행동 간의 관계 - 일상 다이어리 기법을 중심으로 -

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between academic demands, academic resources, academic emotions, and classroom attention difficulties at both the within-individual and between-individual levels. The study involved 179 elementary school students in the 5th and 6th grades who participated in a repeated-measures survey over a 10-day period. Mplus 8.0 was used to test model fit and mediation effects. The research model, which included a direct path from academic demands and resources to classroom attention difficulties, was compared with a competing model that excluded the direct path, and the research model provided a better fit to the data. At the within-individual level, the experience of boredom fully mediated the relationship between daily academic demands and classroom attention difficulties. At the between-individual level, academic resources and academic demands led to classroom attention difficulties only through learning-related boredom. The findings suggest that it is important to consider intra-individual variability when identifying emotional or behavioral problems in an academic context, and that addressing classroom boredom, along with environmental factors such as academic demands and resources, is necessary to mitigate attention difficulties in elementary school students.

Hot and cool executive function in the development of behavioral problems in grade school.

Despite the well-established link between children's executive function and behavioral adjustment, it remains unclear whether the hot and cool aspects of executive function are uniquely associated with children's behavioral problems. Using longitudinal data spanning in the grade school (N = 1,140), this study aimed to examine whether hot and cool executive function skills may be uniquely related to the development of behavioral problems. Hot and cool executive function skills were measured with tasks, standardized tests, and questionnaires at 54 months and in the first grade, respectively. Internalizing and externalizing problems were evaluated by teachers using questionnaires throughout the grade school. The results indicated that, independent of each other, hot and cool executive function skills were uniquely and negatively related to the development of internalizing and externalizing problems over time at the between-individual level, adjusting for within-individual fluctuations. Moreover, internalizing and externalizing problems were positively related at the between-individual level across the grade school. Findings provide needed evidence to clarify the relations between hot and cool executive function and children's behavioral problems, emphasizing the importance of both aspects of executive function in understanding the development of behavioral problems in school-age children.

A comprehensive model framework for between-individual differences in longitudinal data.

Across different fields of research, the similarities and differences between various longitudinal models are not always eminently clear due to differences in data structure, application area, and terminology. Here we propose a comprehensive model framework that will allow simple comparisons between longitudinal models, to ease their empirical application and interpretation. At the within-individual level, our model framework accounts for various attributes of longitudinal data, such as growth and decline, cyclical trends, and the dynamic interplay between variables over time. At the between-individual level, our framework contains continuous and categorical latent variables to account for between-individual differences. This framework encompasses several well-known longitudinal models, including multilevel regression models, growth curve models, growth mixture models, vector-autoregressive models, and multilevel vector-autoregressive models. The general model framework is specified and its key characteristics are illustrated using famous longitudinal models as concrete examples. Various longitudinal models are reviewed and it is shown that all these models can be united into our comprehensive model framework. Extensions to the model framework are discussed. Recommendations for selecting and specifying longitudinal models are made for empirical researchers who aim to account for between-individual differences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Within-Person Bidirectional Associations Over Time Between Parenting and Youths’ Callousness

ABSTRACT Objective Callousness has been identified as a key driver of aggressive and violent behavior from childhood into early adulthood. Although previous research has underscored the importance of the parenting environment in contributing to the development of youth callousness, findings have generally been confined to the between-individual level and have not examined bidirectionality. In the current study, we test whether aspects of parenting are associated with callousness from childhood to adolescence both between and within individuals, examine the temporal ordering of associations, and test whether these relations are moderated by gender or developmental stage. Method Data came from a longitudinal study in which parents of 1,421 youth (52% girls; 62% White and 22% Black) from the second, fourth, and ninth grades were interviewed three times, with one year between consecutive interviews. Results A random-intercept cross-lagged panel model indicated that elevated youth callousness predicts subsequent increases in parental rejection and decreases in consistency of discipline. Findings were largely similar for boys and girls, but within-individual associations were generally stronger for 4th graders compared to the 2nd and 9th graders. Conclusions Callousness and parenting practices and attitudes were related both at the between-individual and within-individual level. These results have implications for the etiology and treatment of children and adolescents who exhibit callousness.

Heart Rate Variability's Association with Positive and Negative Affect in Daily Life: An Experience Sampling Study with Continuous Daytime Electrocardiography over Seven Days.

