Number Of Berries Research Articles

Optimizing Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Yield Under Salt Stress: The Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Foliar Thiourea Application

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the role of thiourea exogenous application (0 mg/L and 100 mg/L) on the morphological, physiological, and yield traits of two varieties of tomato (Naqeeb and Nadir) under different salt stress treatments (0, 60, and 120 mM) in completely randomized design (CRD). The imposition of salinity by rooting medium showed that salt stress reduced plant height by 20%, fresh shoot weight by 50%, dry shoot weight by 78%, fresh root weight by 43%, dry root weight by 84%, root length by 34%, shoot length by 32%, shoot K+ by 47%, Ca2+ by 70%, chlorophyll a by 30%, chlorophyll b by 67%, and the number of seeds per berry by 53%, while shoot Na+ ions were increased by 90% in comparison to those grown with control treatment. However, the exogenous application of thiourea significantly enhanced dry root weight by 25% and the number of seeds per berry by 20% in comparison to untreated plants with thiourea when grown under salt stress. Salt stress resulted in a reduction in the number of berries, weight per berry, number of seeds per berry, and seed weight in both varieties, while thiourea foliar application increased these yield parameters. On the other hand, the Nadir variety surpassed Naqeeb in plant height (+13%), root length (+31%) and shoot length (+11%), fresh shoot weight (+42%) and dry shoot weight (+11%), fresh root weight (+29%), dry root weight (+25%), area of leaf (+26%), chlorophyll a (+32%), and chlorophyll b (+24%). In conclusion, the exogenous application of thiourea can be used to mitigate salt stress in tomato plants since it can improve the growth, physiological, and yield traits of this strategic crop.

Changes in physicochemical quality and antioxidant system of grapes by kaolin applied to reduce bunch compactness

ABSTRACT Compact grape bunches are highly susceptible to diseases. Source limitation is an effective technique to reduce bunch compactness. Therefore, the current study aimed to estimate the impact of a kaolin-based particle film on the physical and biochemical attributes of three grapes cultivars: ‘Sultanina-C’, ‘Flame Seedless’, and ‘NARC Black’. In a two-year experiment, Kaolin was exogenously applied at concentrations of 0 (control), 3, 5, and 7% during the flowering stage in the first year. In the second-year experiment, 3% Kaolin was applied, while untreated plants were maintained as the control group. Bunch compactness, bunch weight, number of berries, and the percentage of unmarketable berries were significantly reduced with kaolin. Specifically, the 3% Kaolin resulted in the production of medium-loose bunches – a desirable trait for table grapes. Bioactive compounds including vitamin C, total phenolic content, and total antioxidants, and primary antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] exhibited significant reductions due to the applied treatments. Conversely, peroxidase (POX) activity showed a slight increase. In conclusion, the application of kaolin at 3% during flowering emerges as an effective tool for reducing bunch compactness and enhancing berry colour, particularly in coloured grape cultivars, without adversely affecting biochemical attributes.

A Stride Toward Wine Yield Estimation from Images: Metrological Validation of Grape Berry Number, Radius, and Volume Estimation.

Yield estimation is a key point theme for precision agriculture, especially for small fruits and in-field scenarios. This paper focuses on the metrological validation of a novel deep-learning model that robustly estimates both the number and the radii of grape berries in vineyards using color images, allowing the computation of the visible (and total) volume of grape clusters, which is necessary to reach the ultimate goal of estimating yield production. The proposed algorithm is validated by analyzing its performance on a custom dataset. The number of berries, their mean radius, and the grape cluster volume are converted to millimeters and compared to reference values obtained through manual measurements. The validation experiment also analyzes the uncertainties of the parameters. Results show that the algorithm can reliably estimate the number (MPE=-5%, σ=6%) and the radius of the visible portion of the grape clusters (MPE=0.8%, σ=7%). Instead, the volume estimated in px3 results in a MPE=0.4% with σ=21%, thus the corresponding volume in mm3 is affected by high uncertainty. This analysis highlighted that half of the total uncertainty on the volume is due to the camera-object distance d and parameter R used to take into account the proportion of visible grapes with respect to the total grapes in the grape cluster. This issue is mostly due to the absence of a reliable depth measure between the camera and the grapes, which could be overcome by using depth sensors in combination with color images. Despite being preliminary, the results prove that the model and the metrological analysis are a remarkable advancement toward a reliable approach for directly estimating yield from 2D pictures in the field.

