Best Combination Of Materials Research Articles

A New Building Information Modelling-Based Approach to Automate Recyclability Rate Calculations for Buildings

To address environmental challenges, the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operations (AECO) industry, which is known for its high resource consumption and waste production, needs to switch to a circular economy (CE). This approach focuses on reducing, recycling, and reusing materials to narrow, slow, and close material loops. However, one of the main problems which the AECO industry is still facing is the lack of common, standardized, and automated procedures to consider the recyclability and presence of hazardous materials. To address this problem, this study focuses on extending the recyclability rate from the material to building scale, considering the presence of hazardous materials based on the European Waste Catalogue (EWC), hence defining a new KPI. It adopts Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Industry Foundation Classes (IFCs) and integrates them with bespoke programming in Python to develop a standardized and automated procedure that complies with Italian regulations. The new KPI will help clients and designers to rate the overall recyclability of a building and to choose the best combination of materials and components. The procedure includes data acquisition, transmission, and data/model integration, resulting in practical and trackable measures that could be globally scalable. Scenario analyses are also developed to consider the impact of maintenance attitude on waste production.

Mechanochemical treatment of hexachlorobenzene-contaminated soil with additives.

The use of mechanochemistry for the remediation of hexachlorobenzene (HCB)-contaminated soil was investigated. Additives such as alkaline materials, neutral materials, natural minerals, and solid waste were studied to explore their effect on the degradation of hexachlorobenzene in soil with single or combined addition by mechanochemical method. The best combination of materials were determined based on HCB destruction percentage by considering the impact on soil quality, the treatment cost, and the availability of additives. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) analysis were conducted for the mechanism studies. The combination of albite and ferric oxide (Fe3O4) was found to achieve the best performance in the degradation of HCB with the destruction percentage from 74.3 to 92.5% after 2-h and 6-h reaction, respectively. The developed fracture structure and complex compositions of albite provided abundant reaction sites for mechanochemical degradation of HCB in soil.

The impact of low adsorption surfaces for the analysis of DNA and RNA oligonucleotides

As interest in oligonucleotide (ON) therapeutics is increasing, there is a need to develop suitable analytical methods able to properly analyze those molecules. However, an issue exists in the adsorption of ONs on different parts of the instrumentation during their analysis. The goal of the present paper was to comprehensively evaluate various types of bioinert materials used in ion-pairing reversed-phase (IP-RPLC) and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) to mitigate this issue for 15- to 100-mer DNA and RNA oligonucleotides. The whole sample flow path was considered under both conditions, including chromatographic columns, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system, and ultraviolet (UV) flow cell. It was found that a negligible amount of non-specific adsorption might be attributable to the chromatographic instrumentation. However, the flow cell of a detector should be carefully subjected to sample-based conditioning, as the material used in the UV flow cell was found to significantly impact the peak shapes of the largest ONs (60- to 100-mer). Most importantly, we found that the choice of column hardware had the most significant impact on the extent of non-specific adsorption. Depending on the material used for the column walls and frits, adsorption can be more or less pronounced. It was proved that any type of bioinert RPLC/HILIC column hardware offered some clear benefits in terms of adsorption in comparison to their stainless-steel counterparts. Finally, the evaluation of a large set of ONs was performed, including a DNA duplex and DNA or RNA ONs having different base composition, furanose sugar, and modifications occurring at the phosphate linkage or at the sugar moiety. This work represents an important advance in understanding the overall ON adsorption, and it helps to define the best combination of materials when analyzing a wide range of unmodified and modified 20-mer DNA and RNA ONs.

Investigating encapsulation design strategy of photovoltaic cells in the case of a solar race car

The efficiency in converting solar energy into electricity is fundamental wherever photovoltaic panels are present, still more crucial in the design of racing solar vehicles. Even minimal reductions in conversion ratio, maintained for the long solar races, cause solar cars to lose race positions and competitiveness. Here we introduce a numerical-experimental study for choosing the best combination of materials to encapsulate cells in solar roofs. The tangible expectation is to improve the performance of the monocrystalline silicon cells used in our solar vehicle by maximizing heat dissipation to the environment. The operating temperature is in fact a determining factor for efficient conversion, with efficiency drops of the order of 5% every 10 °C. Different stratifications, some of which quite unusual in solar panel design, were compared by transient thermal simulations and experiments. Specifically, five alternatives were analyzed, varying in the presence and thickness of the encapsulation materials (ETFE, EVA and PET). The main scope of the work, however, was not choosing the best among several specific hypotheses, but the development of an accurate numerical model able to predict the behavior of the solar panel in conditions close to the expected ones. This model, in fact, has provided valuable help in optimizing the vehicle design by allowing to evaluate the effect of alternative materials and construction solutions in the cell’s construction housing structure.

