Beryl Crystals Research Articles

Trace element composition of beryl from spodumene pegmatite deposits of the Kunar Province, Afghanistan

The study of trace element composition of beryl from the Chambalak and Digal deposits of the Darai Pech pegmatite feld of the Kunar province (Afghanistan) using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) revealed the sectoriality of the beryl crystal from the Chambalak deposit. The inner and outer parts of the profle are identifed as the pinacoid (0001) and prism (10 1 0) growth zones, respectively. At the boundary of these two simple forms, the Cs, Na, Ca, Fe, Mg, and V content strongly increases. The prism growth zone exhibits the growth pyramids: a decrease in the Na, Fe, V, Ni, and Cr content during growth towards the edge of the beryl crystal. The H2O and Mg content increases in the prism growth zone. No boundary between the pinacoid and prism growth zones is observed in beryl from the Digal deposit. There is a reason to consider its profle as the prism growth zone. A comparison of beryl based on the content of indicative elements, the increase of which corresponds to the fractionation trend of pegmatite melt (Cs, Li, and Rb), from pegmatite deposits of the Kunar province with beryl from other objects showed that pegmatite melt in the studied deposits was moderately fractionated corresponding to the initial evolution stages. It is shown that the content of some elements of beryl from the prism and pinacoid growth zones can fundamentally differ.

Spectral library of gemological minerals from NE Brazil: A reference to aid the reflectance spectra-based discrimination of gem-quality materials

We report a spectral library of gem-quality minerals from NE Brazil and imitation material as a strategic, rapid, nondestructive, and relatively cost-effective tool to be used as a reference to aid in discriminating gemological materials. Our study used spectra data collected by ASD-FieldSpec spectroradiometers (Standard Resolution and High-Resolution Next Generation) for 42 gem-quality mineral samples of beryl, emerald, elbaite tourmaline, euclase, vesuvianite, and apatite crystals from the Borborema Province. In addition, five emerald imitations and nine faceted emeralds from unknown provenances were also used to compose the spectral dataset. The main metals- and molecules-related absorption features were interpreted to show the similarities and differences of the spectral signatures from the minerals and imitation samples. In addition, the principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for data dimensionality reduction of the normalized reflectance spectra (n = 115), and the significance of PCs (99% of variance) was interpreted to highlight the main mineral groups. FreeViz algorithm was employed as an alternative for efficient visualization of PCs’ axes, showing a suitable discrimination of the samples. For example, the clustering of (a) beryl and emerald samples, (b) iron-rich elbaites (blue and green colors), and (c) Cu- and Mn-rich elbaites (Paraíba tourmaline and green varieties) was revealed, summarizing the similarities already expected from the qualitative spectral signature inspections and automating the discrimination of main mineral groups. Beyond introducing a spectral library of gem materials from NE Brazil, the methodology supports studies of gem classification and the authenticity assessment of diverse gem materials. The methodology can also be expanded to other reflectance datasets of gem-quality minerals worldwide.

Примесный состав берилла из сподуменовых пегматитов месторождения Пашки (провинция Нуристан, Афганистан)

The SIMS method (secondary ions mass-spectrometry) determined the impurity composition of a beryl crystals (aquamarine) from the pegmatites of the Pashki lithium deposit (Nuristan province, Afghanistan). 12 local determinations of the content of 20 chemical elements (including halogens and water) were performed. In comparison with aquamarine from rare metals, including spodumene pegmatites from other regions of the world, the studied beryl is significantly enriched with large ion lithophile elements: Li (about 1100 ppm), Na (4500 ppm) and K (300 ppm). High concentrations of alkaline elements in the beryl of lithium pegmatites are considered as a genetic sign of the high potential of alkalis created during the crystallization of spodumene associated with beryl and other lithium minerals. This well-known genetically determined feature of beryl, characteristic of productive lithium pegmatites, therefore is promising in the development of search and evaluation criteria for lithium pegmatites of Nuristan and other pegmatite provinces.