Heart rate variability has been found to be related to emotional processing and emotional responses. Studies that investigated these relationships were mostly lab-based or cross-sectional. Only limited research used intensive longitudinal data, in particular investigating within-individual processes in real-life settings. This study addresses the applicability of ambulatory-assessed electrocardiograms in combination with the experience sampling methodology by investigating the associations of various HRV measures with affective states on within- and between-individual levels. A total of 26 participants aged 18-29 years (23 females) wore electrocardiograms continuously for seven days. The participants received seven prompts per day and answered questions about their affective wellbeing. The heart rate and heart rate variability measures differed between body positions and activity classes. The heart rate and ratio of low-to-high-frequency heart rate variability were consistently associated with positive affect on a within-individual (state-like) level. These associations were mainly driven by the items of feeling "enthusiastic" and "happy". No associations were found with negative affect. Overall, we found evidence that the dominance of the sympathetic nervous system over the parasympathetic nervous system was associated with higher levels of positive affect on a within-individual (state-like) level. Suggestions for the application of ambulatory electrocardiogram assessment in the study of the association between autonomous nervous system activity and ecological momentary assessment-based variables are discussed.

Mirror, mirror, on the social media … WeChat Moments usage and negative body image among female college students: Evidence from ecological momentary assessment data.

Negative body image is prevalent among women and may lead to physical and mental health problems. Social media-including China's most popular platform, WeChat Moments-aggregates multiple aspects of appearance-related pressure and therefore is an important risk factor for negative body image. The current study examines the relationship between WeChat Moments usage and body image among female college students and the mediating mechanism of body surveillance. A sample of 151 female college students completed a 7-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA), responded to three surveys per day, and provided a total of 2949 EMA responses. We used multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) to examine the hypothesized models at both the between- and within-individual levels. The results showed that both overall WeChat Moments usage and appearance-related exposure on WeChat Moments were inversely and indirectly related to body image through the mediating role of body surveillance at the between-individual level. However, both overall WeChat Moments usage and appearance-related exposure on WeChat Moments were positively and indirectly related to body image through body surveillance at the within-individual level. Our findings indicate that WeChat Moments usage is associated with college women's body image differently at the between- and within-individual level, and body surveillance serves as a crucial underlying mechanism.

Longitudinal investigation of the factor structure of the Parkinson's disease activities of daily living, interference and dependence instrument.

The Parkinson's Disease Activities of Daily Living, Interference, and Dependence Instrument© (PD-AID) is a patient-reported outcome (PRO) instrument, recently developed to assess the clinical benefit of Parkinson's Disease (PD) treatment. The PD-AID consists of morning and evening assessments, administered daily. To benefit from the full set of the repeated observations over time, analytic approaches that account for both within- and between-individual variability are required. The current study aimed to employ the advantages of exploratory Multilevel Factor Analysis (MFA) on data collected from 93 participants with moderate to advanced PD, currently using and responding to Levodopa (L-Dopa), who completed the PD-AID twice daily as part of a prospective, non-intervention, observational study for ~28 days. Average daily completion rates were comparable for the Morning and the Evening PD-AID (78% and 74%, respectively). The intraclass correlation coefficients for the Morning and Evening PD-AID items were in the range of 0.70–0.90, with an average of 0.81 for the Morning PD-AID items and 0.83 for the Evening PD-AID items, suggesting that most variability (81%–83%) in responses was due to between-individual variability. For the Morning PD-AID, one factor (including nine out of 10 Morning PD-AID items) emerged at the between-individual level and four factors (core physical actions, basic self-care activities, feeding, and interference & dependence) at the within-individual level. For the Evening PD-AID, there were four between-individual factors (basic activities of daily living ADLs, life interference, impact on planning, and emotional consequences) and five within-individual factors (basic ADLs, toileting, life interference, medication planning, and emotional impact). The factors had high reliability.

Health and labor force participation among older workers in Switzerland: a growth curve analysis

This study investigated how individual trajectories of self-rated health (SRH) and working hours among older workers in Switzerland are interrelated and how this relationship varies based on occupation. We used data from the Swiss Household Panel to analyze the long-term trajectories of older workers measured in terms of working hours and SRH. The sample included more than 4000 workers aged 50 to 65(men)/64(women). We ran a bivariate response multilevel model for growth that allowed the examination of between- and within-individual changes over time. On a between-individual level, we found that the upper non-manual workers were the most heterogeneous occupational group in terms of working hours and the lower non-manual workers were the most heterogeneous occupational group in terms of health. Within all occupational groups, we found a significant relationship between the level of working hours and level of SRH. The individual-level statistics showed consistently strongest effects for manual workers. This result confirms our hypothesis that labor force participation in individuals of the manual occupational group is more sensitive to their health status. Our findings contribute to the debate regarding the importance of older workers’ health in the context of the extension of working life.

