Ber Content Research Articles

The effectiveness of using cocoa husks in the diet of broiler chickens

From the numerous lists, cocoa waste (husk, cocoa shell) is unconventional for Russian production. The value of the product lies in the content of pectin (10 %), amino acids, protein (27 %), fat (1,5-8,5 %) and dietary fi ber. It is obvious to search for alternative methods in the preparation of this raw material for feeding through the use of chemical and mechanical processing. The purpose of the research was a comparative assessment of the methods of preparation and use of cocoa production waste as part of the diet for the metabolism and productivity of broiler chickens. The experimental part of the work included laboratory experiments and scientifi c and economic experiments, as well as a production check, which was carried out in CJSC “Poultry Farm Orenburg” of the Orenburg region. In the cocoa husk treated with alkali in the amount of 45 g/kg, there was a decrease in the fi ber content from 21,5 to 10,5 % against the background of an increase in the amount of protein from 16,2 to 18,7 % and nitrogen-free extractive substances from 38,6 to 48,5 %, compared with the initial product. The processing did not have a signifi cant eff ect on the content of ash, crude fat and organic matter. Extrusion of cocoa husks treated with alkali had a beneficial effect on the availability of nutrients for digestive enzymes. At the same time, extrusion of processed raw materials with sodium hydroxide in an amount of 45 g/kg on average increased the availability of nutrients by 7–12 abs.%, the content of metabolic energy up to 10 %, compared with chemical processing of cocoa husks. As a result of production tests, the effectiveness of the use of cocoa husks (NaOH treatment 45 g/kg + extrusion) was established when replacing 5,0 % of the grain part in the diet of broiler chickens, which is confirmed by economic calculations and indicators of profitability of production.

Changes in the quality of corn silage depending on the hybrid, sowing time and background of mineral nutrition

In Khabarovsk krai corn is a largly important component in agriculture, as it is one of the most important silage crop. The purpose of this study was to research the quality of corn silage from hybrids of local selection: Alitet-2, Guran-2 and Birsu varietiy, standard hybrid Moldavsky 215 SV, and corn of “Pioner (Pioneer)” company’s breeding: P7515, P8521 and P7460. As a result of three-factor experiment, it was found that R7515, R8521 and R7460 hybrids had green yield from 575 centner/ha to 777,5 centner/ha, which on average is higher than the Alitet-2, Guran-2 hybrids, Birsu variety and standard hybrid Moldavsky 215 SV (from 304,5 centner/ha to 510 centner/ha). According to the phosphorus (P) and crude fi ber content in the dry matter, the hybrid of the local selection, Guran-2, was in the lead; in terms of potassium (K) content, the best was the silage from P7460 hybrid of the “Pioner(Pioneer)” company; the highest rate of crude ash and crude fat in silage was obtained from Birsu variety; the hybrid Р7460 was in the lead in terms of dry matter content percentage-wise; the standard hybrid Moldavsky 215 SV was the best in terms of crude protein and nitrogen content.

Antitumor efficiency of the natural alkaloid berberine complexed with C60 fullerene in Lewis lung carcinoma in vitro and in vivo

BackgroundBerberine (Ber) is a herbal alkaloid with pharmacological activity in general and a high anticancer potency in particular. However, due to its low bioavailability, the difficulty in reaching a target and choosing the right dose, there is a need to improve approaches of Ber use in anticancer therapy. In this study, Ber, noncovalently bound to a carbon nanostructure C60 fullerene (C60) at various molar ratios of the components, was explored against Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC).MethodsC60–Ber noncovalent nanocomplexes were synthesized in 1:2, 1:1 and 2:1 molar ratios. Ber release from the nanocomplexes was studied after prolonged incubation at different pH with the liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of free Ber content. Biological effects of the free and C60-complaxated Ber were studied in vitro towards LLC cells with phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, MTT reduction, caspase activity and wound closure assays. The treatment with C60–Ber nanocomplex was evaluated in vivo with the LLC-tumored C57Bl mice. The mice body weight, tumor size, tumor weight and tumor weight index were assessed for four groups, treated with saline, 15 mg C60/kg, 7.5 mg Ber/kg or 2:1 C60-Ber nanocomplex (15 mg C60/kg, 7.5 mg Ber/kg).ResultsBer release from C60–Ber nanocomplexes was promoted with medium acidification. LLC cells treatment with C60–Ber nanocomplexes was followed by enhanced Ber intracellular uptake as compared to free Ber. The cytotoxicity of the studied agents followed the order: free Ber < 1:2 < 1:1 < 2:1 C60–Ber nanocomplex. The potency of cytotoxic effect of 2:1 C60–Ber nanocomplex was confirmed by 21.3-fold decrease of IC50 value (0.8 ± 0.3 µM) compared to IC50 for free Ber (17 ± 2 µM). C60–Ber nanocomplexes induced caspase 3/7 activation and suppressed the migration activity of LLC cells. The therapeutic potency of 2:1 C60–Ber nanocomplex was confirmed in a mouse model of LLC. The tumor growth in the group treated with 2:1 C60–Ber nanocomplex is suppressed by approximately 50% at the end of experiment, while in the tumor-bearing group treated with free Ber no therapeutic effect was detected.ConclusionsThis study indicates that complexation of natural alkaloid Ber with C60 may be a novel therapeutic strategy against lung carcinoma.Graphical abstract

