Berkeley Electronic Press Research Articles

Do You Hear What I See? Assessing Accessibility of Digital Commons and CONTENTdm

This article discusses the accessibility of two content management systems, Berkeley Electronic Press's Digital Commons and OCLC's CONTENTdm, widely used in libraries to host institutional repository and digital collections content. Based on observations by a visually impaired student who used the JAWS screen reader to view the design and display of digital objects in both systems, we provide a general overview of the accessibility of each system. We discuss potential suggestions for accessibility-related improvements, and we offer ideas for library administrators of these systems about how to maximize the back-end configurations for accessibility.

A Current Snapshot of Institutional Repositories: Growth Rate, Disciplinary Content and Faculty Contributions

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to examine current institutional repository (IR) content in order to assess the growth and breadth of content as it reflects faculty participation, and to identify successful strategies for increasing that participation. Previous studies have shown that faculty-initiated submissions to IRs, no matter the platform, are uncommon. Repository managers employ a variety of methods to solicit and facilitate faculty participation, including a variety of print marketing tools, presentations, and one-on-one consultations. METHODS This mixed method study examined faculty content in IRs through both a quantitative analysis of repository content and growth rate and a qualitative survey of repository administrators. Repositories using the Digital Commons repository platform, hosted by Berkeley Electronic Press, were examined in the fall and winter of 2013-2014 to assess the disciplinary scope of faculty content (n=107) and to measure the growth rate of IR content (n=203). Repository administrators at 205 institutions were surveyed to investigate what methods they used to facilitate faculty participation and their perceptions about the effectiveness of these methods. RESULTS Mean and median growth rates of IRs have increased since measured in 2007, with variance depending upon size and type of academic institution and age of the IR. Disciplinary content in IRs is unevenly distributed, with the Sciences predominantly represented. IR administrators remain actively involved in the submission process and in the promotion of their IRs. Personal contact with individuals or groups of faculty is the most used and successful interaction method. CONCLUSION Though IR growth rate has increased, the growth is not consistent across all IRs and does not yet pose a challenge to traditional models of scholarly publication. The rising amount of faculty content in IRs indicates faculty are increasingly willing to participate in the IR movement. However, faculty involvement may be more passive than active.

Scholar Commons @ USF: Sharing Knowledge Worldwide

Librarians and faculty members are now working together through Open Access (OA) publishing to make faculty-produced scholarly content available to researchers worldwide. The University of South Florida Tampa Library has been working with the Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress) Digital Commons platform to create a substantial institutional repository (IR) that includes OA journals, conference proceedings, and data sets, among other materials. Library staff members are currently involved in a variety of activities, including negotiating memoranda of understanding, loading backfiles, registering Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) with CrossRef, designing layout, doing final publication steps, and assisting with technical issues. In 2011, the IR, Scholar Commons @ USF, went live, allowing the library to pull fragmented collections previously hosted on other platforms into a single system with improved discoverability. This article discusses how the repository was established, what is involved, lessons learned, and plans for future directions.

North American Regional Security: A Trilateral Framework. By Richard J. Kilroy, Jr., Abelardo Rodriquez Sumano, and Todd S. Hataley, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Press, 2013.

North American Regional Security: A Trilateral Framework. By Richard J. Kilroy, Jr., Abelardo Rodriquez Sumano, and Todd S. Hataley, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Press, 2013.

Conflict and Cooperation in Cyberspace: The Challenge to National Security. Edited by Panayotis A. Yannakogeoros and Adam B. Lowther. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Group, 2014.

Conflict and Cooperation in Cyberspace: The Challenge to National Security. Edited by Panayotis A. Yannakogeoros and Adam B. Lowther. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Group, 2014. ISBN 978-1-4665-9201-8. Tables. Figures. Sources cited. Index. Pp. xxviii, 332.