Temperature and body size influence personality and behavioural syndromes in an invasive crayfish

The presence of repeatable behaviours that vary between individuals (animal personality) and the mechanisms that underpin these behaviours are of significant ecological and evolutionary importance. With current climatic trends predicted to facilitate biological invasions, we sought to examine how personality and behavioural syndromes may influence invasion potential in the face of a changing climate. We assessed a population of an invasive crayfish, Cherax destructor , in a laboratory setting for (1) the presence of temporally and contextually repeatable behavioural differences between individuals along three axes: (i) activity, (ii) boldness/shyness and (iii) exploration/avoidance, (2) correlations between body size, sex and behavioural traits at the between-individual level, (3) the influence of predicted near-future increases in temperature on personality and (4) the presence of behavioural syndromes (between-individual correlations among behaviours). Individuals exhibited repeatable variation along the three behavioural axes, providing support for the presence of animal personality. Body size was negatively correlated with exploration and activity, but sex was unrelated to personality across the three axes. Exploration increased with temperature, whereas the effect of temperature on activity was dependent on the treatment order. Finally, activity and exploration were positively correlated, indicative of a behavioural syndrome. This study provides evidence of state-dependent personality and support for the existence of behavioural syndromes which may facilitate biological invasions. Our work also provides evidence to suggest that predicted future increases in temperature will promote exploratory behaviour in invasive populations of C. destructor . • Invasive Cherax destructor exhibited personality along three behavioural axes. • Body size was negatively correlated with both active and exploratory behaviour. • Exploration of a novel environment increased at predicted near-future temperatures. • Correlations between behaviours provide evidence of an invasive syndrome. • Increasing exploration with temperature may increase future invasive potential.

Biología reproductiva y distribución potencial de Ficus pringlei (Moraceae), una especie microendémica del Nuevo Mundo

Antecedentes y Objetivos: Uno de los géneros de árboles más diversos y ecológicamente importantes de los trópicos es Ficus. La caracterización de las fases de desarrollo y cambios morfológicos de su sicono es fundamental para facilitar los estudios de polinización y dispersión, pero estos aspectos solo se han caracterizado en pocas especies en América. Ficus pringlei es endémico de México y no se dispone de información detallada sobre su distribución potencial y aspectos reproductivos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir las fases del desarrollo del sicono de F. pringlei, determinar su tipo de polinización, y detectar áreas con ambientes potencialmente adecuados para localizarlo. Métodos: Se recolectaron siconos para describir las diferentes fases de su desarrollo. Los siconos y sus avispas polinizadoras se fijaron en alcohol para ser procesadas y descritas mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido. Se usaron modelos de nicho ecológico para predecir áreas con ambientes adecuados para localizar a F. pringlei. Resultados clave: El sicono cambió de tamaño, color, consistencia y forma del ostiolo durante sus fases de desarrollo; particularmente en las etapas más críticas de su interacción con polinizadores o dispersores. Se registró un desarrollo asincrónico, tanto a nivel individual, como poblacional, de los siconos. Ficus pringlei presenta una polinización activa. El área potencialmente adecuada de distribución se concentró principalmente en los bosques tropicales secos de los estados de Jalisco y Michoacán. La variable más importante para explicar el modelo de distribución de F. pringlei fue la estacionalidad de la temperatura, con valores mayores en las zonas al norte de la Faja Volcánica Transmexicana. Conclusiones: Las diferentes fases de desarrollo de esta especie son consistentes con las descritas previamente para otras especies monoicas. Ficus pringlei solo se distribuye en el occidente de México, principalmente en bosques tropicales secos y se encuentra minoritariamente en Áreas Protegidas. Por lo tanto, es importante establecer estrategias que aseguren su conservación.