NUTRIENT CONTENT, PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY, AND ACCEPTABILITY OF SUBSTITUTING TEMPEH GEMBUS NUGGETS WITH TILAPIA FISH

Nuggets are protein rich food that is widely; consumed in Indonesia because of its good taste and easy preparation. The substitution of tilapia fi sh in tempeh gembus nugget act as a healthy alternative composition which contain high protein, fi ber, but low in fat. Therefore, this research was aimed to determine the eff ect of substitution of tilapia fi sh on the nutrient content, protein digestibility, and acceptability of tempeh gembus nuggets to obtain a formulation in accordance with the Daily Value (DV) 2150 kcal. A randomized experimental study was carried out on tilapia fi sh in substitution of 0%, 20%, 40%, 80%, and 100%. The protein, fat, carbohydrate, water, ash, and dietary fi ber content analysis were determined using the Kjeldahl, Soxhlet, carbohydrate diff erence, gravimetric, dry ash, and enzymatic-gravimetric methods. Furthermore, the protein digestibility was conducted by in vitro method, while the organoleptic tests were determined using hedonic tests. The organoleptic data was statistically analysed using ANOVA and Friedman tests. The substitution of tilapia fi sh increased the content of protein, water, and dietary fi ber while decreasing fat, carbohydrates, ash, and protein digestibility. The most preferred tempeh gembus nugget formulation by panelists was 80% substitution treatment of tilapia fi sh. In conclusion, the recommended formulations are the substitution of 40% and 80% of tilapia fi sh considering the nutrient content, protein digestibility and acceptability.

The Effect of Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) Flour Addition on Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of an Indonesian-Style Beef Meatball

The objective of this work was to study the effect of seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) our addition on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of an Indonesian-style beef meatball. Seaweed flour (SF) was added to meatball batter at 0% (CON), 2.5% (SF2.5), 5.0% (SF5) and 7.5% (SF7.5) in weight/meat weight (w/w) basis. Proximate composition (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and ash content), pH, cooking loss, hardness, water-holding capacity, instrumental color and sensory properties (color, texture, aroma, taste and overall acceptability) of the boiled meatballs were evaluated. The effect of seaweed our addition was very significant (P&lt;0.01) on moisture, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, cooking loss, hardness, water holding capacity, lightness (L*), yellowness (b*) and all sensory properties, and was significant (P&lt;0.05) on crude protein, pH and the redness (a*) of a boiled Indonesian-style beef meatball. The addition of seaweed flour at more than 2.5% resulted in darker meatballs, with less protein and fat, and a stronger seaweed aroma. The results suggest that seaweed flour could be added at 2.5% (w/w) to produce an Indonesian-style beef meatball with enhanced ber content.

SNACK BAR MADE FROM SORGHUM AND BEANS WITH ADDITION OF RED PALM OIL AS SUPPLEMENTARY FOOD FOR PREGNANT WOMEN WITH CHRONIC ENERGY DEFICIENCY

The prevalence of chronic energy defi ciency in pregnant women was in poor conditions since 2016 to 2018. One of the solution to overcome chronic energy defi ciency in pregnant women is by providing supplementary food as snack, such as snack bar. Snack bar was made from sorghum and beans (red bean and black soybean) which are local food source of energy and protein. The objective of this study was to develop and analyze sorghum and beans-based snack bar with addition of red palm oil (RPO) as supplementary food for pregnant women with chronic energy defi ciency. This study used complete randomized design with the ratio of sorghum fl akes and beans chunks with the addition of RPO as treatment in three replications. Determination of selected formula were based on sensory analysis and protein content of product. The selected formula was F4 (ratio of sorghum fl akes:beans = 2:1, 2% RPO) which contained 8.59% moisture, 2.38% ash, 15.26% protein, 21.38% fat, 3.67% crude fi ber, 52.05% carbohydrates, 447 kcal energy, 10.98% dietary fi ber, 27,35 mg/kg β-carotene, 23.00 mg/kg iron, 13.21 mg/kg zink, 304.40 mg/kg calcium, 48.69% the limiting amino acid score, and 75.84% protein digestibility. F4 could be accepted by pregnant women with overall acceptability of 97%. F4 potentially be used as one of the alternative supplementary food for pregnant women with chronic energy defi ciency because of its acceptability, enable to fulfi ll supplementary food standard, and had higher protein and fi ber content than existing supplementary food for pregnant women with chronic energy defi ciency