Critical Terrorism Studies Since 11 September 2001: What Has Been Learned? Edited by David Miller, Jessie Blackbourn, Rani Dhanda and Helen Dexter. New York, NT: Routledge, 2014

Critical Terrorism Studies Since 11 September 2001: What Has Been Learned? Edited by David Miller, Jessie Blackbourn, Rani Dhanda and Helen Dexter. New York, NT: Routledge, 2014

The California Challenge: Ensuring Primary Care Access for Medi-Cal Recipients under the Affordable Care Act

THE CALIFORNIA Journal of Politics & Policy Volume 3, Issue 4 The California Challenge: Ensuring Primary Care Access for Medi-Cal Recipients under the Affordable Care Act Donald A. Barr Stanford University Abstract This paper describes options for expanding access to care for California’s Medi- Cal population. Recent federal policy initiatives and an expanding set of research reports have begun to focus considerable attention on developing new models for the organization of primary care services. Initial results suggest that these innova- tive delivery models can both decrease the overall cost of care while improving the quality of care. This conclusion is especially relevant for those who provide care to Medi-Cal recipients with chronic medical conditions—the population that con- tributes by far the most to the cost of Medi-Cal. The exigencies of containing both federal and state health care expenditures for all covered populations make consid- eration of alternative modes of health care delivery an essential part of any analysis of the potential impacts of ACA, both in California and throughout the country. Keywords: medical care, Affordable Care Act, Medi-Cal, Medicaid Copyright © 2011 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. www.bepress.com/cjpp

The Promise of Affordable Care: Maintaining Coverage During Life Transitions

THE CALIFORNIA Journal of Politics & Policy Volume 3, Issue 4 The Promise of Affordable Care: Maintaining Coverage During Life Transitions Ann O’Leary Center for the Next Generation Elizabeth A. Capell, Ken Jacobs, Laurel Lucia University of California, Berkeley Abstract Americans’ health insurance coverage is not static; people cycle in and out of cov- erage and between sources of coverage during life transitions like losing a job, changing jobs, moving, or divorce. The Affordable Care Act creates an unprece- dented opportunity to address the gaps in health coverage caused by life transitions. Achieving the promise of the Affordable Care Act will require attention in federal regulations and actions by the new health insurance exchanges to ensure seamless coverage for those who rely on private insurance, including job-based coverage. This paper analyzes the population experiencing life transitions that lead to a loss of health coverage and makes several policy recommendations to ensure that all Americans can maintain health coverage under the ACA—even during compli- cated life transitions. Keywords: Affordable Care Act, health policy, Medicare, Medicaid, health insur- ance Copyright © 2011 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. www.bepress.com/cjpp

Medicaid Expansion and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Lessons and Hopes for Implementation of Healthcare Reform

THE CALIFORNIA Journal of Politics & Policy Volume 3, Issue 4 Medicaid Expansion and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Lessons and Hopes for Implementation of Healthcare Reform Autumn Kieber-Emmons, Thomas Bodenheimer, & Kevin Grumbach University of California, San Francisco Abstract This study was designed to examine the perspectives and concerns of California healthcare policymakers and stakeholders about the upcoming expansion of Med- icaid. Key California stakeholders show general support for the expansion of Med- icaid, with concerns about the cost to implement expansion, hopes for increased use of managed care delivery system reform to produce cost savings, worries about provider access and physician payment rates, and support for the recent California Section 1115 Medicaid Waiver “bridge to reform” as a timely measure for the tran- sition to Medicaid expansion. This state-level perspective from California can help to inform state and national preparations for the 2014 implementation of Medicaid expansion. Keywords: healthcare reform, The Affordable Health Care Act, California health - care Copyright © 2011 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. www.bepress.com/cjpp

Public Opinion on the Affordable Care Act at One Year: Continuities and Contradictions

THE CALIFORNIA Journal of Politics & Policy Volume 3, Issue 4 Public Opinion on the Affordable Care Act at One Year: Continuities and Contradictions Claudia Deane, Sarah Cho, Bianca DiJulio, Mollyann Brodie Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Abstract On March 23, 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Patient Protection and Af- fordable Care Act (ACA) into law. The law, which includes provisions to rein in the cost of health care and improve the health delivery system, will be phased in over several years. In the interim, this signature accomplishment remains mired in in- tensely partisan debate, reflective of the fact that it passed the U.S. House and Sen- ate on party line votes, and candidates for the Republican presidential nomination continue to express an interest in repealing it wholesale. In this paper, we rely on a monthly survey series conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation to assess public reaction to the ACA across the first year of its existence, noting both the continuities of opinion and the inherent contradictions in people’s views. Keywords: Affordable Care Act, health policy, medicare, medicaid, health insur- ance Copyright © 2011 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. www.bepress.com/cjpp

The Politicization of Evidence-Based Medicine: The Limits of Pragmatic Problem Solving in an Era of Polarization