Mechanism of beryllium mineralization in a granite-pegmatite system: Constraints from ore geology and beryl mineralogy of the large Arskartor Be-Nb-Mo deposit, southern Chinese Altai

The Arskartor Be-Nb-Mo deposit is the second largest Be deposit in the Chinese Altai, NW China, which hosts over 11,000 tons of BeO resource. The muscovite-albite granite and rare-metal pegmatite in the ore district are spatially and temporally coexisted and both are beryllium mineralized. The muscovite-albite granitic stock can be divided into a barren zone and a Be-mineralized zone. The pegmatite shows an well-developed internal zone including the layered muscovite-quartz-albite zone, (lower) beryl-muscovite-quartz zone, quartz core, (hanging) beryl-muscovite-quartz zone, and muscovite-quartz-microcline zone. Beryl is the dominant Be-bearing mineral and mainly occurs in the Be-mineralized granite, the layered muscovite-quartz-albite and the beryl-muscovite-quartz zones of the pegmatite. Subhedral to euhedral beryl in the Be-mineralized granite is interstitial to or intergrown with rock-forming minerals. In contrast, beryl crystals in the pegmatite are coarser in grain size and more euhedral in shape, and mainly coexist with coarse “booked” muscovite and blocky quartz. Concentrations of Li, Cs and Na/Li ratios of beryl are 184–760 ppm, 218–1996 ppm, and 2.13–21.3, respectively. The progressive variations of incompatible elements compositions and Na/Li ratios are consistent with the fractional crystallization mechanism of the granite-pegmatite system. Paragenesis and internal structure of beryl suggest nonequilibrium crystallization of a relatively incompatible elements and fluxes-enriched late granitic melt, generated the coarse-grained Be-mineralized granite. With the progressive enrichment of incompatible and fluxing elements and decreasing temperature, liquidus overcooling was achieved and generated the aplite and immediate zoned pegmatite that hosts abundant beryl. Moreover, the differentiating pegmatitic melt with varying amounts of aqueous fluids at different melt fractions, likely resulted in heterogeneous distribution of beryllium and subsequent variable amounts of beryl crystallization in different internal zones. The exsolution of aqueous fluids from the residual pegmatitic melt resulted in Mo-mineralization and related hydrothermal alteration. Consequently, both protracted fractional crystallization and subsolidus processes contributed the formation of the Arskartor granite-pegmatite system with Be-polymetallic mineralization.

Additions to the composition of the ural beryls and inclusions of syngenetic minerals in them

In addition to the data of predecessors, the chemical composition of zoned or zoned-sectorial beryl crystals from pegmatites of the Mariinsky and Kvartalny deposits of the Urals emerald mines in the Central Urals, granitic pegmatite of mine no. 242 of the Ilmeny State Reserve and Svetlinsky pegmatite quarry in the South Urals is characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive analysis. The light peripheral zones of prism and pinacoid in crystal sections differ in variations in Al, Fe and Mg contents from the inner zones or areas. The presence of fractures and regenerated fragments of early beryl indicates synmineralization tectonics. In beryl from the Mariinsky deposit, the previously unknown syntactic ingrowths of bavenite and zones of parallel columnar aggregates of co-crystallization of beryl and bavenite, as well as late pyrite, fuorite, gismondine-Ca and tobermorite, are identifed. Beryls from mine no. 242 of the Ilmeny State Reserve are yellowish-greenish and bluish with a peripheral white zone and syntactic microingrowths of annite and syngenetic inclusions of columbite and Ta-Nb rutile. Muddy bluish-white beryl regenerated by colorless beryl from the Svetlinsky quarry hosts numerous syntactic inclusions of muscovite, gahnite, calcite, quartz and quartz-muscovite microaggregates with pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, siderite, calcite, and micropores. The syntaxy of mica, quartz and gahnite with beryl is revealed for the frst time.