0651 Daily Associations Between Insomnia and Depression: Emotion Regulation as a Mediator

Abstract Introduction Insomnia has been shown to prospectively predict depression in longitudinal studies. The mechanisms underlying this relationship have not been fully elucidated. Emotion regulation (ER) has been proposed as a potential mediating mechanism; however, empirical tests of it are limited. This study aimed to examine the within-individual relationship between insomnia and depressive symptoms in a 14-day daily study. It was hypothesized that insomnia symptoms on a given night would positively predict depressive symptoms in the subsequent day via ER. Methods This study was conducted in 60 adults (65% female, age = 18-65 years) with elevated insomnia symptoms (Insomnia Severity Index ≥10). They were asked to fill out morning and evening diaries and wear an actigraph for 14 days. The morning diary measured their sleep parameters in the previous night with the Consensus Sleep Diary. The evening diary measured emotional reactivity with the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, ER strategy use with the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and depression with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze the within-individual associations, controlling for between-individual factors such as age and gender. Results Shorter total sleep time on one night predicted greater next-day depressive symptoms (β = -0.063, SE = 0.009, p = .028). Sleep quality was negatively associated with next-day depression at the between-individual level (β = -0.387, SE = 0.882, p = .003). Negative reactivity partially mediated the relationships between sleep quality and depression (β = -0.463, SE = 0.030, p = .008), total sleep time and depression (β = -0.611, SE = 4.938 , p = .011), and sleep efficiency and depression (β = -0.702, SE = 0.007, p = .002), all at the between-individual level. Conclusion The findings suggest that total sleep time is associated with depressive symptoms on a daily level. They also suggest that one of the facets of emotion regulations, namely negative reactivity, plays a mediating role in the insomnia-depression relationship. Nonetheless, we did not find evidence for the mediating role of ER at the within-individual level. Emotional reactivity and ER strategy use may not vary substantially across days. Support (If Any)

Longitudinal associations of parental monitoring and delinquent peer affiliation: The potential influence of parental solicitation and monitoring rules.

Poor parental monitoring has been theorized as a key risk factor for an adolescent's association with deviant peers. However, measurements of parental monitoring often only measure parental knowledge rather than parental monitoring actions, leaving the true longitudinal associations between parental monitoring and peer delinquency unclear. The current sample consisted of 1095 male justice-involved adolescents (13-17 years old at baseline collected between 2011 and 2013) from across the United States who provided survey data every 6 months for 3 years. Longitudinal associations between parental monitoring constructs (i.e., parental solicitation and monitoring rules) and peer delinquency were tested using random intercept cross-lagged panel models to investigate both between-individual associations and within-individual bidirectional effects. Although parental monitoring and peer delinquency were negatively related at a between-individual level, very few within-individual directional effects were found. The few within-individual effects present indicated that parental solicitation predicted greater peer delinquency and peer delinquency predicted fewer parental monitoring rules over time. Current findings indicate that, while greater overall parental monitoring is associated with less peer delinquency, there is little evidence that changes in parental monitoring lead to reductions in peer delinquency over time. Results support previous findings suggesting parental monitoring should not be the sole target of intervention for reducing peer delinquency.

Telomere length declines with age, but relates to immune function independent of age in a wild passerine.

Telomere length (TL) shortens with age but telomere dynamics can relate to fitness components independent of age. Immune function often relates to such fitness components and can also interact with telomeres. Studying the link between TL and immune function may therefore help us understand telomere–fitness associations. We assessed the relationships between erythrocyte TL and four immune indices (haptoglobin, natural antibodies (NAbs), complement activity (CA) and heterophil-lymphocyte (HL) ratio; n = 477–589), from known-aged individuals of a wild passerine (Malurus coronatus). As expected, we find that TL significantly declined with age. To verify whether associations between TL and immune function were independent of parallel age-related changes (e.g. immunosenescence), we statistically controlled for sampling age and used within-subject centring of TL to separate relationships within or between individuals. We found that TL positively predicted CA at the between-individual level (individuals with longer average TL had higher CA), but no other immune indices. By contrast, age predicted the levels of NAbs and HL ratio, allowing inference that respective associations between TL and age with immune indices are independent. Any links existing between TL and fitness are therefore unlikely to be strongly mediated by innate immune function, while TL and immune indices appear independent expressions of individual heterogeneity.

Longitudinal Relationships Between Depressive Symptom Severity and Phone-Measured Mobility: Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling Study.

BackgroundThe mobility of an individual measured by phone-collected location data has been found to be associated with depression; however, the longitudinal relationships (the temporal direction of relationships) between depressive symptom severity and phone-measured mobility have yet to be fully explored.ObjectiveWe aimed to explore the relationships and the direction of the relationships between depressive symptom severity and phone-measured mobility over time.MethodsData used in this paper came from a major EU program, called the Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse–Major Depressive Disorder, which was conducted in 3 European countries. Depressive symptom severity was measured with the 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) through mobile phones every 2 weeks. Participants’ location data were recorded by GPS and network sensors in mobile phones every 10 minutes, and 11 mobility features were extracted from location data for the 2 weeks prior to the PHQ-8 assessment. Dynamic structural equation modeling was used to explore the longitudinal relationships between depressive symptom severity and phone-measured mobility.ResultsThis study included 2341 PHQ-8 records and corresponding phone-collected location data from 290 participants (age: median 50.0 IQR 34.0, 59.0) years; of whom 215 (74.1%) were female, and 149 (51.4%) were employed. Significant negative correlations were found between depressive symptom severity and phone-measured mobility, and these correlations were more significant at the within-individual level than the between-individual level. For the direction of relationships over time, Homestay (time at home) (φ=0.09, P=.01), Location Entropy (time distribution on different locations) (φ=−0.04, P=.02), and Residential Location Count (reflecting traveling) (φ=0.05, P=.02) were significantly correlated with the subsequent changes in the PHQ-8 score, while changes in the PHQ-8 score significantly affected (φ=−0.07, P<.001) the subsequent periodicity of mobility.ConclusionsSeveral phone-derived mobility features have the potential to predict future depression, which may provide support for future clinical applications, relapse prevention, and remote mental health monitoring practices in real-world settings.