Evaluation of green residues management of selected grape varieties

The paper presents the possibilities of energy management of residues from the cultivation of grapes of the ‘Regent’, ‘Rondo’ and ‘Seyval Blanc’ cultivars. The research was conducted in southeastern Poland in the Sandomierska Upland in 2022. The aim of the research was to demonstrate the influence of grape variety on yield capacity in relation to the extraction of biomass residues in the form of leaves. An attempt was made to identify the variety that is characterised by obtaining the most effective and average parameters, i.e. yield size and quality, leaf mass and surface area, and their impact on energy and fuel parameters. The study analysed the following crop parameters, i.e. number and mass of grapes, number and mass of berries; leaf quality parameters, i.e. mass including petioles and area. An energy assessment in Laboratory in Department of Power Engineering and Transportation was carried out by performing proximate and ultimate analysis and estimating emission factors and volumetric composition of exhaust gas. The study showed that the material with the highest energy potential was characterised by ‘Regent’, while the lowest potential was shown for ‘Rondo’. Grapevines of the ‘Rondo’ cultivar were characterised by the highest obtained biomass among the evaluated varieties. The research showed that the most effective in practical cultivation is the use of the Regent variety, which was characterised by the average parameters of the obtained yield and growth values, and the highest fuel energy potential.

Mechanical Leaf Removal for Improved Botrytis Bunch Rot Control in Vitis vinifera 'Pinot gris' and 'Pinot noir' Grapevines in the Northeastern United States.

Late-season bunch rot can cause substantial yield loss in grapevines grown in humid regions. Fruit-zone leaf removal has been widely used to reduce bunch rot and pesticide applications through improvements in canopy microclimate and grape cluster morphology. In this study, we evaluated whether mechanical leaf removal can be a valid alternative to a labor-intensive manual application by comparing prebloom manual (PB-MA) and mechanical (PB-ME) leaf removal. We also evaluated the effects of the timing of mechanical application, prebloom (PB-ME) versus fruit set (FS-ME), on fruit traits and bunch rot, caused by Botrytis cinerea. Our trials were conducted on two Vitis vinifera 'Pinot noir' and 'Pinot gris' vineyards in the Northeastern United States over two seasons (2017 to 2018). Major findings were overall consistent between cultivars and years. Leaf removal provided reductions in fruit-zone canopy density regardless of method or timing. In general, PB-ME provided similar shifts in cluster morphological traits to PB-MA, including lower number of berries per cluster, cluster compactness, and cluster weight compared with control (no leaf removal) vines. At harvest, both prebloom leaf removal methods equally reduced Botrytis bunch rot severity, whereas Botrytis bunch rot incidence in Pinot noir was lowest for PB-ME in 1 year and PB-MA in the next year. When comparing timing of mechanical leaf removal, FS-ME provided Botrytis bunch rot reductions similar to PB-ME, without effects on cluster weight. Thus, under our growing conditions, FS-ME was considered the best mechanical leaf removal option to help manage Botrytis bunch rot without causing undesirable yield reductions.

Effects of different rootstocks on the growth and yield characteristics of Papazkarası (Vitis vinifera L.)

Rootstocks, which are becoming increasingly important in viticulture, influence the growth, yield, and grape quality of the grafted variety. Therefore, understanding the resistance characteristics of rootstocks to phylloxera, nematodes, environmental conditions, and abiotic and biotic stresses is crucial. Selecting a rootstock that is appropriate for the region where the vineyard will be established optimizes grape quality. The aim of this research is to determine the performance of the cv. Papazkarası on different rootstocks. For this purpose, an experiment was established at Irem Çamlica Viticulture and Winery Co. vineyard in Kırklareli province. Ten-year-old Papazkarası vines grafted onto 1103P, 110R, and 420A rootstocks were used as plant material. To determine the growth of the vines, parameters such as shoot elongation rate (cm/week), shoot length changings (cm), pruning wood weight (PW) (kg/vine), vigor (g), puissance, number of buds per square meter (number), balanced pruning buds number (number/vine), vegetative growth (VG), Ravaz Index (RI), Partridge Index (PI), and yield (kg/vine) were examined. Additionally, to determine cluster characteristics, cluster width and length (cm), weight (g), and the volume of gappy and spaceless clusters (cm³) were measured. The results of the research indicated that the 1103P rootstock had the lowest yield, puissance, RI, PI, and VG values; moderate values for PW, vigor, number of shoots, number of berries per cluster, and cluster length; and the highest values for cluster weight, the volume of gappy and spaceless clusters. The 110R rootstock was found to be more balanced compared to other rootstocks, with the highest values for vigor, RI, and PI; average values for yield, puissance, and VG; and the lowest values for PW, number of shoots, number of berries per cluster, cluster length, weight, and the volume of gappy and spaceless clusters. The 420A rootstock had the highest values for yield, PW, VG, number of shoots, number of berries per cluster, and cluster width and length; average values for RI, PI, cluster weight, and the volume of gappy and spaceless clusters; and the lowest value for one-year-old cane weight. In conclusion, based on the characteristics outlined, a selection can be made from these rootstocks according to cultivation purposes, but other rootstocks should also be investigated.