THE FOOD'S QUALITY ANALYSIS OF CANTEEN IN SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY JAKARTA

Background: Food is an important requi-rement supporting the human activities, including academic activities on campus. The composition and quality of nutrients, both macro, and micronutrients in a diet, plays an important role in ensuring the availability of energy sources for daily activities and long-term health. This study is a preliminary study to evaluate the nutritional value of food provided in the canteen of campus.Method: This research will use a cross-sectional design on food samples sold in the canteen of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta. The macronutrient composition analysis was calculated using a list of foodstuffscompositions.Results: Most of the packaged food menu do not meet the macronutrient composition in a manner of balanced nutrition. The dominant side dish is chicken, the fat composition is higher than the recommendation due to fried processing. The portion of rice is not standard on various packages, with an average of 1.6 servings of standard rice. The content of vegetables is minimal. A snack menu is predominantly carbohydrate foods with a moderate to high sugar content, with minimal ber content, and processed by frying.Conclusion: The nutritional quality of the food menu in the canteen has largely not yet fulfilled the recommended macronutrient composition.

New cultivar of red clover Prima

The results of breeding work on creation of the new cultivar of red clover are presented. The hybrid population (15-10-D (2n)) was created by the method of crossbreeding and selection in the conditions of artifi cial climate. Selection of winterhardy high-yielding forms of this hybrid population was conducted in the forest-steppe zone of West Siberia. The population 15-10-D (2n) was tested in three cycles of competitive variety trial (crops of 2006, 2008 and 2010) and was submitted to the State variety testing under the name Prima. According to the results of the competitive variety trial during 2007–2013, the new early-ripening diploid cultivar Prima showed high winter hardiness of 97.0-99.0%. The duration of the growing season is 115 days (on the level of standard early-ripening tetraploid cultivar Meteor). The yield of green mass in two cuts is 19.6-58.7 t/ha, the yield of dry matter is 4.2-13.5 t/ha, the yield of seeds is 276-392 kg/ ha. The average yield of green mass in two cuts of the new cultivar is 38.8 t/ha, the average yield of dry matter is 8.7 t/ha, the average yield of seeds is 317 kg/ha, which exceeds standard cultivar Meteor by 52%. The seed content of Prima cultivar is 52%, Meteor – 38%. The crude protein content in dry matter is 16.1%, the fi ber content is 26.0%. Prima cultivar has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation to be grown in the West Siberian region since 2019. The copyright certifi cate and patent for the breeding achievement were received.

Application of Ordinary Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Layer for In-plane Retrofitting of Unreinforced Masonry Walls: Test and Modeling

The masonry walls should have sucient in-plane strength and sti ness to withstand the seismic loads during strong ground shakings. Di erent retro tting techniques have been proposed for improving in-plane behavior of the unreinforced masonry (URM) walls. This study focuses on experimental evaluation and numerical simulation of a simple practical retro tting technique employing Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) surface layer.The simple FRC mix has conventional and available ber, low ber content, ordinary mix design, and applicable construction procedure. E ects of FRC mix properties, including ber type, ber content, and surface layer thickness, on in-plane behavior of masonry panels made up of conventional solid clay bricks are evaluated through experimental study in accordance with ASTM E-519 diagonal tension strength of masonry panels. In addition, a numerical simulation model for this retro tting technique in ABAQUS software is proposedand validated with test results of bare and retro tted panels.