Intraspecific advertisement call variation of Scinax fuscomarginatus (Lutz, 1925) from Central Brazil

ABSTRACT Quantitative analysis of the acoustic communication system in anurans is a relevant step toward understanding how acoustic traits variation is related to conspecific recognition and discrimination. Here, we report on the advertisement call variation of male Scinax fuscomarginatus at three levels: within-individual, between-individual, among-populations. We examined 635 advertisement calls of 127 individuals from 10 populations in Central Brazil. Fieldworks were carried out during eight breeding seasons, from 2008 to 2016. We used the coefficient of variation (CV), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) to evaluate whether the call features differed statistically. The advertisement call structure consisted of a single multipulsed note with stereotyped acoustic features. These features were statistically different at between-individual level and the relative variability (CV) was higher between-individual than within-individual of the same population. MANOVA performed with PCA scores indicates that call traits are different among populations. Hence, we suggest the advertisement call features of male S. fuscomarginatus show sufficient statistical differences for interindividual and interpopulation distinction. We also discuss the role of the stereotyped acoustic features on mate choice and intraspecific distinction.

Context matters: Self-regulation of healthy eating at different eating occasions.

Self‐regulation plays an important role in healthy eating behaviors. The current research explores temporary fluctuations in self‐regulation next to variations between individuals. In an online observational study, 892 participants (Mage = 44.3, SD age = 12.7) monitored their self‐regulation three times a week before a meal moment for 3 weeks. To analyze the data, a random intercept and slopes model was used, including variables on within‐individual level (i.e. meal moment, tiredness, distractedness, social, and physical environment) and variables on between‐individual level (i.e. self‐efficacy, intrinsic motivation, and perception of social and physical opportunity). Self‐regulation was found to be higher at breakfast compared with dinner (estimate = −0.08, p < .001), higher at home than out‐of‐home (estimate = −0.08, p < .001) and lower when individuals are more tired (estimate = 0.04, p < .001) and distracted (estimate = 0.07, p < .001). Moreover, self‐regulation was higher for individuals with higher levels of intrinsic motivation (estimate = 0.19, p < .001) and self‐efficacy (estimate = 0.41, p < .001). Insights from this research advance our knowledge regarding temporal influences on self‐regulation and can provide input for behavior change tools such as personalized dietary advice.

Moral Foundations and Attitudes Toward Informal Paid Time-Off Accommodations

The question of which individual and contextual differences influence employee’s attitudes toward paid time-off policy has rarely been addressed in the literature. Drawing on moral foundations theory (Haidt & Graham, 2007), this paper examined how individual differences of moral foundations and situational factors that align with the moral foundations collectively impact employees’ attitudes toward providing paid time-off accommodations. Scenario-design experiments in Study 1 and Study 2 demonstrated that factors that vary in their alignment with care, fairness, and respect for authority foundations influence employee’s attitude toward paid time-off provisions. Furthermore, individualizing moral foundations at the between-individual level strengthened the positive effect of care-triggering situations on employee attitude toward paid time-off. Study 3 investigated an archival dataset of 7,963 respondents and showed that individuals’ political self-identity, which is aligned with individualizing moral foundations, is associated with attitudes toward paid time-off.

Daily physical activity and alcohol use among young adults.

Evidence suggests that physical activity and alcohol use are positively related among young adults. Two studies have examined daily relations, and results have shown conflicting findings. We examined relations between physical activity and alcohol use at both within- and between-individual levels and investigated moderators of the relation at both levels. 269 college students wore accelerometers to collect physical activity data over a 2-week period. At the end of each day, they indicated whether or not they drank alcohol. Multilevel logistic regression indicated neither within- nor between-subject relations were statistically significant. Positive affect, negative affect, and drinking motives moderated these relations at the between-subject level. Contrary to previous research, we did not observe a relation between physical activity and alcohol use at the daily level. Unique features of the current study suggest next steps for future research examining the perplexing PA-alcohol relation in this population.