The humic acids influence on the quantity and quality of table grape varieties under the Absheron peninsula conditions

Humates are widely used in viticulture, including ecological viticulture. Humic stuffs benefit the qualitative and quantitative indicators of the grape harvest and can reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. This article presents the results of tests on the foliar application of various doses of the “Rostok” fertilizer in the conditions of the Absheron zone of Azerbaijan on local varieties of table grapes – traditional Tabrizi and a selection variety of Scientific Research Institute of Viticulture and Wine-making Ganjavi, grown in the Ampelographic collection of the institute, located on the Absheron peninsula. Fertilizer was applied in three doses – 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 liter per hectar. Under the influence of the fertilizer, such elements of yield as the vigor of shoot growth, the number of opened buds, fruitful shoots, the number of berries in a bunch, the weight of a bunch, as well as the sugar content of berry juice increased. Fertilizer application had a positive effect on eliminating signs of leaf chlorosis. No toxic effect on the vegetative organs of the grape plant, on its development, or on the beneficial insect fauna of the vineyard was noted. Based on the data obtained, as well as calculations of economic efficiency, a four-fold application of fertilizer (twice before flowering, once after, once during veraison) at the rate of 1 liter per hectare was recommended for widespread use in wine-growing farms.

Effect of Different Irrigation Levels on Yield Attributes of Black Pepper (<em>Piper nigrum</em> L.)

The growth of black pepper cultivations in Sri Lanka has been restricted to the Wet Zone of Sri Lanka due to lack of sufficient soil water in the Dry Zone as well as in certain parts of the Intermediate Zone. Therefore, identification of optimum irrigation level to get a higher yield of black pepper is vital as such information is limited. A pot experiment was conducted under protected environmental conditions to determine the effect of different irrigation levels on yield attributes of black pepper. Weekly irrigation was administered to three-year-old MB-12 vines at three different levels (8, 4, and 2 L vine-1 week-1; 8 L vine-1 week-1 represents near field capacity) with 3 replicates each. The experiment design was Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Black pepper vines provided with an irrigation level of 8 L vine-1 week-1, recorded significantly higher (P<0.05) mean values for yield attributes such as dry weight of berries of 10 spikes (40.5 g), spike length (11.76 cm), number of spikes per vine (81), number of berries per spike (87.4), and spike filling percentage (88.9%). In conclusion, irrigation level near field capacity (8 L vine-1) is preferable to get a greater yield from black pepper. Further studies are suggested at the field level before making a solid recommendation.