Godel, Escherian Staircase and Possibility of Quantum Wormhole With Liquid Crystalline Phase of Iced-Water - Part II: Experiment Description

The present article was partly inspired by G. Pollack’s book, and also Dadoloff, Saxena & Jensen (2010). As a senior physicist colleague and our friend, Robert N. Boyd, wrote in a journal (JCFA, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2022), for example, things and Beings can travel between Universes, intentionally or unintentionally [4]. In this short remark, we revisit and offer short remark to Neil Boyd’s ideas and trying to connect them with geometry of musical chords as presented by D. Tymoczko and others, then to Escherian staircase and then to Jacob’s ladder which seems to pointto possibility to interpret Jacob’s vision as described in the ancient book of Genesis as interdimensional staircase, e.g. an interdimensional bridge between heaven and earth (cf. classic book: Hofstadter, Godel, Escher, Bach). Jacob’s vision of angels going down to earth from that staircase has been depicted for instance in William Blake art etc. In our communication with others via physics literature and discussions etc, we came to several conclusions as follows: Firstly, possibility of wormhole effect to mirror particle universe, which sometimes it is termed non-orientable wormhole. While such mirror particles effect have been more than 50 years predicted with the so-called parity violation (cf. Lee & Yang, 1950s), and that is called symmetry breaking. Secondly, a series of extended experiments on laser irradiated cold water may suggest possible transition from a phase of water to be at least partially fourth phase of water, which may be composed of crystalline water (see e.g. Gerald Pollack, and also Harold Aspden on liquid crystalline). If we can imagine laser cooling effect can be done in protracted time, then we can achieve a physical representation of Aspden‘s liquid crystalline. Therefore, in this article we outline a series of simple experiments of laser irradiated iced-water along with beryl and selenite crystals in order to see possibility of such a quantum tunneling via quantum liquid crystalline Universe hypothesis, which may likely be modeled with iced-water. It is interesting to remark here that certain experiments by Stockholm University scientists have shown that X-ray triggered water can exhibit properties just like liquid crystal (cf. PRL, 2020). That is why we consider it possible that there can be quantum phase transition where liquid water (comprised of iced cubes and water) can exhibit effects such as tunneling in quantum liquid crystalline Universe. Last but not least, we admit that what we outlined here is just aninitial phase; and if you wish, perhaps we can call such experiments as “wormhole-at-lab” experiments (abbreviated: WHALE).

Geochemical and Spectroscopic Features of Beryl (Aquamarine) from Renli No. 5 Pegmatite in Hunan, Central China

The No. 5 pegmatite vein is the most evolved and well mineralized vein in the Renli deposit, with beryl being the most important beryllium mineral. The vein represents one of the most important gem-quality aquamarine mines at Renli. In this study, beryl crystals from the No. 5 pegmatite vein were examined by EMPA (electron microprobe analysis), ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry), XRD (diffraction of X-rays), FTIR (fourier transform infrared spectrometer), and Raman analyses. Field and petrographic observations showed that most beryl crystals are euhedral to subhedral with light to medium blue color. EMPA analyses indicated that the main chemical compositions of beryl are close to the ideal values, with relatively low Fe (0.222–0.690 wt%) and alkali metal (0.280–0.820 wt%) contents. Geochemical and spectroscopic analyses indicated that cations replacement in beryl is relatively simple. The substituting cations of beryl in the octahedral Al site include mainly: Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Cr3+, Ti4+, and the excess Si. The tetrahedral Be site is mainly replaced by Li. Alkali metals in channel (esp. Na) serve as a charge compensator. According to the Fe-Mg-alkali and Li-Cs contents, the beryls from No. 5 pegmatite belong to the low Li-Cs and low Fe-Mg-medium alkali beryl groups. Field and geochemical data indicated that the No. 5 pegmatite vein formed by the multistage Mufushan granitic pluton emplacement and the magma source was less evolved.

Effect of Internal Pressure on Incipient Ferroelectricity of Nanoconfined Water Molecules Observed in Hydrothermally Grown Beryl Crystals

Quasistatic dielectric permittivity of D2O type I molecules (electric dipole moment perpendicular to the crystallographic c‐axis) within hydrothermally grown beryl crystals characterized by different internal pressure and content of D2O type II molecules (dipole moment parallel to the c‐axis) is measured at temperatures 4–300 K. All crystals are found to display quantum paraelectric behavior of the D2O‐I molecular subsystem permittivity, that is, permittivity growth while cooling from room temperature followed by saturation below 15–40 K. Processing the data with the Barrett expression shows that excess internal pressure and excess content of D2O‐II molecules lead to an increase in quantum temperature T1 and a decrease in the Curie constant C, with the Curie temperature TC remaining unchanged. The discovered strengthening of quantum effects (growth of T1) within an ensemble of dipole–dipole‐coupled D2O‐I molecules is associated with an enhanced azimuthal tunneling of these molecules within the hexagonal localizing potential. The data indicate the possibility of using crystal growth conditions to “tune” the strength of quantum effects in the network of polar water molecules, which provides a workbench for further studies of exotic phases of a lattice of coupled “point” electric dipoles.

AN OVERVIEW ON THE MINERALOGY AND CRISTALLOGRAPHY FIELD COURSE GUIDE AT THE SERIDÓ PEGMATITIC PROVINCE: A CONTRIBUTION FOR UNDERGRADUATE GEOLOGY STUDENTS OF THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PERNAMBUCO, BRAZIL

This report presents basic guidelines to help undergraduate first year geology students at the Federal University of Pernambuco Brazil. It reviews general aspects of the Mineralogy field trip presenting a comprehensive review on pegmatite classification, regional geology of the Seridó Pegmatitic Province (Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba states) as well as local geological aspects of three mines that are visited and locally mapped. During the field trip, the Dedego, Pendanga and Sítio Mulungu mines are visited, offering the opportunity to describe pegmatites and host rocks in one of the most famous regions that produce industrial minerals and gemstones for commercial purposes. During the visit, crystallographic and physical aspects of granitic pegmatite-related minerals are discussed, including didactical varieties of quartz, feldspars, mica, tourmaline, garnet and beryl crystals. Mining aspects on pegmatitic rocks in the region are also accessed, allowing the first-year student to have an early contact with mineral exploration and mining companies and their professionals, which will be of great importance for their development during the geology undergraduate course.

Genesis of the Wuzhutang Granite and Associated W–Sn–Be Mineralization in the Xuebaoding Mining Area, Sichuan Province, China

The Xuebaoding W–Sn–Be mining area, located in the Songpan–Garze orogenic belt in western China, is known for producing large, colorful, euhedral crystals of scheelite, cassiterite, and tabular beryl. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of the Wuzhutang granite yields a concordia age of 218.96 ± 2.1 Ma, and a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 218.98 ± 1.12 Ma. Cassiterite LA-MC-ICPMS dating of the quartz vein bearing beryl, cassiterite, and scheelite, yields a concordant age of 213.5 ± 1.7 Ma. These observations indicate that magmatic activities and mineralization on the western side of the Zibaishan dome occurred during the late Indosinian, prior to their occurrence on the eastern side of the dome, reflecting the fact that the granite may have undergone two epochs of magmatic evolution and metallogenic processes. Geochemical analysis revealed that the Wuzhutang granite has relatively high A/CNK (average: 1.05) and differentiation index (DI; 81.16~85.88) values, and that they are enriched in W, Sn, Be, Li, and Cs. Unlike the Pukouling and Pankou granites, the Wuzhutang granite contains a certain amount of plagioclase and relatively high contents of Ba (633~1007 ppm) and Sr (334~411 ppm). Sr–Nd–Pb isotope values (87Sr/86Sr(t) = 0.70747–0.70865, εNd(t) = −6.35 to –4.34, 206Pb/204Pb = 18.186–18.3, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.556–15.592, and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.268–38.432) indicate a Mesoproterozoic basement origin for the Wuzhutang granite. We suggest the three granites belong to a peraluminous magma system and were derived by partial melting of the upper crust, the magma of the Wuzhutang granite originated from a deeper source and exhibits a lower degree of differentiation than that of the Pankou and Pukouling granites.

Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the quantum paraelectric state of dipolar coupled water molecular network

We measure the real part ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ of the dielectric permittivity of beryl crystals with heavy water molecules ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ confined in nanosized cages formed by an ionic crystal lattice. The experiments are performed at a frequency of 1 MHz in the temperature interval from 300 down to 4 K under different hydrostatic pressures up to $P=6.3$ GPa. At high temperatures, a Curie-Weiss-like increase of ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(T)$ is observed upon cooling. Application of pressure leads to flattening of ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(T)$ at low temperatures due to quantum effects, i.e., tunneling of deuterium atoms in the hexagonal localizing potential. Analyzing the temperature behavior of ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ with the Barrett expression allows us to obtain pressure dependencies of the quantum temperature ${T}_{1}$, the Curie-Weiss temperature ${T}_{C}$, and the Barrett constant $C$. The increase of ${T}_{1}$ observed up to 4 GPa is associated with an enhanced azimuthal tunneling of the confined water molecules through the barriers of the potential. For $P>4$ GPa, ${T}_{1}(P)$ levels off since the barriers disappear. Any further pressure increase does not affect the tunneling rate because of the absence of a barrier. The behavior is modeled by solving the Schr\"odinger equation for the water molecule in the azimuthal potential numerically. Small negative values of ${T}_{C}\ensuremath{\approx}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}10$ K obtained for $P<4$ GPa indicate the antiferroelectric ordering tendency of the water dipoles localized in the crystalline nanochannels. For higher pressure, a strong decrease of ${T}_{C}$ toward negative values is observed that would correspond to the enhanced interdipole coupling strength, which is however hard to explain in the present case, and thus calls for additional theoretical and experimental studies.

The Chemical Characteristics and Metallogenic Mechanism of Beryl from Cuonadong Sn-W-Be Rare Polymetallic Deposit in Southern Tibet, China

The Cuonadong deposit is the first large scale Sn-W-Be rare polymetallic deposit located in southern Tibet, China, where beryl is the main beryllium-bearing mineral. In this paper, the beryl crystals in the pegmatitic and hydrothermal vein orebody from the Xianglin area of the Cuonadong deposit are the research objects, marked as Beryl-I and Beryl-II, and they are investigated by EPMA, LA-ICP-MS and in situ micro-X-ray diffraction (XRD). Data by EPMA and LA-ICP-MS reveal that beryls from this area are alkaline beryls, among which Beryl-I is composed of Li-Cs beryl, and Beryl-II is composed of Na beryl and Na-Li beryl, indicating that beryls have undergone noticeable alkali metasomatism during formation. The Cs/Na ratio in Beryl-I ranges from 0.10 to 0.44, and the Mg/Fe ratio is almost 0, showing that Beryl-I is formed under high-differentiation evolution conditions and is rarely affected by hydrothermal transformation, whereas the Mg/Fe ratio in Beryl-II ranges from 2.73 to 17.31, and the Cs/Na ratio is nearly 0, indicating that Beryl-II has been obviously affected by late hydrothermal metasomatism. In situ XRD analysis shows that both Beryl-I and Beryl-II are t-beryl, and the c/a ratio of Beryl-I (1.0010–1.0012) is slightly higher than that of Beryl-II (1.0005–1.0008), which may also reflect the transition from magmatism to hydrothermal metasomatism in the late stage of pegmatitic magmatism. Based on comprehensive analysis, we believe that the precipitation of Beryl-I is mainly caused by the emplacement of highly fractionated magma containing Be to the top of the rock mass or surrounding rock, the melt-fluid undercooling, and the crystallization of volatile-bearing minerals (such as tourmaline and fluorite). Moreover, the Be-bearing ore-forming fluid has further migrated upward along the near north–south faults formed in the middle Miocene (16–15 Ma), during which Beryl-II precipitates owing to the hydrothermal water mixing, the ore-forming fluid cooling, and large amounts of crystallization of volatile-bearing minerals (mainly fluorite). Therefore, it can be concluded that beryl mineralization largely reflects the process of magmatic–hydrothermal mineralization. Because of a large number of mineralized areas with the similar metallogenic backgrounds to the Cuonadong deposit in the Himalayan region, it has great potential to be a new globally significant rare metal metallogenic belt.

Rotating radial vibrations in human bones (femoral, mandibular and tibia) and crystals (Mg, Co, Cd, Zn and beryl) made cylindrical shell under magnetic field and hydrostatic stress

Radial free harmonic wave propagation is considered for the investigation in cylindrical shells made of orthotropic human bones, transversely isotropic hexagonal crystals and simply isotropic materials under the effect of magnetic field and hydrostatic state of stress. Numerical investigations are performed for the frequency equation through 2D and 3D graphical visuals for the impact of rotation, hydrostatic stress, axial magnetic field, inner and outer radii of the cylindrical shell on the radial phase velocity of the wave. A comparative study has been developed for femoral, tibia, mandibular buccal and lingua bones, Mg, Co, Cd, Zn, beryl and ice hexagonal crystals.

Trace Element Geochemistry and Genesis of Beryl from Wadi Nugrus, South Eastern Desert, Egypt

Beryl occurs in the ancient Roman mines at Wadi Nugrus, South Eastern Desert of Egypt. It ranges from small crystals to 10 mm in size, and it varies in color, appearing as bright green, pale green, dark green and brown-green with biotite inclusions. The trace and minor elements were analyzed by the SIMS method. The two rims are richer in Cs, Na, Mg, Fe, Sc, V, Rb and H2O than cores but are poor in Mn, Ca, Co, Sr and Li. The bright-green rim is richer than the pale-green one in Na, P, K, Ca, Fe, Rb, Cs and F, but poorer in Mg and Li. The alkaline elements (Cs, Na, Rb) and Fe correlate with the color zoning, and where beryl crystals have a maximum of these elements, the green color is strong and bright. The emerald of Wadi Nugrus has similarities with the geological setting of the Canadian emeralds. Emeralds occur along the contact zone between biotite schists, pegmatites and quartz veins. A large-scale interaction between Be-bearing magmatic fluids from granites and related pegmatites took place with hydrothermal fluids enriched in Cr, V, Sc, Mg and Ca after percolation through pre-existing serpentinite and talc carbonates, metagabbros and biotite schists and additional fluids bearing H2O, NaCl and CO2.

Continuous Be mineralization from two-mica granite to pegmatite: Critical element enrichment processes in a Himalayan leucogranite pluton

AbstractBeryllium is a critical metal typically concentrated in highly fractionated granitic rocks such as the leucogranites in the Himalaya. Here, we report beryl mineralization that was continuous from the earlier and less-evolved two-mica granite to the highly evolved albite granite and pegmatite in a typical leucogranite pluton at Pusila in the central of Himalaya. Textural and mineral chemical evidence support a magmatic origin for beryl, and the trends of beryl crystal chemistry indicate magma differentiation. Despite low to moderate fractionation of the biotite granite and two-mica granite in the Pusila leucogranite pluton, the Be contents (~7 µg/g, beryl-free and ~22 µg/g, beryl-bearing, respectively) of these granites are much higher than the average for biotite- and two-mica granites worldwide (~3–4 and 5–10 µg/g, respectively), indicating that the initial magma had a relatively high-Be concentration. The gneisses of Greater Himalayan System, considered the protolith, also show a higher Be abundance (~4–6 µg/g) than the mean value of pelitic rocks worldwide (~2–3 µg/g), which could be the source reservoir of Be. The source contributed the initial Be to the melt, and fractionation resulted in the onset of beryl crystallization from the interstitial residual melt in the two-mica granite. The ubiquity of beryl in two-mica granite to pegmatite stages of the Pusila pluton is explained by a continuous crystallization model, although there was a delay in the onset of beryl crystallization in the two-mica granite. Modeling based on Rayleigh fractionation indicates that Be becomes compatible once saturation is attained because of the beryl crystallization. Our findings indicate that the enrichment of critical elements (e.g., Be) is controlled not only by fractional crystallization but also by the buffering action of a saturating phase (e.g., beryl) on the concentration of the critical element in the melt.

НЕЗВИЧНІ ПЕРВИННІ ВКЛЮЧЕННЯ СО2-ФЛЮЇДУ І ВОДНОГО РОЗЧИНУ В КВАРЦІ КАМЕРНИХ ПЕГМАТИТІВ ВОЛИНІ (ГЕНЕТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ)