THE CALIFORNIA Journal of Politics & Policy Volume 3, Issue 4 The Politicization of Evidence-Based Medicine: The Limits of Pragmatic Problem Solving in an Era of Polarization Alan S. Gerber Yale University Eric M. Patashnik University of Virginia Abstract A key test of a political system is its capacity to solve important societal problems. Few policy areas in the U.S. are more problem-ridden than health care. Medical care is expensive and wasteful, and the quality often falls short of best practice. One idea to improve health care is to eliminate gaps in the medical evidence base through “comparative effectiveness research” (CER). By identifying what treatments, tests, and technologies work best, CER could help doctors, patients, and payers make better decisions and help reduce wasteful spending. CER was a technocratic, third- tier issue familiar mainly to policy experts based in universities, foundations, and think tanks, but hardly anyone else. This paper traces how this obscure policy ini- tiative got caught up in the wider ideological struggle over national health reform . Keywords: health care reform, The Affordable Health Care Act, comparative ef- fectiveness research, evidence-based medicine Copyright © 2011 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. www.bepress.com/cjpp

Is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Constitutional?

THE CALIFORNIA Journal of Politics & Policy Volume 3, Issue 4 Is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Constitutiona l? Laurence H. Tribe Harvard University Roger Pilon Cato Institute Abstract This is an edited transcript of a debate sponsored by the Commonwealth Club of California and the Institute of Governmental Studies, University of Califor- nia, Berkeley. The speakers were Laurence H. Tribe, the Carl M. Loeb Profes- sor and Professor of Constitutional Law at Harvard Law School, and Roger Pilon, Vice President for Legal Affairs and Director of the Center of Constitutional Stud- ies at the Cato Institute. The debate was moderated by Jesse Choper, Earl Warren Professor of Law at the University of California, Berkeley Law School. Keywords: health care reform, The Affordable Health Care Act Copyright © 2011 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. www.bepress.com/cjpp

Access to Job-Based Insurance for California's Workers and their Families: The Effect of the Great Recession and Double-Digit Unemployment in California

THE CALIFORNIA Journal of Politics & Policy Volume 3, Issue 4 Access to Job-Based Insurance for California Workers and Families: The Effect of the Great Recession and Doublle-Digit Unemployment in California Shana Alex Lavarreda, Ninez A. Ponce, Livier Cabezas, and E. Richard Brown University of California, Los Angeles Abstract Lack of health insurance affects workers and families who depend on job-based coverage for health care. In 2007, the unemployment rate in California was 5.5%. By the end of 2009, it had more than doubled to 12.3%. This study uses data from the 2007 and 2009 California Health Interview Survey to assess changes in ac- cess to job-based health insurance among California workers and their dependents. We find that although increased unemployment dramatically reduced the number of employees, the proportion of employees with no access to job-based coverage through either their own or a spouse’s work remained constant. Among adults with no family access to job-based insurance, the most significant determinants of being uninsured were income and citizenship. Due to more generous public health insur- ance options, children with the lowest household incomes were not significantly more likely to be uninsured than children with higher household incomes. The re- sults highlight the importance of public health insurance for children and confirm the need for the Affordable Care Act’s insurance expansion provisions. Keywords: employment-based insurance, workers, children, recession Copyright © 2011 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. www.bepress.com/cjpp

Is California Different? State-Specific Risk Adjustment Needs under Health Reform

THE CALIFORNIA Journal of Politics & Policy Volume 3, Issue 4 Is California Different? State-Specific Risk Adjustment Needs under Health Reform Brent D. Fulton and William H. Dow* University of California, Berkeley Abstract The Affordable Care Act (ACA) allows state variation in implementing health re- form. Critical to a stable health insurance market under reform is the use of risk adjustment to share risks across insurance plans. The ACA requires states to imple- ment risk adjustment, but a California-specific risk adjustment scheme would re- quire expertise beyond existing abilities of state agencies. California could rely on a default federal risk adjustment scheme, but it is unclear California’s health care market is sufficiently different from the national market to render the federal scheme inadequate. We compare the distribution of risk-adjusted health care ex- penditures in California versus the United States. We find California expenditures highly similar to the United States and conclude that California could rely on a fed- eral risk adjustment scheme that pays special attention to high risks and differential patterns for HMO vs PPO plans. Keywords: health care reform, The Affordable Health Care Act, California health care, risk adjustment Copyright © 2011 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. www.bepress.com/cjpp

