Betel Nut Husk Research Articles

Effect of fiber orientation on mechanical properties of betel nut (areca palm) stem fiber reinforced laminated polyester composites

ABSTRACT This study explored the effect of fibre orientation on the mechanical properties of Betel Nut (Areca palm) stem fibres (BNSF)-reinforced laminated polyester composites. Composites are fabricated by hand lay-up method with 15% (vol.) fibre loading and 0°/90°/0° and −45°/0°/45° orientations. The mechanical properties of composites are determined by testing as per ASTM standards and revealed that composite strengths vary significantly with fibre orientation. The tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of the composite are found 58.19 MPa, 153.96 MPa, and 25.68 kJ/m2, respectively, for the 0°/90°/0° fibre orientation, which are higher than the composite of −45°/0°/45° fibre orientation. Furthermore, strengths are found greater than the betel nut husk and leaf, bamboo, coir, banana, and jute fibres-reinforced polymer composites. The bonding between fibres and matrix, voids, micro-cracks, etc. are investigated by optical microscopy of a tensile-fractured specimen. This study revealed that BNSF would be a novel and potential natural fibre for reinforcing polymer composites. Its strength can be enhanced by choosing suitable numbers of fibre laminations and orientations. Since areca palm trees grow extended, moderate-sized composite boards/panels can be produced from BNSF to replace synthetic fibres-based ones. It will help reduce environmental pollution as a green composite.

Thermoplastic-polymer matrix composite of banana/betel nut husk fiber reinforcement: Physico-mechanical properties evaluation

Abstract Reinforced composite made of polypropylene combining banana and betel nut husk fiber (BBF) was treated with 10% NaOH (w/w). The fiber percentages of 40%, 50%, and 60% were used using the compression molding process. Properties such as tensile, bending, impact, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and water absorption were assessed as composite reinforcements. The composites with 50% BBF reinforcement performed better than composites with different fiber compositions. While 40% BBF-reinforced showed superior results in tensile, bending, and water absorption tests, the impact and TGA analyses provided comparatively lower results. The tensile strength (36 MPa), bending strength (78 MPa), energy absorption (2.4 Nm), thermal resistance (300–583°), and the maximum level of characteristics were attained. This work demonstrated the feasibility of repurposing waste banana stems and betel nut husks for interior decoration, furniture, and automobile bodies in fiber-reinforced hybrid composites, replacing expensive and environmentally hazardous artificial materials due to their mechanical capabilities.

Low-cost, high-efficiency flexible supercapacitor electrodes synthesized from betel nut husk nanocellulose and polyaniline binary nanocomposite

Low-cost, high-efficiency flexible supercapacitor electrodes synthesized from betel nut husk nanocellulose and polyaniline binary nanocomposite

The technical and financial feasibility analysis of art paper production from betel nut husk fibre and paper waste

Art paper made of betel nut husk fibre and paper waste is one example of an innovative product. Therefore, an analysis of the technical and financial feasibility of this innovation needed to be conducted. This research aimed to determine the technical and financial feasibility of the production business of art paper from betel nut husk fibre and paper waste. The technical aspect will focus on the technology utilized, primary raw material and additional raw material, production capacity, and any workforce involved in the business. Meanwhile, the financial aspect will emphasize the calculation of the Main Production Cost (MPC), Break Even Point (BEP), Business Efficiency (R/C Ratio), Payback Period (PP), Net Present Value (NPV), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The calculation result of the feasibility analysis shows that Production Cost (HPP) is IDR 12,786.00, BEPunit is 9,271 paper sheet, BEP (IDR) is IDR 148,326,906.00, R/C Ratio is 1.56, PP will be for 2.2 years, NPV is IDR 2,078,713,958.00, and IRR is 68.36%. Based on this result, this business on betel nut husk fibre and paper-based waste art paper is considered worth running.

Effect of Human Hair on Mechanical Properties of Jute and BNH Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Polyester Composites

ABSTRACT Natural fiber-reinforced two hybrid composites: “Jute and betel nut husk (BNH)” and “Human hair, Jute and BNH,” are fabricated by the hand lay-up method using 50:50 and 33.33:33.33:33.33 fiber ratio by weight, respectively. The 3 to 4 mm long fibers and 20% fiber loading by volume are used to fabricate the composites. The mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, impact strength, and hardness of composites are evaluated by tests as per ASTM standards and compared. This study revealed that human hair-embedded (with hair – WH) composite is remarkably stronger than non-embedded ones (without hair – WoH). In human hair-embedded (WH) composites, the tensile, flexural, and impact strength are found more than 75% higher, and the hardness is found 19% higher than non-embedded ones (WoH). The bonding between fibers and matrix, voids, microcracks, and fracture of the composites are also investigated by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). It revealed that human hair-embedded composites have stronger bonding, fewer voids and microcracks, and outstanding energy absorption capacity, strength, and hardness. This study expands the scope of human hair to strengthen natural fiber-reinforced composites as a low-cost constituent and application of human hair-embedded composites in different engineering fields, ultimately reducing environmental pollution and greenhouse effects.

Microcellulose from Betel Husk Fiber as Filler in Bioplastic

Betel nut husk fiber has a reasonably high cellulose content. Meanwhile, bioplastics nowadays are mostly made of Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA), with one of its limitations being tensile strength and other properties regarding mechanical. Thus, this study aims to isolate microcellulose from areca nut fiber and use the fiber as a filler in bioplastic, where cellulose is combined with PVA. The intention is to understand the effect of adding microcellulose from betel nut fibers on the properties, including the biodegradability of PVA-based bioplastic films. This research has three steps: isolating cellulose from betel nut peel fibers by delignification, pulping, and bleaching. The next step is hydrolysis to obtain microcellulose. The last is the preparation of bioplastic films using the solution casting method, with five different ratios of microcellulose content in the bioplastic. The cellulose characterization from FTIR spectra shows the absorption of several peaks, such as O-H, C-H, and C-O functional groups. The mechanical testing results on the variation of bioplastic show that the bioplastic with the best characteristics was PL5, which has the highest microcellulose content, 8 MPa and 10.2% for tensile strength and elongation, respectively. The biodegradation test for bioplastic variation (PL5) was 82% within eight weeks, while in Indonesian National Standard (SNI) number 7188.7:2016, it is 100% within 60 days.

Fixed-bed column analysis for adsorption of Acid scarlet 3R dye from aqueous solution onto chemically modified betel nut husk fibre

Fixed-bed column analysis for adsorption of Acid scarlet 3R dye from aqueous solution onto chemically modified betel nut husk fibre

Chemical modification of betel nut husk prepared by sodium hydroxide for methylene blue adsorption

In recent years, different biomaterials have garnered more research attention due to their usefulness as adsorbents. The present study focuses on a chemical treatment process to improve the adsorption capacity of betel nut husk fibers for a textile effluent (methylene blue). The fibers of chemically modified material were assessed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyzer to determine the existing surface functional groups and surface area, respectively. Parameters including contact time, dye concentration, temperature, effects of pH and desorption efficiency were also evaluated to identify optimum adsorption performance. Adsorption followed the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-first-order kinetics, indicating physisorption was responsible for adsorption and its occurrence on multilayers. Adsorption capacity was 149.921 mg/g, 149.874 mg/g and 145.462 mg/g at 30, 40 and 50, respectively, and was best at 30 °C. ΔH° was found to be − 1.494 which suggests adsorption is exothermic in nature and thus satisfying the findings that the physical process of adsorption took place in this study.

NaOH-Activated Betel Nut Husk Hydrochar for Efficient Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye

In this study, betel nut husk (BNH) was used to produce activated hydrochar using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Activated BNH hydrochar (BNH-HAC) served as an adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) adsorption. The produced BNH-HAC was characterized by identifying its textural, morphological, and chemical properties. Batch equilibrium method was conducted to examine the factors that influenced MB adsorption by the BNH-HAC including initial concentration, contact time, solution pH, and temperature. The attained BNH-HAC revealed the BET surface area of 517.60 m2g−1 and mean pore diameter of 25.13 nm. The experimental data can be better characterized with the Freundlich isotherm model than the Langmuir isotherm model where, the maximum adsorption capacities attained were 324.4, 387.4, and 429.6 mg/g at 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C, respectively, of BNH-HAC. Adsorption process regarding the BNH-HAC was regulated by film diffusion model, and its thermodynamic data revealed that the adsorption process is endothermic in character, and kinetic data better suited the pseudo-second order than the pseudo-first order model. The study findings confirmed that BNH-HAC can be an efficiently advanced adsorbent for the adsorption of MB.

Studies on Mechanical, Thermal and Morphological Properties of Betel Nut Husk Nano Cellulose Reinforced Biodegradable Polymer Composites

Nanocellulose has recently gained a significant level of attention from academic and industrial researchers due to its non-toxic, biocompatible, bio-degradable, low-cost, and easy availability that connects many applications. In this research, cellulose extracted from betel nut husk fiber (BNHF) was converted to nanocellulose by chemical technique to examine their potential for use as reinforcement in bio-composite applications. The cellulose isolated from BNHF was subjected to acid hydrolysis using 62% sulfuric acid under ultrasonic treatment to convert cellulose into nanocellulose. The particle size of nanocellulose was determined by particle size analyzer. The morphology, structure and thermal properties of nanocellulose were also determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis. The bio-composites of nanocellulose–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and cellulose–PVA were prepared with different weight percentages (1–5%) of nanocellulose and cellulose via casting methods. The tensile, thermal and morphological properties were characterized for all composites. Enhancement in the tensile, thermal, and morphological properties was found in the nanocellulose–PVA biocomposites.

Effect of fibre ratio and chemical treatment on the properties of pineapple leaf and betel nut husk fibre-reinforced hybrid polypropylene composites

ABSTRACT In present research, polypropylene composites were prepared with 10 wt% pineapple and betel nut fibres at ratios of 1:1, 1:3 and 3:1 using compression moulding technique. Both pineapple and betel nut fibre were chemically treated with 5% NaOH. Composite was then prepared with treated pineapple and betel nut fibre at a ratio of 1:3. Mechanical (tensile, flexural and hardness), thermal (thermogravimetric analysis) and morphological (scanning electron microscopy) characterisation of prepared composites were subsequently carried out. Among the fibre ratios, composites containing pineapple and betel nut fibre at a ratio of 1:3 had the best set of mechanical properties. Alkali treatment of pineapple and betel nut fibre decreased tensile and flexural properties of corresponding composites. On the other, the same treatment had opposite effect on hardness. According to scanning electron microscopic analysis, composite containing pineapple and betel nut fibre at a ratio of 1:3 showed more adhesion as compared to other prepared composites. Thermal degradation temperature decreased in alkali-treated fibre- reinforced composite.

Study of Betel Nut Husk Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite

The mechanical properties of oxo-biodegradable high-density polyethylene (oxo-HDPE) composites reinforced betel nut husk (BNH) fibre were studied in this research. A neat oxo-HDPE laminate and four betel nut fibre reinforced oxo-HDPE composites were fabricated using hot press compression moulding method. The composites contain 7%, 12%, 17%, and 22% fibres volume fraction respectively. The cross section of the composite was observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and all five laminates are put through tensile test and hardness test. The result of the study shows that adding betel nut husk (BNH) fibres as reinforcement increases its tensile strength, specific tensile strength, and hardness of the composites. The good lamination observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) enable good transfer and distribution of stresses from the matrix to the fibres.

IMPACT ON MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSICOMECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH CHEMICALLY MODIFIED BETEL NUT HUSK FIBER.

26Feb 2019 IMPACT ON MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSICOMECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH CHEMICALLY MODIFIED BETEL NUT HUSK FIBER. Tanvir Sultana , Shahin Sultana , Husna P. Nur and Md. Wahab Khan. Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka. Fiber & Polymer Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, BCSIR, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh.

Mechanical, Thermal and Morphological Properties of Pineapple and Betel Nut Husk Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Polypropylene Composites

Hybrid composites have extensive engineering application where strength to weight ratio, low cost and ease of fabrication are required. In recent times hybrid composites have been established as highly efficient, high performance structural materials. Structures made of composites have a long life and need little maintenance. Present research presents a review of the current status of hybrid composite materials technology in terms of mechanical, thermal and morphological properties. Hybrid composites were manufactured with pineapple and betel nut husk as hybrid fibers and polypropylene as matrix using a hot press machine. Fiber loading was varied at 5, 10 and 15 wt%, while pineapple and betel nut husk fiber ratio was set at 1:1. For mechanical characterization, tensile, flexural and hardness tests were conducted with the composites. Thermal properties were measured using thermo gravimetric analysis. To observe surface morphology of the samples, scanning electron microscope was used. Tensile test of the composites showed a decreasing trend of tensile strength with increasing fiber content. Tensile modulus initially increased with fibers loading, then decreased at 10% fiber content. Flexural strength and flexural modulus were found higher for 10% fiber loaded composite as compared composites containing 5% and 15% fiber. From the TGA analysis, it is observed that 10% fiber loaded composites had highest thermal stability among all manufactured composites. According to scanning electron microscopy, 10% fiber loaded composite showed more adhesion as compared to 5% and 15% fiber loaded composites. Fiber agglomeration was also observed in 15% fiber loaded composite.

Mechanical Properties of Chemically Treated Coir and Betel Nut Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Polypropylene Composites

Natural fiber reinforcement in polymer is one of the best ways to enhance mechanical properties of polymer. Hybrid composites provide the potential of achieving a balanced a pursuit of stiffness, strength, ductility and other mechanical properties. For this purpose coir and betel nut fiber were used as reinforcement in polypropylene matrix in present research. Raw coir and betel nut husk fiber were chemically treated with sodium hydroxide to increase adhesion of those fibers with polypropylene. Both raw and alkali treated fibers were utilized during composite preparation with the help of hot press technique. Fiber loading were varied at 5, 10 and 15 wt%, while coir and betel nut husk fiber ratios were varied at 1:1, 3:1 and 1:3. Tensile, flexural, impact, hardness and water absorption tests of prepared composites were subsequently conducted. All mechanical properties except tensile strength increased with increase in fiber loading. Properties of prepared composites were found better as compared to polypropylene matrix. Composites containing coir and betel nut at same ratio had better mechanical properties than composites containing those fibers at 1:3 and 3:1 ratio. On the other hand, sodium hydroxide treatment of raw coir and betel nut fiber increased mechanical properties of treated fiber composites as compared to raw fiber reinforced composite. Thus alkali treated 15 wt% coir and betel but fiber (at 1:1) reinforced polypropylene composite had the optimum set of mechanical properties among all prepared composites.

Utilization of two agrowastes for adsorption and removal of methylene blue: kinetics and isotherm studies.

Fresh water streams contaminated with synthetic dye-containing effluents pose a threat to aquatic and human life either by preventing aquatic photosynthesis or by entering into the food chain. Adsorptive removal of such dyes with potent biosorbents is an important technique to reduce bioaccumulation and biomagnifications of the dyes in human life. We report use of betel nut (BN) husk and banana peel (BP), two most abundant ligno-cellulosic wastes, as efficient adsorbents for the removal of the basic dye methylene blue (MB). The adsorption by BN and BP was consistently high over wide ranges of pH and temperature, suggesting their dye removal potential in diverse conditions. Physico-chemical studies, e.g. scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy studies, revealed changes in surface topology and functional moieties of BN and BP post adsorption, implying dye interaction with the biomass surface. The dye adsorption in both cases followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. While adsorption of MB by BN was better fitted with the Temkin isotherm model, adsorption with BP followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Our studies concluded that both adsorbents efficiently remove MB from its aqueous solution with BP proved to be marginally superior to BN.