DAYA TERIMA PROPORSI KACANG HIJAU (PHASEOLUS RADIATA L) DAN BEKATUL (RICE BRAN) TERHADAP KANDUNGAN SERAT PADA SNACK BAR

Snack bar is a product made from cereal and nuts that usually consumed between meals. Commercial snack bar contains energy, protein, and fiber. The fiber content in it is usually 1 gram per 25 grams serving. The fiber content is relatively low because food categorized as high fi ber if it has 5 grams per 100 gram products. Therefore, a new innovation to improve its fi ber content is required. Green bean and rice bran are type of food with high fiber content that possible to be added in snack bar. The purpose of this research was to determine the acceptability and fi ber content in snack bar. This was true experimental research with complete random design (CRD) with 5 treatments. Organoleptic test to assess acceptability of the snack bar was done by 5 trained panelists and 30 non trained panelists. Fiber contentwas calculated using Indonesia Food Composition Database and also analyzed by proximate test in laboratory. The result showed that formula 3 had the highest score than other formulas. Laboratory result showed fi ber content in formula 3 was 1.98 grams per 25 grams snack bar. The conclusion of this research is the snack bar with proportion of green beans and rice bran has a good acceptability and higher fi ber content compared to commercial snack bar.Keywords: fi ber, green beans, rice bran, snack bar

PENGARUH SUBSTITUSI RUMPUT LAUT (EUCHEUMA COTTONII) DAN JAMUR TIRAM (PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS) TERHADAP DAYA TERIMA DAN KANDUNGAN SERAT PADA BISKUIT

Biscuit is a food product made from the basic ingredient fl our that baked until moisture content less than 5%. Commercial biscuits are generally rich in energy and high in sugars derive from carbohydrates and fats, but low infi ber. Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) and arrowroot fl our are high-fi ber food, while oyster mushroom contains high protein so it can be a potential ingredients to be substituted in biscuits. The addition of seaweed and oyster mushroom was expected to increase the fi ber content of biscuits compared to other biscuits. This study aimed to determine the acceptability and improve fi ber content in biscuits with the substitution of seaweed and oyster mushrooms. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 4 repetitions. Arrowroot fl our substitution treatment,seaweed, and oyster mushrooms were applied as F1 (25%: 50% to 25%), F2 (25%: 45%: 30%), and F3 (25%: 40%: 35%). Acceptability of biscuits based on organoleptic test and fi ber content from calculation based on Indonesia Food Composition Database and also laboratory analysis using proximate test. This research showed that formula 3 had the highest score based on organoleptic test with score 2.86. The highest fi ber content per serving (50 g) was found in formula 1 with 10.59 g of fi ber. The conclusion of this research is that the biscuit with substitution of seaweed andoyster mushroom has a good acceptability and higher fi ber content compared to commercial biscuits.Keywords: biscuit, oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii)

Use of anhydrous ammonia in improving the nitrogen utilization effi ciency in winter wheat plantings

Aim. To study the specifi cities of the effect of anhydrous ammonia on the indices of soil fertility, yield and quality of winter wheat grain compared to granular nitrogen fertilizers in order to elaborate intensive produc- tion technologies. Methods. The content of mineral nitrogen in the soil was determined according to DSTU 4729-2007, the content of movable phosphorus and potassium forms − by Chirikov’s method (DSTU 4115- 2002). The abundance of the main ecological and trophic groups was registered after sowing the soil suspen- sion on dense nutrient media. The concentration of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in plant samples was determined according to the measurement procedure 31-497058-019-2005. The quality indices of grain, i.e. protein and crude fi ber content as well as general glassiness were determined using Inframatic 8600 NIR analyzer, Perten Instruments AB (Sweden). Results. The specifi cities of the effect of anhydrous ammonia on the indices of soil fertility, the use of nutrients from fertilizers and soil, the yield and quality of winter wheat grain were demonstrated. Conclusions. The advantages of anhydrous ammonia application prior to sowing compared to the use of ammonia nitrate, traditional for Ukrainian agriculture after the growing season, were established.

Do dietary supplements for weight loss work?