VACCINIUM OVALIFOLIUM SMITH. IN NATURAL CENOPOPULATIONS OF SAKHALIN

Background. Identification and study of selected forms of oval-leaved blueberry in natural coenopopulations of Sakhalin Island will create a favorable basis for modern breeding work. Purpose. The goal was to isolate and study selected forms of Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith. in natural coenopopulations of Sakhalin Island. Material and methods. The object of research was natural populations of Vaccinium ovalifolium growing on Sakhalin Island. The study of blueberries in natural habitats was carried out during expeditionary trips to the central and southern regions of Sakhalin in the period 2020-2022. Plants from 2 cenopopulations were studied for the distribution of blueberries in hard-to-reach places. Geobotanical descriptions of the vegetation of phytocenoses were carried out according to the generally accepted method of A.A. Poniatovskaya “Taking into account the abundance and nature of the distribution of plants in communities” (1964). The species composition of plant communities was determined within the detection area. The total projective cover (TPC) of the grass stand and the projective cover of the dominant species were determined by eye method, in %. We studied the endogenous variability of the following traits: the number of berries, the weight and size of one berry, the length and width of the leaf blade, the height and age of the bushes. A correlation analysis was carried out between morphological characteristics and yield characteristics in the trial plots. Height, age, maximum and minimum crown diameter, degree of fruiting, and number of berries were analyzed. Mathematical and statistical processing of research results was carried out according to generally accepted methods using Excel software. Results. The article is devoted to a new promising shrub for Russia, Vaccinium ovalifolium - a species of deciduous shrub from the genus Vaccinium of the Ericaceae family, a shrub up to 1.5-2 m tall. It blooms in May–June, the flowers are pink, up to 6 mm in size, the fruits are dark blue, often black with a waxy coating, ripen in August–September, the juice in the berries is clear, the taste is sweet and sour. The leaves are oblong - round or ovate, entire-marginal or with small ciliated teeth 2-5 cm long and 1-2.5 cm wide, matte, light green. Polymorphism of natural cenopopulations of V. ovalifolium during expeditionary surveys made it possible to identify several promising forms with economically valuable traits. In the process of phylogenesis of V. ovalifolium, ecologically resistant populations to the unfavorable environmental factors of Sakhalin Island were formed. Selected samples of V. ovalifolium with valuable pomological traits are currently propagated and grown on the territory of the Botanical Garden of the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk at the site of primary variety testing, to compare the resource value of local natural eco-genetic lines with the introduced, most common modern varieties of V. corymbosum. Experience has been laid in assessing selected forms of oval-leaved blueberries for agrotechnical techniques and agricultural conditions, with the subsequent development of technological recommendations for cultivation in an industrial garden in the conditions of Sakhalin Island. Conclusion. The polymorphism of natural cenopopulations of V. ovalifolium on Sakhalin Island was studied with the selection of promising forms that can be used for breeding purposes.

Effect of Phloridzin on the Growth, Development and Glycoalkaloid Contents of <i>Solanum viarum</i> Dunal

Phloridzin, a chalcone derivative possessing plant growth regulating properties was applied as foliar sprays at fortnightly intervals on Solanum viarum Dunal plants grown under pot culture conditions starting from early seedling to the flowering and fruiting of the plants. The treatments consisted of 0 (control), 1, 10, 100 and 1000 mg/l of phloridzin. The physiological effects of phloridzin at different concentrations on the vegetative growth and development and the glycoalkaloid contents of the berries were studied. It was concluded that phloridzin at the highest concentration stimulated plant height, leaf number and yield of berries, whereas the lowest concentration increased the yield of solasodine only.

Seed and Germination Characteristics of Different Hybrids Belonging to Vitis Species

In this research, some grape cultivars are belonging to Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, and interspecific grape cultivars were used for crossbreeding. The aim of the cross-breedings was to obtain individuals that could be used as a table grape, female flower type genotypes, and would be resistant to disease and cold hardy grapes. In the research, berry set (seeded and seedless berry number), seed weight (g), seed width and length (mm), floating empty seed rate (seed viability, %), seed germination rates (%), seedling survival rates (%) and shoot length (cm) were calculated in the seeds obtained as a result of cross-breeding. In this research, as a result of crossbreeding with different Vitis species and hybrids, the germination rate was significantly higher, especially when using ‘Red Globe’ and ‘Cayuga White’ cultivars as maternal parents. Although the germination rates of the seeds obtained after cross-breeding are low, the use of ‘Çavuş’ grape cultivar with female flower form in cross-breeding facilitates the work since emasculation is not necessary. It would be appropriate to increase the number of grapevines with female flowers type in breeding studies.

Effects of Wind Exposure and Deficit Irrigation on Vegetative Growth, Yield Components and Berry Composition of Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon.

The impact of global warming on Argentine viticulture may result in a geographical shift, with wine-growing regions potentially moving towards the southwest, known as one of the windiest regions in the world. Deficit irrigation is a widely used strategy to control the shoot growth and improve fruit quality attributes, such as berry skin polyphenols. The present study aimed to assess the effects of different wind intensities and irrigation levels, as well as their interactions, on field-grown Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon. The experiment was conducted during two growing seasons with two wind treatments (sheltered and exposed) and two irrigation treatments (well-watered and moderate deficit irrigation) in a multifactorial design. Vegetative growth, stomatal conductance, shoot biomass partition, fruit yield components and berry skin phenolics were evaluated. Our study found that, generally, wind exposure reduced vegetative growth, and deficit irrigation increased the proportion of smaller berries within the bunches. Meanwhile, deficit irrigation and wind exposure additively increased the concentration of berry skin phenolics. Combined stressful conditions enhance biomass partition across the shoot to fruits in Malbec, increasing the weight of bunches and the number of berries. Our findings offer practical implications for vineyard managers in windy regions, providing actionable insights to optimize grapevine cultivation and enhance wine quality.