We studied quartz from chamber pegmatites of the Korostenskyi pluton, in particular from pegmatite body No. 348 of the Vyshniakivska section of the pegmatite field. In particular, two morion crystals were studied, the peripheral part of which is composed of colourless lategeneration quartz 2–3 mm thick. Previously, only numerous inclusions of tubular CO2-fluid were detected in late quartz. During the latest research, we found atypical primary inclusions of CO2-fluid with “reticulated” organic matter on the surface of the inclusions, as well as rarer inclusions of an aqueous solution (G ~ 20 %). Inclusions have the shape of negative crystals or are irregular, size from 2–3 μm to 1 mm and are located directly in contact with the morion faces. The spectra of organic matter recorded mass numbers corresponding to hydrogen, nitrogen, methane, ethane, and other hydrocarbons, among which there are higher (heavy) homologues of hydrocarbons (mass numbers in the range of 80–115). The difference in the conditions for the formation of tubular and unusual primary inclusions is due to the normal growth rate of the quartz faces to which bubbles of CO2-fluid have adhered. At a low rate of quartz growth, they were not repelled by layers of face growth, and the fluid was conserved in the form of inclusions that are not typical for the investigated type of quartz. PTparameters of conservation of inclusions are as follows: T = 210–230 °С, Р = ~ 14 MPa; the depth of pegmatite during this period was about 1.4 km. Chamber pegmatites of Volyn are almost the only pegmatites in the world, at the final stage of which endogenous formation the mineral-forming medium contained a gas or liquid CO2-fluid phase along with the aqueous solution. Liquid CO2-fluid corresponds to products of degassing of basic magma, which entered the chamber pegmatites in the form of fluid flows. In a short time, they completed the endogenous stage of chamber pegmatite formation. It is fixed by primary and secondary inclusions of heterogeneous origin (aqueous solution + CO2-fluid) in quartz, beryl, and topaz crystals

Features of trace element composition of beryl from the Uralian Izumrudnye kopi

It was found as a result of SIMS study of beryl with various color zoning from the Uralian Izumrudnye Kopi that the content of a number of trace elements regularly varies to the margin of the crystal regardless of the color nature of the central and marginal crystal parts. The Na, Mn, Ga, Fe and Rb content increases towards the periphery of both crystals forming a U-shaped zoning. This pattern is less pronounced for Ni and Co. The Ti content, on the contrary, decreases towards the crystal margin forming a bell-shaped zoning. The distribution of a number of elements demonstrates another zoning pattern. For the beryl crystal (sample 24), the color saturation and transparency of which increases from a colorless to green-yellow from the center to the periphery of the crystal, the Sc, Cr and V forms U-shaped zoning with an increasing content to the margin of the crystal and Li exhibits a bell-shaped zoning. In transparent beryl crystal with more intense green color in the center (sample 25), the zoning pattern is dramatically distinct: bell-shaped for Sc, Cr and V and U-shaped for Li. The content of each element for both crystals coincides in the marginal zones, which have color comparable in intensity and transparency, despite the diferent color pattern with a sharply contrast¬ing distribution in the central part. In discriminant diagrams proposed for the identifcation of emeralds from various world regions, the composition of beryl from the Uralian Izumrudnye Kopi correspond to the feld of compositions of the Uralian emeralds or is close to them.

Beryl as indicator of metasomatic processes in the California Blue Mine topaz-beryl pegmatite and associated miarolitic pockets