Thermo‐physical, thermal degradation, and flexural properties of betel nut husk fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites

This study aims to investigate the thermo‐physical, mechanical, and thermal degradation properties of betel nut husk (BNH) fiber reinforced vinyl ester (VE) composites. These properties were evaluated as a function of fiber maturity, fiber content, and fiber orientation. Thermo‐physical properties were analyzed experimentally using a hot disk TPS method. The introduction of BNH was found to reduce the thermal conductivity of neat VE. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of BNH reinforced VE composites decreased with the increase in fiber content. Short fiber BNH reinforced VE composites showed the lowest thermal conductivity as compared to the unidirectional and random nonwoven composites. The TGA analysis shows lower resin transition peak for the BNH reinforced VE composites than the peak of neat VE. Fiber maturity had a notable effect on the flexural modulus of the BNH fiber reinforced VE composites. Incorporation of 10 wt% BNH fibers into the composite has increased the composites' flexural modulus by 46.37%. However, further increases in the fiber content reduced both flexural strength and modulus of the composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:2008–2017, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

Effect of Alkali Treatment on the Physical, Mechanical, and Morphological Properties of Waste Betel Nut (Areca catechu) Husk Fibre

This study aims to determine the properties of waste betel nut husk (BNH) fiber as a potential alternative for reinforcement in polymer composites. The BNH fibres were subjected to alkali treatment using 5% sodium hydroxide. In this work, husk fibres extracted from betel nut fruit were characterized for its chemical composition, tensile properties, morphology, and interfacial shear strength. The cellulose content was increased with alkali treatment. Tensile strength and Young's modulus of BNH fibre dropped drastically with alkali treatment but with improvement in elongation at break of the fibre due to extraction of cementing materials of microfibrils in natural fibre, i.e. lignin and hemicellulose. SEM observations revealed that poor tensile strength and modulus were related to the cell wall thinning and deep pores in BNH fibre due to alkali treatment. Interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of alkali treated fibre was higher as compared to untreated BNH fibre due to the increase in fibre surface roughness with alkali treatment.

Characterization of physical, mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of agro-waste betel nut (Areca catechu) husk fibre

This paper investigates the physical, thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of betel nut husk fibre, in order to assess their suitability as lignocellulosic reinforcement for polymer composites. Betel nut husk (BNH) fibres of three different stages of maturity were evaluated to study the effect of fibre maturity on the thermal, physical and mechanical properties of BNH fibre. The thermal stability of BNH fibre was studied using the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) technique. It was found that the thermal stability of the BNH fibre is influenced by the maturity of the BNH fibre due to the different amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and moisture in the BNH fibre at each stage of maturity (raw, ripe, matured). The BNH fibres showed decrease in fibre length and fibre diameter, and increase in density with the increase in fibre maturity. SEM micrographs of BNH fibre surface revealed the existence of rough and perforated surface of BNH fibre. Whereas, the cross-sectional of the BNH fibre showed that the raw BNH fibres were observed with bigger lumen, whilst ripe BNH fibre exhibits a slightly smaller and elongated lumen. In contrast, matured BNH fibre showed more compact structures instead of hollow-like lumen structures. In terms of mechanical properties, the BNH fibre tensile properties were found to be comparable to coir and kenaf fibre, which have been widely used as reinforcement in polymer composites.

Effect of Alkali Treatment on the Tensile Behavior and Structure of Betel Nut (<i>Areca catechu</i>) Husk Fiber

The tensile properties of untreated and alkali treated betel nut husk fiber were investigated using single fiber tensile test method and the fiber structures were observed using SEM technique. The alkali treatment aids in the removal of lignin, hemicellullose and non-cellulosic components such as wax and pectin on the betel nut husk fiber surface, which yields bigger lumen size and rougher betel nut husk fiber surface. The alkali treatment enhanced the elongation at break of betel nut husk fiber but at the expense of tensile strength and Young's modulus.