Genetic Divergence of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) for Growth and Yield Traits

Genetic divergence among 32 Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) accessions of different geographic origins was assessed using Mahalanobis D2 statistics. Observations revealed significant genotypic differences, and accordingly, genotypes were classified into six clusters. Cluster I was the largest, with twenty genotypes, followed by the cluster II, which has eight, and clusters III, IV, V, and VI contained only one most divergent genotype. The maximum divergence was observed between clusters II and III (D2 = 47.90), followed by clusters V and VI (D2 = 43.95), and clusters III and VI (D2 = 42.29). Cluster IV had the least inter-cluster distance (D2 = 22.82) with cluster VI. Clusters III, IV, V, and VI had only one genotype each, and hence, the intra-cluster distance was zero. The genotype of cluster V was unique as it had the highest values for fresh and dry root weight per plant, diameter and length of the main root, number of secondary roots per plant, number of berries per plant, and girth of stem with a high seed yield per plant. Cluster VI was desirable in respect of days to 50 per cent flowering and days to root harvest. Cluster II exhibited the highest value for height of plant and branches per plant. Cluster IV had the highest mean values for the number of seeds per berry. Thus, hybridization among these genotypes can generate desirable transgressive segregants. Aim of Studies: To assess the genetic divergen of Withania somnifera. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru from 2020-21 to 2021-22. Methodology: The genetic divergence between the genotypes in the population was estimated using formula D2= p (Yit - Yjt) and genetic divergence among 32 Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) accessions of different geographic origins was assessed using Mahalanobis D2 statistics. Observations revealed significant genotypic differences, and accordingly. Results: Observations revealed significant genotypic differences, and accordingly, genotypes were classified into six clusters. Cluster I was the largest, with twenty genotypes, followed by the cluster II, which has eight, and clusters III, IV, V, and VI contained only one most divergent genotype. The maximum divergence was observed between clusters II and III (D2 = 47.90), followed by clusters V and VI (D2 = 43.95), and clusters III and VI (D2 = 42.29). Cluster IV had the least inter-cluster distance (D2 = 22.82) with cluster VI. Clusters III, IV, V, and VI had only one genotype each, and hence, the intra-cluster distance was zero. The genotype of cluster V was unique as it had the highest values for fresh and dry root weight per plant, diameter and length of the main root, number of secondary roots per plant, number of berries per plant, and girth of stem with a high seed yield per plant. Cluster VI was desirable in respect of days to 50 per cent flowering and days to root harvest. Cluster II exhibited the highest value for height of plant and branches per plant. Cluster IV had the highest mean values for the number of seeds per berry Conclusion of finding: Significant genetic divergence and complementarity for most features has been shown by the genotypes of clusters II and III and clusters V and VI. This could lead to significant genetic improvement for particular characters and their selection for new varieties.

Studying self-fertility in new black currant cultivars from the VIR collection in Northwestern Russia

Background. An important task is to search for and select highly self-fertile cultivars for plant breeding programs and for setting single-cultivar plantings in commercial horticulture.Materials and methods. Cultivars were assessed for their self-fertility levels at Pushkin and Pavlovsk Laboratories of VIR in 2019–2022. Thirty black currant cultivars of eight genetic groups served as the research material. Their levels of self-fertility were tested using conventional techniques. Free pollination served as the control. The resulting data were analyzed according to the main indicators crucial for precise characterization of a cultivar’s self-fertility level: fruit setting rate, berry weight, seed yield, and fertilization effectiveness. The data were statistically processed using Microsoft Excel and the guidelines by B. A. Dospekhov. Fruit setting rate, berry weight, seed yield and fertilization effectiveness were considered for each pollination variant.Results and conclusion. Cultivars with high and stable self-fertility levels were identified as potential valuable sources for breeding programs: ‘Partizanka Bryanskaya’ (k-45548), ‘Ben Gairn’(k-45524), ‘Litvinovskaya’ (k-45542), ‘Mushketer’ (k-45544), ‘Raduzhnaya’ (k-45549), ‘Ben Lomond’ (k-32611), and ‘Vertikal’ (k-45528). Cvs. ‘Partizanka Bryanskaya’ (k-45548), ‘Ben Gairn’ (k-45524), ‘Mushketer’ (k-45544), and ‘Vertikal’ (k-45528) may be used in single-cultivar plantings because they are able to set the same number of berries under natural self-pollination and free pollination. Natural self-pollination (autogamy) led to a decrease in the size of berries and the number of seeds in them. An increase in the main self-fertility indicators was observed under artificial self-pollination and free pollination.

Uvological characteristics of local grapevine varieties: Smederevka and Zametovka

Research of uvological characteristics is one of the obligatory steps for determination of general production and technological value of grapevine varieties. Such research is particularly recommended for local varieties that did not previously show sat?isfying characteristics necessary for production of high-quality wine. Local grapevine varieties Smederevka (white wine variety) and Zametovka (red wine variety) have mostly served for production of low-quality wine in the past. With changes in the manner of pro?duction in the sense of focus on high-quality wine and production of wine with geograph?ical indications, vineyards planted with these varieties in Serbia have mostly been grubbed up. However, due to the characteristic and favourable terroir conditions, they have survived in the Trstenik wine-growing district (subregion within the Tri Morave wine-growing re?gion). With the aim of determining uvological characteristics of these two varieties in current climate conditions that are favourable for these high-yield varieties, this paper examines the mechanical composition of grape bunches (bunch weight, number of berries, stem weight), mechanical composition of berries (weight of 100 berries, weight of skin of 100 berries, weight of mesocarp of 100 berries and weight of seeds of 100 berries), as well as grape must characteristics (sugar content and total acids in grape must) of representative genotypes of local varieties Smederevka and Zametovka in production vineyards in the Trstenik wine-growing district. Research results have shown that uvological characteristics of these varieties are slightly better in comparison with previous research carried out in other wine-growing areas, that is, in comparison with general information from literature, which indicates the necessity for further research of these varieties in different agro-eco?logical conditions.

Results of grapes storage studies

The article presents the main results on the influence of grapes on the human body, the influence of various drugs on the quality of grape storage and the where grapes are grown. The research methods, results of storage and their analysis of Rizamat and Khusaini grape varieties collected in private farms of the Akdarya region are presented. The main indicators are determined (average weight of a bunch, weight of berries, ridges, skins and number of berries), weight loss, scree, waste and general losses after three months of storage in special storage facilities are also determined. The research results showed that the Husaini grape variety has a bunch weight higher than that of the Rizamat variety by 6.8%. For high-quality storage of grapes at home, the refrigerator temperature should be within 0±1°C and air humidity 90-93%. In addition, the use of SO2 during storage affects the natural loss of weight and fall of grapes. Storing grapes grown at home is relevant today, but requires further research.

ԽԱՂՈՂԻ ՈՍԿԵՀԱՏ ԵՎ ՃԻԼԱՐ ՍՈՐՏԵՐԻ ՄԵԽԱՆԻԿԱԿԱՆ ԿԱԶՄԻ ՈՒՍՈՒՄՆԱՍԻՐՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ

The ratio of stem fruit, skin, pulp, juice, and seeds is determined by mechanical analysis. A grapevine›s ratio between these components is crucial for winemaking, both in terms of yield and quality. This work aims to determine the mechanical composition of the local, less common varieties, Voskehat and Chilar. The weight of the bunch and berries, the number of berries in the bunch, as well as the weight of the seeds and the skin of the ridges are determined. The structure of the bunch, the composition of the berries, and the indicator of the composition of the bunch were calculated: For Chilar grape varieties, this indicator was higher at 1.8, while for Voskehat grape varieties, it was 1.4. Higher juice yields mean higher efficiency of wine production and lower wine costs for technical varieties.

Effects of PGPR Bacteria Applications on Soil Properties, Plant Growth and Yield Values in Karaerik and Narince Grape Varieties

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial bacteria that promote plant growth by adhering to the root surfaces in the rhizosphere region of plants. In addition to improving the physical properties of soils, these bacteria increase plant growth and yield by positively affecting nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubility, water and nutrient uptake of plants. In this study, the effects of bacteria applications on the vegetative development and yield levels of Karaerik and Narince grape varieties, which are important table varieties of Erzincan and Tokat regions, grown in greenhouses in Erzurum central conditions were investigated. In the study, 4 different bacterial combinations (Pseudomonas chlororaphis + Paenibacillus pabuli + Bacillus simplex + Pseudomonas fluorescens) that promote plant growth were applied to the plant root zone as a solution. In the study, the effects of PGPR applications on the vegetative growth of vines, some pomological characteristics, yield levels, macronutrient contents of leaves and physical and chemical properties of greenhouse soils were determined. While aggregate stability and porosity values of PGPR treated soils increased, water permeability and bulk density values decreased. Bacterial applications in both grape varieties showed a positive effect on shoot length, shoot diameter, number of nodes, berry width, berry length, cluster width, cluster length, number of seeds, number of clusters, cluster weight, number of berries, berry weight, total yield and macronutrient content of leaves. According to the control group, PGPR applied soils; organic matter content increased by 76.2%, aggregate stability values increased by 49.5% and porosity by 5.5%, while water permeability decreased by 18.3% and bulk density by 3.9%. Depending on the application, it was determined that the yield increased by 42.8% in Karaerik grape variety and 35.7% in Narince grape variety.

INFLUENCE OF THE ROOTSTOCK P1103 AND SO4 ON THE BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CABERNET SAUVIGNON VARIETY

Cabernet Sauvignon is one of the most widespread grape varieties, both in the world and in Serbia and is used for the production of high quality red wines. The rootstocks P 1103 and SO4 are widely used in Serbian viticulture. The choice of rootstock can significantly influence the biological characteristics of cultivated variety, especially through qualitative parameters of bunch and the berry. The research was conducted in the wine-growing region of Šumadija. The vineyard was planted in 2009 with a row spacing of 2.3 m and between rows 0.8 m. The aim of the work was to determine the influence of rootstock P1103 and SO4 on the biological characteristics of the Cabernet Sauvignon variety. The work contains data related to phenological observations, vegetative and reproductive potential, yield, uvological composition of grapes and berries, and qualitative characteristics of grape juice. Phenological observations revealed no differences in the length of phenophases. A higher average shoot growth was observed on rootstock P 1103 (150.9 cm). A higher number of developed inflorescences (13.7) was observed on rootstock SO4, while the average yield was higher on rootstock P 1103 (1.723 kg). The uvological observations of bunches and berries showed higher values on the rootstock P 1103 for the following parameters: average weight of the bunch (175.4 g), number of berries in the bunch (151.6), weight of the bunch stem (5.5 g), weight of skin of 100 berries (11.9 g) and seed mass of 100 berries (7.2 g). The sugar content of grape juice was higher in rootstock P 1103 (27.16%), while the content of total acids was generally higher in rootstock SO4 (8.3 g/l).

Tane heterojenitesine göre sınıflanan Cabernet-Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) üzüm çeşidi salkımlarının bazı morfolojik özellikleri

Two experiments were conducted in two vineyards consisting of vines from the organic-certified Cabernet-Sauvignon/1103P graft combination and the conventional cultivation Cabernet Sauvignon/5BB graft combination. Vines were identified based on pre-dawn leaf water potential values according to stress levels in a Split-Plot Experimental Design. Grapevines were classified as <-0.8 MPa and >-0.8 MPa. These vines were further grouped into dryland-shallow soil and bottomland-deep soil areas, and for each area-soil type, Control, Stress 1, and Stress 2 levels were created. At harvest, the berries were divided into four groups based on their diameter: 10mm-12mm, 12mm-14mm, 14mm-16mm, and 16mm-18mm (In some measurements, no berries belonging to the 16-18mm category could be found). The grapes were grouped as Control, Stress 1 (S1 > -0.8 MPa), and Stress 2 (S2 < -0.8 MPa) based on size groups and stress levels, and certain morphological characteristics of the clusters were examined. The width and length of the clusters were not significantly affected by the area-soil type. Cluster weight, cluster volume, and number of berries per cluster criteria were influenced by stress levels. It was determined that organic vineyards with higher stress levels had fewer clusters compared to conventional vineyards. The number of berries in the clusters showed significant differences based on vineyard area and soil type, water stress levels, and berry size. In conclusion, in the Tekirdağ province, to obtain high-quality grapes from the cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon, it is considered suitable to utilize berries ranging from 10mm to 12mm in size, in conjunction with dryland-shallow soil conditions where the water potential (Ψpd) can decrease to as low as -0.8 MPa during the ripening period.