also reduce caloric intake, food ingestion rate, and nutrient absorption due to its soluble fi ber backbone. Glucomannan’s effect on satiety is the result of its fi ber content; it was associated with a modest weight loss of 5 pounds in 8 weeks, according to a November 2005 study published in Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine (http:// apha.us/ZVeaAG). A slight decrease in total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations may occur with the use of glucomannan, although similar results may be obtained with a high-fi ber diet. Sensa is another popular weight loss product heavily promoted to consumers. Invented by neurologist Alan Hirsch, the product is based on the central mechanisms that regulate satiety. Sensa’s manufacturers claim that when it is sprinkled on food, it enhances the smell and taste of the food and, as a result, the feeling of satiety. There has been no evidence documenting the effi cacy of Sensa for signifi cant weight loss or maintenance of weight loss published in peer-reviewed journals, however. White kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) extract (WKBE) acts as an inhibitor of alpha amylase, resulting in decreased digestion and intestinal absorption of carbohydrates. In Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, researchers reported a reduction in postprandial blood glucose with WKBE, which may be helpful for patients with type 2 diabetes (http:// apha.us/15i8baA). The best results occurred when WKBE was taken with meals containing large amounts of carbohydrates. The product may delay gastric emptying, thus simulating the feeling of satiety, and resulting in weight loss. WKBE should not contain phytohemagglutinin, a toxic protein found in P. vulgaris. Products should have a hemagglutinating activity less than 700 units/g and trypsin inhibiting activity less than 20 units/g (dry weight), according to a review published in Nutrition Journal (http://apha.us/ZNt3DC). Raspberry ketone, present in raspberries, cranberries, and blackberries, has a structure similar to capsaicin and synephrine. Researchers have theorized that capsaicin enhances thermogenesis, resulting in increased energy expenditure. There are limited data on the safety and effi cacy of synephrine, an alpha-adrenergic agonist, as an alternative to ephedra, and it may increase blood pressure. In a 2010 study published in Planta Medica, raspberry ketone, when fed to male mice in high dosages, prevented high-fat diet–induced increase in weight, stimulated lipolysis in white adipocytes, and increased expression of adiponectin. Bitter orange, Citrus aurantium, has been proposed to work similarly to raspberry ketone because it includes synephrine, N-methyltyramine, and furocoumarins. The product is believed to increase metabolism and suppress appetite, but evidence on its safety and effi cacy is limited. Fainting, heart attacks, and strokes in otherwise healthy people have been reported with bitter orange alone or in combination with caffeine.

Hemivariational Inequality Modeling of Hybrid Laminates with Unidirectional Composite Constituents

Theoveralltensileandbendingbehaviorofunidirectionalcompositeelementswithmonotoneandnonmonotone, possibly multivalued,constitutive laws foreach constituent arestudied within a nonsmooth mechanics framework. A nondifferentiable and possibly nonconvex, caused by degradation effects, potential energy is formulated for the whole mechanical system. For the structural analysis problem the potential energy minimization problem is considered. The arising variational or hemivariational (in the case of nonmonotone laws ) inequality problems are solved by appropriate nonconvex-nonsmooth computational mechanics techniques. Parametric numerical investigations of typical composite elements are presented, which shed light into the complex behavior of the composite structural elements. On the other hand, the arising overall laws can be used as phenomenological laws for structural analysis of large-scale structures incorporating the studied composite elements. I. Introduction C OMPOSITE materials is a rapidly maturing technology with emerging applications in a wide range of industries far beyond the aerospace domain where they e rst became popular. Nowadays, composites are popular even in the civil-engineering domain and are used for the construction of light bridges, domes, space trusses, etc. Moreover, composite elements are used in structures that are susceptible to electrochemical actions or corrosion, such as underground facilities, offshore oil platforms, waterways, and harbors. 1 The basic principles involved in the design of structures made of compositematerialsarethesameasthoseofisotropicmaterialssuch as steel. The classical theories and methods of analysis can be used for the design ofcomposite structures, asfar as the constitutive relationship takes into account the material anisotropy and the strength degradation effects, which are present in the majority of composite materials. Moreover, the same basic design knowledge and technique used for other materials as, e.g., for reinforced concrete, can be applied to compositestructures.However, thereader shouldhave inmindthattheimplementationofaccuratedesignmethodsforsteel (which is the materialwith the most simple constitutive relationship used today in civil-engineering structures ) has required a century of research and experience. In this framework it is not only very important to study these new materials at the materials level, but it is also very important to know their behavior at the structural level. (Compare in this respect the combined effects in the study of beam-to-column connections in steel structures, which lead to strong nonlinearities.) Also, the phenomenological (macroscopic ) response under certain types of loading is of great importance. In unidirectional composites the e bers are aligned in one only direction, thus achieving the maximum e ber alignment and the maximum e ber content. As in principle, the strength of a composite structural element increases in proportion to increasing e ber content, this type of composite provides high strength to the direction of the e bers but very low transverse strength. Therefore it is very common to combine unidirectional composite materials in a cer

Cure and thermal properties of brominated epoxy systems

The addition of a brominated epoxy resin as a chain extender to di-, tri-, and tetrafunctional epoxy systems cured with diaminodiphenylsulfone has been investigated. The effect of increased BER content on the glass transition temperature of the cross-linked systems is discussed. The Tg of these systems is in the order Tg (tri) > Tg (tetra) > Tg (di). The contributions of the chemical structure and the cross-link density to the glass transition temperature are calculated. The kinetics of the reaction was followed dynamically by DSC. The overall order of the reaction and activation energies decrease with increased BER content. The thermal stability of these systems is also discussed.