Beryl occurs in a wide variety of rare-element pegmatites and has provided significant insights into their evolution. The geochemical signatures of beryl can record igneous and metasomatic processes but rarely could they be studied at the same location in both, the pegmatite body and associated miarolitic pockets. Further, the link between beryl chemistry and the petrogenesis of pegmatites has not yet been established convincingly. This study focuses on the recently discovered topaz-beryl granitic pegmatite deposit at the California Blue Mine in San Bernardino County, California, USA. This pegmatite deposit provides an exceptional opportunity to study microtextural (SEM and WDS-element maps) and major EMPA and trace element LA-ICP-MS concentrations in beryl in the pegmatite body and associated miarolitic pockets. The mineralogy of the pegmatites consists of: quartz + K-feldspar + albite (i.e., cleavelandite variety) + biotite + muscovite ± spessartine ± beryl (i.e., aquamarine variety) ± topaz, with a mineralogic zoning that includes border, wall, intermediate, and core zone. The miarolitic pockets contain gem quality beryl, topaz, and quartz crystals. Two major beryl types were distinguished including a primary (Brl I) and a metasomatic beryl (Brl II). Brl I occurs in the intermediate pegmatite zone and displays a blocky concentric crystal zoning characterized by a core enriched in Al and rims enriched in Na, Rb, K, and Sc. In contrast, Brl II is found mostly in the pegmatite core zone and at the contacts to, or within miarolitic pockets, and is characterized by a distinct enrichment in Cs and Li correlating with an enrichment in Na, B, and As and a depletion in Rb, K, Sc, and Fe. Brl II occurs as two variants including as replacement of Brl I (i.e., dissolution-precipitation microtextures in the pegmatites) and as single hydrothermal crystals (i.e., precipitation in the miarolitic pockets). The contrasting trends between Brl I and Brl II are interpreted to reflect two distinct processes affecting trace element variations in beryl including fractionation from a magma with systematic crystal core to rim zoning (decreasing Li and enrichment in Na, K, Rb, Sc, and Fe), and metasomatism with enrichment in Li, Cs, Na, B and As. An extensive beryl trace element dataset was generated in this study and further compared to beryl of the NYF (Nb-Y-F) and LCT (Li-Cs-Ta) pegmatite families worldwide. A significant link was found between beryl chemistry and the petrogenetic relationships of the pegmatites, which were used to distinguish four major geochemical beryl groups: (i) a low and a high Fe–Mg — alkali group, both displaying a positive alkali vs. Fe + Mg correlation; (ii) a low Fe–Mg — high alkali group displaying a negative alkali vs. Fe + Mg correlation; (iii) a low Li–Cs group; (iv) a high Li–Cs group. The more evolved LCT-type pegmatites generally overlap with the low Fe–Mg — high alkali and high Li–Cs groups (ii and iv). In contrast, NYF pegmatites coincide better with the trends observed for the low Li–Cs group as well as the low/high Fe–Mg — alkali beryl groups displaying a positive Fe + Mg vs. alkali correlation (i and iii). The beryl signatures from the California Blue Mine coincide with the NYF pegmatite classification but a partial overlap with the LCT pegmatites indicates a possible mixed origin or crustal contamination (i.e., hybrid pegmatites). These new insights reveal that beryl signatures provide a significant tool for interpreting the evolution of pegmatites from different geologic settings and permits distinguishing between igneous and metasomatic origins.

Geochemistry and Genesis of Beryl Crystals in the LCT Pegmatite Type, Ebrahim-Attar Mountain, Western Iran

Ebrahim-Attar granitic pegmatite, which is distributed in southwest Ghorveh, western Iran, is strongly peraluminous and contains minor beryl crystals. Pale-green to white beryl grains are crystallized in the rim and central parts of the granite body. The beryl grains are characterized by low contents of alkali oxides (Na2O = 0.24–0.41 wt.%, K2O = 0.05–0.17 wt.%, Li2O = 0.03–0.04 wt.%, and Cs2O = 0.01–0.03 wt.%) and high contents of Be2O oxide (10.0 to 11.9 wt.%). The low contents of alkali elements (oxides), low Na/Li (apfu) ratios (2.94 to 5.75), and variations in iron oxide (FeO= 0.28–1.18 wt.%) reveal a poorly evolved magmatic source of the beryl grains. Low abundances of rare earth elements (ΣREE = 0.8–4.9 ppm) with high 87Sr/86Sr(i) ratios of 0.739 ±0.036 for the beryl grains and 0.7081 for the host granites infer that the primary magma was directly produced by partial melting of the upper continental crust (UCC). The crystallization temperature of the Ebrahim-Attar granitic pegmatite changes from 586 to 755 °C (average = 629 °C), as calculated based on the zircon saturation index. Furthermore, the quartz geobarometer calculation shows that crystallization occurred at pressures of approximately 233–246 MPa. This pressure range is a promising condition for saturation of Be in magma. During granitic magma crystallization, the melt was gradually saturated with Be, and then beryl crystallized in the assemblage of the main minerals such as quartz and feldspar. Likewise, the host granite is characterized by high ratios of Nb/Ta (4.79–16.3) and Zr/Hf (12.2–19.1), and peraluminous signatures are compatible with Be-bearing LCT (Li-Ce and Ta) pegmatites.

Distribution of D2O Molecules of First and Second Types in Hydrothermally Grown Beryl Crystals

This article reports on the uneven distribution of water molecules of first (D2O-I) and second (D2O-II) types in a D2O-containing beryl crystal grown hydrothermally on a non-singularly oriented fla...