Beta Diagram Research Articles

Study of human error from incident investigation in upstream facilities

AbstractHuman failures are a major cause of breakdowns in upstream facilities because of challenging working conditions. A study of human errors from an incident investigation in upstream facilities was carried out to understand the topography of human errors. A Tripod Beta diagram was developed from 107 incidents gathered during 2017–2020, and the human error taxonomy was used to identify the human errors caused by individuals and contributory human factors responsible for the incidents. A mistake is the most common human failing in a major incident, contributing to 59%, followed by a violation and a skill‐based error with scores of 36% and 5%, respectively. Knowledge‐based mistakes were prevalent in 48% of the analyzed reports, indicating a significant gap in any decision involving problem‐solving and diagnosis. Situational and routine violations with 14% and 10% scoring, respectively, show the complexity of the offshore work environment, which prompts workers to violate and believe that jobs cannot be completed without violations. Disciplinary action, providing a safer workplace, and enhancing the safety culture were proposed to combat workplace violations. Meanwhile, an up‐skilling of the workforce with adequate information and instruction will mitigate human errors leading to a mistake. Lastly, revisiting human factor engineering is required to prevent slip and lapse errors.

Analysis of Fractures and Disability Defects Accidents in Lian Oil Company by Tripod Beta Technique

Introduction: Undoubtedly, the first step in controlling accidents is to analyze them to identify the root causes. In this study, the root causes of accidents leading to severe consequences have been analyzed using the beta tripod technique in Lian Oil Company. Materials and Methods: The research method is descriptive-analytical. In this research, the events of 2020 in two barrel-making and barrel filling units of Lian Oil Refining and Trade Company have been investigated. The tripod-beta method is one of the methods of tracing the roots of accidents, which is widely used in the oil industry because of its special attitude towards the element of human error. Using investigator software, a tripod beta diagram related to three fracture and disability accidents was drawn and after recording and identifying the relevant causes and obstacles, corrective measures were taken to prevent similar accidents. The basis of accident control is the creation of appropriate control and defense systems in such a way as to prevent the interconnection and interaction of the risk factor and the target factor. Results: The results of this study show that non-compliance with safety principles due to reduced staff awareness and lack of long-term and short-term training are the root causes of accidents studied and had the highest impact on these events. 45% of cases were related to the cause of the accident. Other cases after training have had almost the same effect on the occurrence of events. Each of the cases accounted for 11% of the causes of the accidents. Conclusion: Beta tripod technique is currently one of the best methods for tracing the roots of accidents. The results also indicate that effective measures in the normal time phase, i.e. employing more talented people, conducting training at the beginning of employment, and upstream perspective, i.e. operator coordination with hardware and methods of implementation in the phase of ideas and thinking and design will greatly prevent accidents.

Propagation and radiation characteristics of the tape helix with a conducting core and dielectric substrate

An equation is presented to describe the dispersion characteristics of a tape helix separated from a concentric conducting core by a dielectric substrate. Numerical solutions of the complex-valued propagation constant can be used to obtain the complete k- beta diagram of the helical geometry. The k- beta diagram provides information regarding the real-valued solutions for beta that represent true axial propagation, as well as the complex-valued solutions that represent surface waves and leaky waves. Several different helix geometries are considered. Under the assumption that these same solutions exist on a finite-length structure, the radiation pattern can be obtained for a given mode of propagation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Computer programmes for the analysis and presentation of orientation data