The Aftermath of Redistricting Reform in California

THE CALIFORNIA Journal of Politics & Policy Volume 3, Issue 3 The Aftermath of Redistricting Reform in California Justin Buchler Case Western Reserve University Abstract In 2009, Matthew Jarvis and I offered differing opinions in this journal about the potential effects of redistricting reform on California’s budgetary process. Jarvis suggested redistricting reform could help the process by either reducing legislative polarization, or giving Democrats the supermajority necessary to pass their budget without partisan gridlock. I argued the best approach would be to eliminate super- majority requirements for fiscal policy. Now that the new district lines have been released under the process created by Proposition 11, we revisit our arguments. I expect California’s legislature to remain polarized. While a two-thirds Democratic supermajority is possible, it is not probable, and legislative dysfunction will likely remain. Keywords: redistricting, redistricting reform, California politics, political polar- ization Copyright © 2011 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. www.bepress.com/cjpp

Open and Transparent: The Citizens Redistricting Commission

THE CALIFORNIA Journal of Politics & Policy Commentary Open and Transparent: The Citizens Redistricting Commission Chris Carson and Trudy Schafer League of Women Voters of California Through the passage of two propositions in 2008 and 2010, Californians established an independent Citizens Re- districting Commission to draw districts based on specific, nonpartisan rules designed to ensure fair representation. One of the most important aspects of this reform of re- districting for the state legislature, Board of Equalization, and the House of Representatives is that the process must be open to scrutiny by the public and the press. We are extremely pleased that the commission’s work—as well as Copyright © 2011 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. www.bepress.com/cjpp Volume 3, Issue 3, 2011 the implementation work leading up to the appointment of the commission—has in fact been open and transparent. Our organization, the League of Women Voters of Cal- ifornia, bases advocacy on policy positions that arise from our members’ thorough study and agreement. We believe that the redistricting reform principles we have endorsed for more than 20 years have been realized with the success of the Citizens Redistricting Commission. Six years ago, we renewed our redistricting reform ef- forts in collaboration with a number of other groups and individuals who saw an opportunity for change. Because we prefer a legislative solution to the initiative process, we worked for almost three years to get a reform bill through the legislature. Along the way, we opposed an initiative, Proposition 77 of 2005, because it did not meet our cri- teria. Despite our collective best efforts, it ultimately be- came clear that reform was not going to come through the legislative process, and we concluded that we had to take the initiative route.

Judging the Redistricting Commission

THE CALIFORNIA Journal of Politics & Policy Commentary Judging the Redistricting Commission Tony Quinn, Co-editor, California Target Book California’s first redistricting commission is now his- tory. After six months of work, it has certified four maps for the next 10 years to the secretary of state for Congress, the Assembly and Senate, and the Board of Equalization. While much will be written about the commission’s work as we head into the 2012 election cycle and beyond, this is a good time for at least a preliminary review of the com- mission product. Did they do the kind of redrawing of the political maps of California the voters wanted when they passed Proposition 11 in 2008 and Proposition 20 in 2010? The notion of an independent commission to redraw district lines was originally opposed by California Demo- crats and supported by California Republicans, including Copyright © 2011 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. www.bepress.com/cjpp Volume 3, Issue 3, 2011 former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger. Democrats saw this as an attempt to deny them, as the majority party, the pow- er to draw districts. Republicans saw the commission as the one way to keep the Democrats from gerrymandering the state for themselves. As the commission process unfolded earlier this year the Democrats were pleasantly surprised. The Democratic members of the commission were much stronger than the Republican members. Over GOP opposition, the commis- sion hired Berkeley demographers as their line drawers who had ties to the Democrats, and a staff made up almost entirely of Democrats. Republicans loudly squawked and began preparing for the worst. In the end, the results were mixed. The commission was supposed to ignore incumbents and political data, but everyone knew that was fiction. The more sophisticated commission members were well aware of the needs of in- cumbent politicians and often responded to them. African- *Tony Quinn is co-editor of California Target Book.