Inorganic flame retardants’ efficacy of Aluminum Hydroxide, Magnesium Hydroxide in the combustion rate of intermediate Calamagrostis from Ecuador’ Moorlands

In this research, intermediate calamagrostis vegetal fiber (FIC) combined samples were carried out in combination with polyester resin (RP), Aluminum Hydroxide (HA) and Magnesium Hydroxide (MH). The aim of this study is to determine inorganic flame-retardant effectiveness in the intermediate calamagrostis’ combustion rate reduction from Ecuador’s moorlands and possible forest fires’ control of this endemic plant species. The flammability index was obtained following the ISO 3795 standard; In addition, the contamination degree: Carbon Monoxide (CO) was determined, following the standard EPA 40 CFR, method 60 Annex A. The composite material was evaluated in a horizontal flammability chamber. Furthermore, the experimental design considered seven tests, one control and two flame retardants’ types. Aluminium Hydroxide and Magnesium Hydroxide accounted for three different concentrations at 3%, 6% and 9% percent each one. Thus, these flame retardants’ effectiveness was greater for Aluminium Hydroxides at all the proposed concentrations, while for Magnesium Hydroxide; its effectiveness was positive for a concentration of 9% only. The study determines that the best combination of materials are: 70% FIC, 21% PR, 9% HA, resulting in a combustion rate of 190.98 mm / min and self-extinguishing capacity. Finally, an average decrease of 50% in the generation of CO and the amount of smoke was determined.

Injection Molded PP Foams Using Food Ingredients for Food Packaging Applications.

A new approach to the creation of polypropylene (PP) based foaming materials was developed using food grade foaming agents that were coated on the PP pellets. More specifically, sodium bicarbonate and organic acids were used to coat PP pellets using either polyethyleneoxide (PEO) or lipid esters as coating stabilizers. In order to overcome the problem of the thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate at temperatures lower than the PP melting temperature, which makes the direct foaming during melt mixing impossible, the proposed methodology was proved quite efficient. Thus, new PP masterbatches were prepared, where the foaming agents were incorporated as coating at PP pellets at contents up to 10%, and initially used in Lab scale injection machines in order to find the best combination of materials that resulted in the production of foamed articles. Subsequently selected material combinations were tested in an industrial scale injection molding machine, where an optimization of the injection parameters was attempted. The outcome of this was the production of PP articles with significantly increased void fraction, up to 14%, decreased thermal conductivity, up to 20%, and various pore sizes as was observed via microscopic examination using SEM and CLSM.

A sustainable mathematical model for design of net zero energy buildings

Energy is vital recourse for economic development of today's business. The services demanded of residential and commercial buildings require substantial energy use. Energy consumption in this sector has been growing in total, gradually. As a result the high emission of greenhouse gases is released and, hence, the saving energy with better building management have made a major priority of the energy and environment sectors throughout the world. In this direction, to reduce energy consumption and mitigate environmental impacts in buildings, net-zero energy buildings (NZEB) is a very effective solution. As a result, a multi-objective model is developed to identify the best combination of materials and construction options considering their related costs, energy efficiency, and environmental impacts of buildings, simultaneously. This sustainable model is presented to construct a building considering the construction costs and energy consumption of the design options. To design the NZEB, while minimizing costs and carbon emissions, use has been made of a combination of different types of active/heating and cooling systems and renewable equipment through such high-efficiency, effective, and updated technologies as the solar panel. Finally, the case study of a residential building with two scenarios is used to demonstrate the proposed framework. The results show that, for scenarios1 and 2 respectively using insulation thickness such as (wall, roof, and windows) and renewable equipment have the highest sustainable impact in NEBZ's performance.

Combination of potential nanomaterials for intermediate temperature oxygen membranes on the base of δ-Bi2O3/Ag

The new architecture of IT thin oxygen membranes on a flexible support made of stainless steel grid is proposed. This membrane is designed to realize clean coal energy with combustion of pulverized low ranked solid fuels in oxygen enriched atmosphere using purified flue gases as a sweep gas. Multilayer membrane with thickness about 40 μm is consist of metal grid with deposited protected layer and filled by porous agglomerates of e-conducting perovskite, dense selective layer on the base of multilevel nanocermet δ-Bi2O3/Ag, protected porous layer and supported Pd/Pt-catalyst layer. Mechanochemical ceramic method is the main approach to designing of nanomaterials with interpenetrating and core-shell microstructures. Compatible combination of materials and operations is determined for creating oxygen membranes with operating temperature 500-550 °C. The best combination of materials successfully passed the degradation test at 500 °C for 500 hours.

Stability and flooding analysis of nanosilica/ NaCl /HPAM/SDS solution for enhanced heavy oil recovery

Oil and gas are main sources of energy globally. Limitations on these resources and the ability to explore and exploit them has led to the development of new technologies for enhanced oil recovery. The massive amounts of oil remain in reservoirs must be removed using common enhanced oil recovery methods and other complex methods. Nanotechnology can help solve many problems in the oil and gas industry. Nanoparticles can assist production of oil from reservoirs on the nanometer scale. Nanoparticles can increase oil recovery through polymer flooding, but there are few studies on polymer performance in the presence of nanoparticles and salt, especially HPAM. The current study investigated HPAM/nano-silica for enhanced oil recovery and stability of the injected fluid. To prepare a stable solution for injection, different concentrations of HPAM, nanosilica, salt and water were tested and the best combination of materials was obtained. It was found that the addition of a surfactant is needed to control suspension stability. The results of stability tests indicate that salt is main cause of instability of nano-suspensions. At high salinity single-valence ions show effects similar to bivalence ions on the stability of nano-suspensions. SDS can adsorb onto nano-silica particles and supercharge the interface to stabilize the nano-suspensions. Stable fluid was injected into a strongly oil-wet five-spot glass micromodel saturated with heavy oil and image processing was applied to analyze the displacement mechanisms and calculate the efficiency of each flooding test. The viscosity was measured for precise analysis of the experimental data. The oil recovery factor after one pore volume of injected fluid indicates that the ultimate oil recovery improved in the presence of nanosilica particles, which increased the viscosity of the injected fluid and altered the wettability of the pore walls. Nanoparticles appear to have the ability to change the wettability to water-wet in some portions of the micromodel. Measurements showed that nanosilica particles did not change the IFT between the crude oil and injected fluid.

Effect of pad and disc materials on the behaviour of disc brake against dynamic high speed loading conditions

Braking system in an automobile plays an important role to control the vehicle. Now a day’s, high speed vehicles with advanced technologies are launching in to the market by varying different design procedures. Therefore, an effective braking system is always required for a vehicle to have proper safety and comfort to the user in different environmental climatic conditions. Effectiveness of the braking system has to be considered, in addition to aesthetic consideration of an automobile in order to avoid accidents. After, the gradual phasing out of asbestos as a friction material, due its wide spread complaints as a carcinogenic material by world health organisation, people and industries are looking for suitable alternatives to replace asbestos friction material. In this work, an attempt is made to check the performance of the brake by altering the materials of the disc and pad of the braking system, which are supposed to be major components of the brake. The behaviour of the disc brake pad assembly is studied under high speed dynamic loading conditions. The results are compared with the experimental results available in literature, and the best combination of materials for disc and pad is suggested for the design related to high speed dynamic conditions of the automobile

Optimization and Crashworthiness Investigation of Empty and Aluminium Foam Filled Square Tubes

Foam-filled thin-walled structures have drawn considerable attention and been widely applied in automotive and aerospace industries for their significant advantages in a high energy absorption and light weight. Recently the application of foam filled square tube in automobile industries has taken hike because of crashworthiness characteristic of foams. In the present study, energy absorption capacity of the empty (aluminum and mild steel) and foam in-filled (various aluminum alloys) square tubes have been numerically evaluated under car hitting condition. The finite element method (FEM) is applied in modeling the empty and foam-filled square tubes. The results show that the foam-filled square tubes have outstanding energy absorption characteristics under all the conditions considered. Based on the study results, best combination of materials in shell column wall and in-filled foam has been recommended.

Investigating the Effect of Nanoclay on Polypropylene-Made Cellulose Composite

This study investigates the effect of adding the nanoclay particles on the mechanical properties of polypropylene-made cellulose composite. Based-on-polypropylene composites are mixed with the particles of wheat stalk flour with the dimensional size (mesh 80), nanoclay at three different levels (0, 2 and 4) per hundred compounds (phc) and also with Maleic Anhydride-grafted Polypropylene (MAPP) as compatibilizer by Dr. Colin machine at 180°C and 60 rpm and the standard test samples were made by injection molding method. Then the mechanical properties such as the tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength were measured. Finally, the cellulose composite was examined by the X-Ray Diffraction method (XRD) in order to study the structure and function of nanoclay particles and particles of wheat stalk flour with dimension 80 mesh. The results of mechanical test indicate that with an increase in the nanoclay amount up to the level 2 phc, the tensile and flexural strengths and tensile and flexural modulus of composite will be increased. However, these strengths will be decreased by increasing the amount of nanoclay to the level 4 phc. Moreover, the impact strength of composite is decreased by increasing the amount of nanoclay. Survey, conducted by the transmission X-ray diffraction on the nanocomposites indicates that the samples containing 2 phc nanoclay in the combination with the polymer have reached the intercalated structures. Furthermore, the samples with 4 phc nanoclay have shown the intercalated-flocculated structures. In general, the results showed that the best combination of materials for making the composite contained 2 phc nanoclay in terms of mechanical properties.

불포화 폴리에스터수지를 이용한 투수 콘크리트의 투수성 향상에 관한 실험적 연구

초록·키워드 목차 오류제보하기 등록된 정보가 없습니다. ABSTRACT1. 서론2. 투수 콘크리트의 특성3. 사용 재료 및 실험 방법4. 실험 결과 및 고찰5. 결론참고문헌요약

Tribological performance of titanium doped and pure DLC coatings combined with a synthetic bio-lubricant

Thermal degradation of environmentally friendly lubricants prevents the spread of its utilisation in industrial applications. This process can be promoted by frictional heating occurred during accidental contacts of moving parts or star-up and shut-down operations. The use of low friction coatings, like diamond-like carbon (DLC), can offer a solution to these problems. Their low friction properties, high wear resistance and excellent corrosion resistance can prevent the occurrence of such local heat spikes, which will protect the lubricant and hence prolong the lifetime of the tribological system. In this work, a synthetic bio-lubricant has been evaluated and compared with a mineral oil. Combinations with pure and Ti doped DLC coatings were taken into account. In order to have a proper evaluation of the tribosystem a wide range of conditions have been considered in high frequency reciprocating and unidirectional tests. The Stribeck curve at variable sliding speeds and loads was obtained. In steel/steel contacts friction is clearly lower when synthetic oil is used compared to a mineral based oil, which is not always true with DLC/DLC contacts. As a result of the tribotesting, the best combination of materials was chosen in order to be validated in a real system (mechanical component in a machine tool), where results confirmed our expectations.

A study of the effects of the process parameters on the flexographic printing problem “dot bridging” – part II: experimental design and print contrast/density

PurposeThe print fault “dot bridging” reduces the printing press efficiency. This study was designed to find the best combination of materials used in normal production which would reduce or eliminate the problems thus increasing efficiency.Design/methodology/approachVarious statistical methods were used to design the experiments and to analyse the experimental results. The experiment included all of the factors which were considered to have an effect on the “dot bridging” print fault.FindingsThe most important conclusion that can be drawn from the results is that the complex interactions between factors included in the process can be characterised. The experiment proved that the problem was not random. The data gathered during the experiment had a direct correlation with the psychometric results. Various factors included in the experiment were found to have a significant influence on print density and print contrast. Contrast and density were selected for analysis as ink film thickness was thought to have an influence on the best looking print samples and the “dot bridging” print fault.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of the experiment were used to optimise the production process particularly the platemaking technique. Data from further experiments would help to optimise more process parameters.Practical implicationsMinitab computer software was used to analyse the results of the experiment thus making it easier to communicate the results to non‐scientific production staff.Originality/valueThis was the first time that the printer concerned had used a scientific approach to problem solving. The end result for the printer was an increase in production efficiency which saved the printer a considerable amount on money.

An Experimental Study of Styrene Aerosol Adsorption

Test results are given on the adsorption of styrene aerosols in filters made of various materials and combinations of them: activated charcoal grains, Synfasan U15 fibrous material, Sphag-sorb biosorbent, Karbopon Aktiv fibrous material made of activated charcoal, and zeolites. A best combination of materials is proposed.

Paper 9: Effect of Work Hardening during Rolling Contact on Pitting of Gear Materials

In order to find the best combination of materials for reduction gears of marine turbines, the authors carried out an investigation on pitting using a disc machine. The resistance to pitting of wheel material was considerably affected by the work-hardening effect owing to rolling contact. Hard pinion material raised the resistance of wheel material to a great extent. The best result was attained by the combination of materials showing both the greatest work-hardening tendencies. The work-hardening tendency estimated by measuring the Meyer index served to predict the pitting life. The test results were discussed further based upon the theory of elastohydrodynamic lubrication.

Influence of Material of Mating Surface on Rolling Contact Fatigue

The authors carried out an experimental investigation on the rolling contact fatigue using a testing machine of a rotating-disc type orginally designed by the authors, in order to find the best combination of materials for reduction gears of marine turbines. The experimental condition was chosen as follows : diameter of test disc=60 mm, rolling speed=4800 rpm without slip, maximum contact pressure=70 kg/mm2, temperature of supplied turbine oil=60°C and rate of feed=1cc/sec. The main results are summarized : The fatigue resistance of the wheel material is considerably affected by the cold working effect due to the rolling contact to the mating pinion material. A harder pinion material raises the fatigue resistance of the wheel material to a great extent. The best result is obtained by the combination of materials which show the greatest cold working tendency. The results are clearly explained by measuring the surface flow of the materials and the progress of the surface hardness.