This letter gives a brief preliminary description of computer programmes for use by structural geologists. Since the GODPP was described at the Tectonic Studies Group meeting at Dundee in December 1976 a number of workers have expressed interest and this letter is intended to make the existence and scope of the package more widely known. Copies of the programmes involved may be obtained from the authors at University of Bristol. The Geological Orientation Data processing package (GODPP) is a package of computer programmes principally aimed at helping the field geologist to process large quantities of structural and sedimentological orientation data. The programmes have been so written as to be independent of the model of computer used (see Appendix). The package offers the plotting of orientation data on stereograms, maps, and rose diagrams and also offers reorientation routines. Stereograms. This section of the package has facilities for producing Pi diagrams and contoured Beta diagrams with options for a vector mean or a best fit great circle, with the appropriate statistics ( Mardia 1972 ). A large number of programmes to plot stereograms have been published ( Robinson et al. 1963 , Spencer &amp; Clabaugh 1967, Warner 1969 and Bonyun &amp; Stevens 1970). The majority produce line printer output, although a graph plotter has been utilised for the plotting of Pi diagrams ( LaFountain 1970 ), but not apparently for contoured diagrams. GODPP has the advantage of producing Pi diagrams and contoured stereograms on a graph plotter. It also produces line printer output of contoured diagrams which allows

Measurement of the propagating waves on Yagi-Uda array

The characteristics of the propagating waves on an array of identical wires have been measured. Experimental data showed that propagating waves could be supported on the structure without significant attenuation for two frequency bands. The central frequency of the higher passband was about 3 times higher than that of the lower passband. All propagating waves were slow waves. Phase velocities were varied from 0.99 to 0.25 of the free-space velocity. The k-\beta diagram of the waves were obtained and were found in good agreement with the theory.

Analysis of multiple-arm conical log-spiral antennas

An N -arm log-spiral antenna may be excited in N - 1 orthogonal modes of N -tuple input. A rigorous solution to the spiral antenna of more than two arms is obtained by numerical solution of the integral equations. Results for a four-arm spiral, including current distribution, half-power beamwidth, beam orientation, and gain and phase centers, are presented. The propagation constant of the current waves along each spiral arm is found to be approximately the speed of light. An approximate k-\beta diagram is given which may be used to estimate the size of the antenna for each mode of operation.

Analysis of zigzag antennas

The integral equation technique is used to find rigorous solutions of the current distributions on zigzag antennas. Through a new decomposition technique the currents are analytically separated into forward and reflected components, from which accurate k - \beta diagrams of the structures can be obtained. For the case of log-periodic antennas, the forward component of the current also gives the characteristic admittance of the antenna, which can be determined hitherto only through many measurements or calculations.

Least Squares Analysis of Tectonite Fabric Data

The graphical techniques presently in use in structural petrology are unsatisfactory, except in special cases, due to (1) their limiting assumptions and (2) their inherent imprecision. These difficulties may be overcome by introducing more general assumptions and by treating the data more directly. The “best” axis may be defined for any given set of fabric data by a least squares criterion, based upon a general conical model. In the limits this model reduces to (1) the point distribution which is analyzed in beta diagrams and centrosymmetric point maxima of lineations, and (2) the great circle distribution, which is analyzed in pi diagrams. As defined by the least squares criterion, the best axis may be interpreted as the “factor” (by analogy with factor analysis) which explains a minimum of the variance in the data. A variance surface may be constructed from spacially distributed trial axes, plotted on a spherical surface, and then projected onto a plane. Such surfaces show how the variance explained by trial axes varies with orientation. Variance surfaces allow development and testing of models that approximate the structures under consideration. Examples from metamorphic rocks of the Sierra Nevada show how data may be analyzed and models may be developed.

Digital computer procedure for preparing beta diagrams

Digital computer procedure for preparing beta diagrams

Preparation of beta diagrams in structural geology by a digital computer

Preparation of beta diagrams in structural geology by a digital computer

Theory of frequency scanning of antennas

This paper presents the theory of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">180\deg</tex> scanning for a linear array and Tchebycheff array by frequency variation and discusses the relationships between the linear array theory and the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\omega-\beta</tex> diagram of periodic structures. Each element is excited by a slow-wave structure which is either nondispersive or dispersive. At a center frequency, the spacing is an integral multiple of guide wavelength <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M\lambda_{c}</tex> . It is shown that this is in fact the - <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</tex> th space harmonic in the so-called forbidden region, and all the other harmonics are slow. For a given frequency range, the necessary phase velocity and other parameters are determined in order to obtain <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">180\deg</tex> scanning without causing other main beams, and the example is carried out for the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X</tex> -band frequency range.