Redistricting from a Community Perspective

THE CALIFORNIA Journal of Politics & Policy Commentary Redistricting from a Community Perspective Deanna Kitamura* Asian Pacific American Legal Center With the filing of petitions to overturn the California state legislative and congressional maps drawn by the California Citizens Redistricting Commission, we have started to hear how the state political machinery views the recently adopted electoral maps. If the petitions qualify for the ballot, the votes cast in November 2012 may be driven by statewide party politics or goals for incumbency protec- tion more than anything else. However, before voters go to the polls, they should consider whether the lines provide their community fair and effective representation. Copyright © 2011 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. www.bepress.com/cjpp Volume 3, Issue 3, 2011 Redistricting is done every 10 years after the census to equalize population in each district so residents’ voices are not diluted. Proposition 11, the 2008 initiative that created the commission, required the commission to respect neigh- borhoods and communities of interest to the same degree that it respected cities and counties. The proposition also required the commission to prioritize the Voting Rights Act, a federal law that requires racial groups to make up a majority of a district’s citizen voting age population in areas where race tends to be a strong factor in how the electorate votes. Why is it important to keep communities together? A community that is divided into multiple districts may not *Deanna Kitamura is the statewide redistricting man- ager at the Asian Pacific American Legal Center, a member of the Asian American Center of Advancing Justice. Dur- ing the state redistricting process, she worked with com- munity partners to ensure that AAPI communities in Cali- fornia were engaged in the process.

Redistricting Reform Revisited

THE CALIFORNIA Journal of Politics & Policy Commentary Redistricting Reform Revisited Matthew Jarvis California State University, Fullerton In the first issue of the California Journal of Politics and Policy in 2009, Justin Buchler and I engaged in a de- bate over whether redistricting reform was an appropriate tool to help solve the dysfunction of California’s govern- ment (Buchler 2009; Jarvis 2009). With the release of the final versions of the maps drafted by the California Citi- zens’ Redistricting Commission (CRC), we felt that a reas- sessment of our arguments was in order. Before I turn to that task, let me briefly summarize our arguments. In 2009, I argued that, “While districts are not neces- sarily the primary cause of California’s budget woes, redis- tricting provides one of the only feasible solutions” (Jar- Copyright © 2011 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. www.bepress.com/cjpp Volume 3, Issue 3, 2011 vis 2009, abstract). In essence, my argument was one of desperation. In my analysis, I concluded that the voters of California seemed very unlikely to approve of any changes to the fundamental causes of the legislature and governor being unable to produce realistic or timely budgets. The main culprit for this state of affairs was the combination of ideologically rigid partisanship in the legislature and a two-thirds rule for passing the budget. Previous attempts to change the nature of the two-thirds rule for budgets (either the rule directly or similar restrictions on tax in- creases) had failed, and polling indicated that the idea of a supermajority requirement was appealing to Californians. While redistricting was hardly the biggest contributor to partisan polarization, other causes (like residential se- lection, interest groups, media coverage, and ideological sorting) admitted to no ready solution. Thus, in that paper, I argued that redistricting reform—in particular, creating more districts that were competitive—while not the most effective remedy or even directly related to the problem, was likely the best solution available. In essence, the argu-

Redistricting 2011: California Latinos Face New Opportunities and Old Challenges

THE CALIFORNIA Journal of Politics & Policy Commentary Redistricting 2011: California Latinos Face New Opportunities and Old Challenges Arturo Vargas* National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials On August 15, 2011, California completed an historic redistricting of its congressional and state lines. For the first time, an independent commission, the California Ci- tizens Redistricting Commission, drew the maps for Con- gress, the state legislature, and the Board of Equalization. Many groups promoting the civic participation of Latinos and other underrepresented Californians, including the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials (NALEO) Educational Fund, opposed the ballot Copyright © 2011 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. www.bepress.com/cjpp Volume 3, Issue 3 , 2011 measures that created the commission and gave it respon- sibility for all statewide maps (Propositions 11 and 20). The groups were extremely concerned that poorly drafted sections of Proposition 11 would create obstacles for the political progress of their communities and efforts to gain fair representation. The NALEO Educational Fund and others closely mo- nitored the implementation of Proposition 11 at every pha- se, helping to draft regulations to ameliorate some of the flaws, conducting exhaustive outreach to encourage Lati- nos to apply for the commission, and mobilizing commu- nity members to participate in the commission’s hearings. After eight months of meetings and public hearings throughout the state, the posting of draft maps and “vi- sualizations,” the commission approved plans that enhan- ce opportunities for Latinos in some parts of the state and significantly impair Latino progress in other areas. The *Arturo Vargas is executive director of the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials.